锐劲特替代高毒农药防治盲蝽象的效果及其推广应用

<正>盲蝽象是沿江地区棉花生产上的重要害虫,一年发生四至五代,从二代开始转移到棉花上集中为害,同时也能为害大豆、豇豆等豆科作物、以及菜椒、番茄、马铃薯等多种蔬菜。盲蝽象属半翅目盲蝽科,它是影响棉花早结桃、多结桃及整个生长发育过程的大敌,对棉花的稳产、高产有很大威胁。     

甜菜夜蛾为害红枣初报

鉴定并描述发生在新疆阿拉尔的一种为害枣树果实的害虫，以期对红枣生产中该害虫防治提供理论依据。采用形态学及DNA条形码技术对该物种进行鉴定，进一步对其生物学记录和描述。通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定该虫为甜菜夜蛾（Spodoptera exigua），在发生的枣园可以取食红枣叶片、蛀食枣果为害，影响枣树的生长和产量。甜菜夜蛾作为杂食性、暴发性害虫，在枣园由于灰绿藜等杂草防除后可转移到红枣上为害，并造成损失。     

百合桃蚜的为害及无公害防治

一、为害情况 1．为害特征。桃蚜属同翅目蚜科,别名蜜虫、腻虫、烟蚜、桃赤蚜、油虫,在我国分布广泛。桃蚜是刺吸式口器的杂食性害虫,常群集于百合嫩叶、嫩茎、花蕾、顶芽等嫩绿部位刺吸汁液,初期引起叶片失绿、无光泽、萎蔫及生长发育不良,后期导致叶片失水变黄、向背面卷曲皱缩,花朵畸形甚至整株萎缩、死亡。另外,桃蚜分泌的蜜露还会诱发煤污病、花叶病毒、百合无症状病毒等多种病害。     

棉田双斑长跗萤叶甲的为害与防治

双斑长跗萤叶甲是新疆车排子垦区棉田近几年新发生的一种害虫。根据相关资料记载，该虫20世纪五六十年代曾在宁夏棉田大量发生。为害后可严重影响棉花的正常生长，常将叶片吃成很多小洞，近几年为害程度逐年加重，成为北疆棉区几大主要害虫之一。     

山楂红蜘蛛对鲁南苹果的为害及其防治措施

山楂红蜘蛛,是鲁南果区的主要害虫之一,可为害苹果、梨、桃、杏等30余种果树。为害严重时,树体早落叶,造成发二次芽,开二次花,严重影。响果树的生长发育和果实品质。     

苎麻天牛幼虫对苎麻为害损失与经济阈值研究

在自然条件下对苎麻天牛幼虫为害损失测定结果表明,百蔸虫量与二、三季原麻产量损失具密切关系,苎麻受到为害后,其产量主要构成因素均下降。在现有生产水平下,经济允许损失为３．３９％,防治的经济阈值为百蔸虫量４１头。     

甜樱桃梨小食心虫的最佳防治技术

<正>梨小食心虫又叫折梢虫,简称"梨小",为常见的杂食性害虫,可为害梨、桃、李、杏、甜樱桃等果树,在四川各水果产区普遍发生。近年来,在四川甜樱桃产区成为普遍发生且为害严重的主要害虫。在甜樱桃上主要以幼虫从新梢     

棉花常见病虫害防治技术

1棉花常见虫害1．1棉铃虫1．1．1为害特点棉铃虫是一种典型的杂食性害虫。主要以幼虫取食棉花的组织,初卵幼虫取食棉花的毛长点及上部果枝毛长点,随后转移至幼蕾铃为害,虫粪排出蕾外,被蛀棉铃易脱落或成为僵瓣。     

