灭鼠剂用淀粉接枝丙烯酸钠的制备及微囊化工艺研究

为了解决生态灭鼠剂用吸水树脂投放当中容易吸水失效的问题,本文通过微囊化处理制备了防水型淀粉接枝丙烯酸钠。首先采用本体聚合的方法合成了淀粉高岭土接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂。并用傅立叶变换红外谱仪对树脂的结构进行了表征。同时以防水材料为膜材,用熔融喷雾法将制备出的高吸水树脂进行微囊化处理。该工艺制备的微囊形状为近球形,表面光滑,粒径在120μm以下。研究了微囊的形貌特征、粒径分布、壳核质量比与喷雾投料比的关系及吸水率。实验结果表明:投料比大于2∶1时,微囊化效果最好,3种材料中蜂蜡的防水效果最好,同时表面最光滑。硬脂酸的粒径最大,包裹最完全。蜂蜡包裹后的淀粉接枝丙烯酸钠对小白鼠的杀灭率仍能达到70%。通过本研究最终确定蜂蜡为最佳的淀粉接枝丙烯酸钠包囊材料,并获得了较好的灭鼠效果。     

高吸水性变性淀粉的研究

以玉米淀粉为原料、丙烯酸（AA）和丙烯酰胺（AM）为单体、过硫酸铵和亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂、N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用反相悬浮聚合法制备了淀粉与丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺的接枝共聚物。实验结果表明,在共聚反应温度为60℃、反应时间为10min、淀粉糊化与单体量为淀粉量的4倍、单体配比为3：2、引发剂用量占单体0．5％、交联剂用量占单体0．08％时,共聚物吸收率最大,在去离子水和1％NaCl溶液中吸液率分别为450以、128g／g。     

淀粉高吸水剂微波辐射合成研究

以N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,丙烯酸为淀粉接枝单体,采用微波技术合成淀粉高吸水剂。并用FTIR对产物结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,微波技术合成淀粉高吸水剂,具有节能、省时、高效,工艺简单的显著特点,具有生物可降解性,产物吸水速率明显高于传统化学法,是值得推广的清洁生产工艺。     

微波法制备玉米淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物

摘要：【研究目的】以玉米淀粉为原料,硝酸铈铵为引发剂,丙烯酸甲酯为单体,采用微波技术进行接枝反应,探讨引发剂浓度、单体浓度、接枝时间对接枝共聚反应的影响规律,用电镜观察形态。【方法】通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳条件。【结果】微波功率选用解冻档位,单体浓度为1.5mol/L,引发剂的浓度为3.20×10-3mol/L,接枝时间以（30s+30s）形式6min,接枝百分率达到40.8%;通过电镜扫描对比观察,丙烯酸甲酯接枝到淀粉颗粒上。【结论】采用微波法可以制备玉米淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物。     

我国农产品加工业的发展方向

(1)粮油产品深加工 ①玉米深加工及综合开发利用。重点研究与开发内容是：专用变性淀粉(醋酸酯淀粉、接枝共聚淀粉、磷氨酸淀粉等)的开发及应用；专用玉米粉(精制玉米粉、玉米饺子粉、面条粉等加工技术与产品开发；副产物(胚芽、蛋白粉、种皮等)综合开发利用。②大豆深加     

微波合成淀粉-丙烯酸-聚乙烯醇三元共聚高吸水树脂的研究

以N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,在微波辐射下对淀粉-丙烯酸-聚乙烯醇共聚进行了系统的研究。实验结果表明,利用微波技术合成淀粉-丙烯酸-聚乙烯醇共聚物可实现一次合成和干燥,简化合成工艺。研究了单体配比、反应体系pH值、交联剂及引发剂用量,以及微波功率和微波辐射时间对树脂吸水率的影响;得到的高吸水树脂最大吸水率为873g/g。并利用FTIR对其结构及吸水机理进行初探。     

羧甲基纤维素钠与丙烯酰胺的接枝共聚及其缓释性质研究

采用微波法合成羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)-丙烯酰胺(AM)接枝共聚物。研究了接枝时间,引发剂用量,CMC/AM,初始温度等因素对接枝率的影响。结果表明,当接枝反应时间为3min,引发剂浓度为0.5mg/mL,CMC/AM为1/5,初始反应温度为30℃时,接枝率达62.69%。接枝共聚物对卵清蛋白溶液具有一定的缓释作用。     