转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫存活、生长及为害的影响

１９９４～１９９６年以室内组织饲养、罩笼人工接虫和田间小区试验等方法研究了转Ｂｔ基因棉品系Ｒ９３－４对棉铃虫的抗性。结果表明：（１）转Ｂｔ基因棉对棉铃虫具有高度的抗生性，可严重阻碍幼虫对棉株的取食和营养利用，显著降低幼虫的存活、生长和发育；（２）转Ｂｔ基因棉的抗虫性随棉株组织、棉株生育期以及害虫龄期的变化而变化，棉株营养组织的抗性较繁殖组织为高，棉株生育前期的抗性较后期为高；（３）种植转Ｂｔ基因棉可显著抑制田间棉铃虫种群的发生及为害，在棉铃虫重发生年份可减少５０％以上的化防次数，而对棉花产量和纤维品质无明显影响。     

尖翅小卷叶蛾在荸荠上的为害及其防控措施

尖翅小卷叶蛾属鳞翅目卷叶蛾科小卷叶蛾亚科害虫，是荸荠生产上的主要害虫之一。除为害荸荠外，还为害席草和莎草科杂草等。荸荠被害后植株生长逐渐停止，其茎秆绿色变淡，易折断，常造成枯心苗。严重时会使植株大量枯死，影响荸荠的品质，直接造成产量锐减，对荸荠的生产与发展存在严重威胁。现将其为害情况及其防控技术介绍如下：     

The Occurrence of Non-target Pests in Bt Cotton Fields in Hebei,Shandong and Henan Provinces

The occurrence and damage caused by whiteflies, cotton aphids, cotton thrips, mirid bugs, and cotton spider mites in the Bt cotton field, including 18 monitoring sites distributed in Hebei, Shandong, and Henan Provinces, were investigated from 2011 to 2012. In order of incidence of plants with pests, it showed that: whitefly (99.17%) > cotton aphids (98.33%) > cotton thrips (74.58%) > mirid bugs (43.10%) > cotton spider mites (20.95%). Compared with other pests, whiteflies had a highest incidence in the flower and boll stage of Bt cotton in Henan Province, and mirid bugs and cotton spider mites mainly occurred in the flower and boll stage in Hebei Province. Conversely, cotton aphids and cotton thrips showed the highest incidence at the bud stage in Hebei and Shandong Provinces, respectively. The results indicated that non-target pests showed significantly different occurrence and damage rates in various developmental stages of Bt cotton in different regions.     

海岛棉棉铃阶段性发育与产量品质的关系

运用包含环境互作效应的ADM发育遗传模型对3年海岛棉亲本及F1代不同发育时期单铃重及发育特点与产量、品质的关系研究表明,海岛棉各时期单铃重对最终单铃重、纤维品质性状选择效果较好;前期(10、20 d)单铃重大,会减少无效铃数,降低衣分;后期(60、70d)单铃重大,会增加无效铃数,提高衣分。而中期(30、40、50d)单铃重对最终单株产量有一定选择效果。棉铃体积膨大期(0～10 d、10～20 d)净增量较大,单铃重增加,其他产量性状降低;纤维长度、反射率、黄度等品质性状改善;棉铃内容物充实期(30～40、40～50、60～70 d)干重增量大,主要纤维品质性状变差。选择单铃重进入快增期较晚、生长速率较大而出现时间较晚的材料将提高单株产量。纤维形成过程中,同化物质较早进入棉铃,经历缓慢增长,使纤维逐渐成熟而形成优良的品质。棉铃发育受到明显的母体效应影响,因而选择合适的母本对改良纤维品质性状较为重要。     

高品质陆地棉棉铃发育特点

以高品质棉杂交种科棉3号、常规种科棉4号为供试品种(常规品质棉苏棉[1]5为对照),于2004-2005年测定棉铃的发育性状。结果表明,高品质棉与常规品质棉明显不同,前者铃较长、铃体积大、铃重高,棉铃最大直径与后者相似。科棉3号以花后10 d内铃长增长快于常规品质棉、科棉4号则以花后10 d、21~30 d快于常规品质棉;高品质棉铃最大直径的增长持续期短于常规品质棉,且花后10 d内增长慢;高品质棉在花后20 d内铃体积的增大高于常规品质棉,尤其以花后11~20 d增长更快;科棉3号在开花后10 d后铃重增长快于常规品质棉,科棉4号则表现在开花后20 d前快于常规品质棉。说明以铃长为重要指标进行高品质类型棉花品种选育、以棉铃体积和铃重提高为载体进行高产优质栽培调节是关键技术。     