苹果渣高吸水树脂的合成及其溶胀性能研究

以苹果渣为主要材料,以过氧化氢为引发剂,采用微波辐射法制备出了苹果渣高吸水性树脂,研究了该树脂的溶胀性能,并通过FTIR对其官能团进行了表征。试验结果表明:在丙烯酸中和度70%,苹果渣为单体的50%,引发剂与单体的摩尔比为0.075∶1,交联剂为单体的0.5%的制备条件下,苹果渣树脂的吸水倍率最高,可达298 g/g。FTIR结果表明,苹果渣与丙烯酸单体实现了有效的接枝共聚。此外,在对树脂的性能研究中发现,树脂在0.9%氯化钠溶液中的吸水倍率明显低于蒸馏水中的吸水倍率;在温度4～30℃、pH值4～9的环境中树脂均具有较好的吸水效果;粒径越小的树脂溶胀速度越快,即达到饱和的时间越短,不同粒径的苹果渣树脂在蒸馏水中的溶胀均符合二级动力学过程。上述结果将为苹果渣树脂的应用提供有效依据。     

种子包衣剂的合成和性能研究

研究了种衣剂聚乙烯醇缩甲醛,脲醛树脂,丙烯酸－丙烯酚胺共聚物,柠檬酸－乙二醇聚酯,氧化淀粉等合成方法。测定了这些种衣剂的各种物理性能,干燥速度,成膜性,水溶性,溶胀率等。并经发芽试验评价了种衣剂对种子活力的影响。     

我国部分玉米种质资源子粒淀粉含量分析

利用FOSS公司 1 2 55型谷物食品近红外透射光谱分析仪 ,对 42 5份玉米自交系和 1 1 2 5份杂交组合子粒的淀粉含量进行测定 ,并对粗淀粉的杂种优势和亲子代间的相关性作了探讨。试验结果表明 ,子粒淀粉在不同玉米自交系和杂交组合间存在显著差异 ,自交系平均含量为 71 .1 0 % ,杂交组合平均含量为72 .56%。 458个杂交组合子粒的淀粉含量与双亲的相关性均较低 ,粗淀粉的杂交优势变异幅度较大 ,平均中亲优势为 2 .1 9% ,超高亲优势为 1 .2 2 % ,超低亲优势为 3 .1 9% ,玉米子粒粗淀粉含量表现中亲优势 ,偏向于高亲。     

三种氨基酸及其美拉德反应产物对丙烯酰胺生成的抑制作用

食品中的丙烯酰胺(AA)主要是由食品中含有的还原糖和氨基酸,在120℃以上的高温油炸、煎炸或烧烤时通过美拉德反应而生成。研究了赖氨酸、甘氨酸和牛磺酸等氨基酸及由这3种氨基酸与葡萄糖或果糖生成的6种美拉德反应产物对Asn-Glc和Asn-Fru模拟反应体系中AA生成的抑制作用和反应体系的褐变程度,及其抗氧化性的影响。结果表明,氨基酸及美拉德反应产物对模拟体系中AA的生成均有显著的抑制作用;添加氨基酸及美拉德反应产物使模拟体系吸光度增高,但赖氨酸—果糖美拉德反应产物添加后模拟体系吸光度无明显变化;所有添加物均使模拟体系的DPPH及ABTS自由基清除率显著增高。     

CO2加富、高温处理对温室嫁接黄瓜幼苗质膜透性和保护酶活性的影响

通过CO2加富、高温处理,对温室嫁接黄瓜幼苗的细胞膜透性及保护酶活性等内在生理指标进行测定分析,旨在为黄瓜抗热高产的理论提供理论依据。结果表明,经高温处理,嫁接黄瓜幼苗的质膜透性、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加,且高于对照,差异极显著;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先增后减变化趋势,变化极明显。CO2加富、高温处理,嫁接黄瓜幼苗的质膜透性、Pro、MDA含量均呈先增后减的趋势,在处理第6天低于对照;SOD、POD、CAT活性均呈上升趋势,且比高温处理要强。CO2加富、常温处理,温室嫁接黄瓜幼苗的质膜透性、Pro、MDA含量均低于对照,SOD、POD、CAT活性均高于对照,且低于高温处理。说明增加CO2浓度,有效地减弱了高温对嫁接黄瓜幼苗叶片引起的伤害,提高了嫁接黄瓜植株防御高温的能力,对温室嫁接黄瓜耐热性具有促进作用。     

Changes in nutritional properties of minimally processed apples during storage

The effects of an antioxidant dipping treatment (in an aqueous solution of 1% ascorbic acid (AA) and 1% citric acid for 3 min) and of modified atmosphere (90% N₂O, 5% O₂ and 5% CO₂) packaging (MAP) on some functional properties of minimally processed apples have been investigated. In particular, AA and total polyphenol (TP) contents and the overall antioxidant power of the product were monitored during 8 days of low temperature storage. Colour, texture and some chemical indices associated with the ripening stage of the product (titrable acidity and soluble solids content) were also evaluated. As a consequence of the anti-browning treatment, the AA content of dipped samples was about 20-fold higher than not treated samples at the beginning of storage and remained higher until the sixth day of refrigeration. Moreover, the dipping treatment resulted in an increase in the apple slice antioxidant activity, while MA had a negative effect on AA levels. As shown by the positive correlation between the AA and TP results, TP levels were higher for treated samples compared to those not treated over the whole storage period, because of the reducing action of AA that prevented a high level of TP degradation. Results of the other physico-chemical parameters investigated confirmed the synergistic preservative effect on the colour of MA, together with the dipping treatment, while structural decay of fruit tissue was evident due to the anti-browning chemical agents used.     

浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素研究

为研究浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素,解决嫁接成活率低的问题,2013年6月从中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所引进浙江红花油茶优树穗条,在青田县大垟山林场开展浙江红花油茶高接换冠试验,分析砧木林郁闭度、坡位、砧木生长势及接穗保存时间等因素对嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明,林分郁闭度在0.3~0.7之间,随着郁闭度增加嫁接平均成活率提高;郁闭度在0.7~0.9之间,随着郁闭度增加,嫁接成活率降低;当郁闭度为0.7时,嫁接成活率最高为88.8%。山腰的嫁接成活率高达86%,显著高于山顶和山脚。浙江红花油茶砧木生长势越强嫁接成活率越高。接穗于采集当天嫁接效果最好成活率达89.1%,接穗保存1、2、3、4、5、6天嫁接,成活率分别为85.2%、75.2%、51.6%、28.1%、12.2%、9.3%。偏相关分析表明,各因素对嫁接成活率影响由大到小依次为接穗保存时间(-0.97)、郁闭度(0.85)、生长势(0.81)、坡位(-0.65)。     

乙醇加热回流法提取构树叶总黄酮工艺优化研究

本试验旨在研究加热回流法提取构树叶总黄酮的最优提取工艺。采用单因素试验设计研究加热回流法提取构树叶总黄酮的适宜反应时间、反应温度、液料比和乙醇浓度,上述4个因素均分别设置为5个水平,以总黄酮提取量为评价指标筛选最佳反应条件;在此基础上采用正交试验设计研究最优提取工艺,对筛选确定的最佳提取工艺进一步进行重复验证试验和工艺放大验证试验。结果表明：单因素试验筛选获得最佳乙醇浓度为70%,最佳反应时间为2.5 h,最佳料液比为1:30,最佳反应温度为70℃;正交试验确定加热回流法提取构树叶总黄酮的最优提取工艺为：乙醇浓度70%、反应时间2.5 h,料液比1:30,反应温度80℃;重复验证试验和工艺放大验证试验得率分别为23.11 mg/g和23.13 mg/g。本工艺稳定性和可操作性良好,适用于构树叶总黄酮的提取。     

水果还原型VC和氧化型VC的含量及稳定性研究

分析测定了常见水果的还原型VC（Ascorbic acid, AA）与氧化型VC（Dehydroascorbic acid, DHA）的含量，并研究了空气和热处理对其AA与DHA含量的影响。结果表明，不同的水果种类，其AA与DHA含量有较大差异，除大枣以外，富含AA的水果，其DHA占总VC的比例大，AA含量低的水果，其DHA占总VC的比例小；水果破碎后与空气接触能够明显降低水果AA含量，增加其DHA含量；加热时间对水果AA含量有极显著的影响，但加热温度对不同水果有不同的影响，不同的水果种类，其DHA对加热温度和时间的反应不同。     

Vitamin C in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) flower buds as affected by postharvest light,UV-B irradiation and temperature

In this study, the changes in vitamin C, l-ascorbic acid (AA) and l-dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) levels in broccoli flower buds were examined during pre-storage and storage periods, simulating refrigerated transport with wholesale distribution and retail, respectively. Broccoli heads were pre-stored for 4 or 7 days at 0 °C or 4 °C in the dark and then stored for 3 days at 10 °C or 18 °C. During storage the broccoli heads were exposed for 12 h per day to three different levels of visible light (13, 19 or 25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) or a combination of visible light (19 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and UV-B irradiation (20 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹), or they were stored in the dark. The vitamin C content in broccoli flower buds during storage was significantly affected by pre-storage period and temperature. Higher vitamin C levels in flower buds after storage were observed for broccoli heads pre-stored for 4 days or at 0 °C as compared to those pre-stored for 7 days or at 4 °C. Storage temperature also affected vitamin C in broccoli flower buds, with higher levels observed for broccoli stored at 10 °C than at 18 °C. Hence, vitamin C in broccoli flower buds was demonstrated to decrease together with increasing pre-storage period, pre-storage temperature and storage temperature. AA in broccoli flower buds was influenced mainly by storage temperature and to a minor extent by pre-storage temperature. The DHA level and DHA/AA ratio were stable in flower buds of broccoli pre-stored for 7 days, whereas increasing tendencies for both DHA level and ratio were observed after pre-storage for 4 days. These results indicate a shift in the ascorbate metabolism in broccoli flower buds during storage at low temperatures, with its higher rate observed for broccoli pre-stored for shorter time. There were no effects of the light and UV-B irradiation treatments on vitamin C, AA and DHA levels in broccoli flower buds.     

Effect of Azolla on Irrigated Rice in Brazil

A 1-year study was conducted in 1983/84 at 2 experimental sites in Brazil to determine the effect of Azolla green-manure (AO), A. intercrop (OA) and their combination (AA) on rice yield in comparison to mineral fertilization with urea. Nitrogen sources were combined with 4 rice sowing/planting systems.
On terraced terra-roxa soil (Paleudalf) in subtropical northern Paraná State, transplanted rice (T) yielded 8.66 t · ha⁻¹ compared to pregerminated (P), direct-sown (D) and conventionally sown (C) rice with 7.92; 7.73 and 7.48 t · ha⁻¹, respectively. N-source treatments yielded 9.33; 8.54 and 7.34 t · ha⁻¹ for AA, OA and AO compared to 8.46; 7.98 and 6.05 for 100, 50 and 0 kg N · ha⁻¹, respectively. Fertilizer-nitrogen equivalence (FNE) of Azolla treatments compared to urea broadcast in 3 applications ranged between 0 and more than 100 kg N · ha⁻¹.
On hydromorphic latosol (Ustic Dystropept) in tropical Goiás State, rice yields were 4.07; 2.52; 1.46 and. 1.33 t · ha⁻¹ for systems T, P, C and D, respectively. N-source treatments yielded 2.79; 1.98 and 1.78 t · ha⁻¹ for AA, AO and OA compared to 3.43; 2.63 and 1.46 t · ha⁻¹ for 60; 30 and 0 kg N · ha⁻¹ as urea broadcast in 2 applications, respectively. FNE of Azolla was between 0 and 56 kg N · ha⁻¹.     

晋谷蛋白中氨基酸的含量与营养分析

应用模糊识别法和氨基酸比值系数法,分别以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准蛋白,以WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对晋谷9个优良品种的蛋白质营养价值进行了全面评价。结果表明：晋谷蛋白质含量为10.37%~11.84%。晋谷13号和晋谷30号蛋白中氨基酸总量最高,为991.11mg/g~989.56 mg/g。九个晋谷品种蛋白中的氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的39%～40%,第一限制氨基酸是赖氨酸,氨基酸比值系数分（SRC）为65.47~67.64。谷子是营养价值很高的植物蛋白。