Effects of Different AFD Treatments on Yield Formation and Fiber Quality of Cotton

[Objective] We examined the effects of spraying AFD (Agent of flower bud differentiation), a new plant growth regulator, on cotton yield formation and fiber quality. This study was designed to provide a scientific basis for chemical regulation. [Method] Six treatments of different AFD concentrations were used for this experiment. Cotton plant height, boll number, boll weight, seed cotton yield, and fiber quality were assessed to clarify the effects of chemical regulation on cotton at different concentrations. [Result] The results showed that cotton plant height was associated with AFD concentration while AFD was effective in inhibiting the cotton boll shedding ratio and significantly increasing the boll opening ratio. Furthermore, the boll number per plant and boll weight were significantly higher in plants sprayed with AFD at concentrations of 1 350^-1 800 mL·hm^－2 than in the control group and higher seed cotton yields were obtained. Different concentrations of AFD had no significant effect on cotton breaking strength, micronaire value, and breaking elongation. However, the highest AFD concentration had certain inhibiting effects on fiber length and uniformity index. [Conclusion] The use of chemical control via a suitable concentration of AFD had a significant effect on increasing cotton yield and little effect on fiber quality. The study of the mechanism by which AFD affects cotton traits is of great significance for cotton production.     

低酚棉产量、纤维品质性状的遗传分析

本文以32个低酚棉品种（系）为材料,对10个产量、纤维品质性状进行的遗传分析结果表明：低酚棉多数产量构成因素与皮棉产量为正相关,提高衣指、降低籽指虽可提高衣分和单株结铃数,但不利于增加单铃重;高产、优质的矛盾主要表现在纤维长度、比强度与衣分和单株结铃数有较强的负相关。在较大群体的基础上,通过早代的正向选     

123份棉花育种材料的综合评价分析

对123份棉花育种材料进行综合评价,旨在全面了解棉花主要性状间存在的关系。对产量、抗病性及纤维品质等性状进行相关性分析,并进行了纤维品质性状聚类分析。结果表明：（1）枯萎病、黄萎病病情指数、单株皮棉产量、子棉产量和单株铃数的变异系数较大,品质性状变异系数相对较小。（2）与子棉产量有极显著正相关的性状有6个,其中单株皮棉产量和铃重相关系数较高;上半部平均长度与整齐度指数相关系数为0.69**,与伸长率相关系数为0.78**;伸长率与断裂比强度相关系数为-0.62**,与整齐度指数相关系数为-0.63**。马克隆值与铃重相关系数最大为0.51**。（3）据品质性状聚类,123份材料被分为三类。研究为育种材料的杂交组配和培育高产优质抗病的棉花新品种提供理论和参考依据。     

Association analysis of yield and fibre quality characters in interspecific population of cotton (Gossypium spp.)

Seed cotton yield and fibre quality are controlled by polygenes and highly influenced by the environment. Hence, selection merely based on yield is not effective. In order to enhance the yield potential of the cotton varieties, an understanding of the relationship among different characters is of more importance. Knowledge on the direct contribution of different characters to yield would be highly important for formulating a selection programme. Correlation and path coefficient analysis were carried out using 62 progenies of an interspecific backcross population (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. KC 3 x Gossypium barbadense L. var. Suvin) x KC 3. Genotypic correlation studies revealed that number of bolls per plant, boll weight, number of sympodia per plant, number of seeds per boll, seed index, lint index, days to first flowering, and plant height have a significant positive association with seed cotton yield per plant. Path coefficient analysis showed that number of bolls per plant contributed maximum direct effect to seed cotton yield per plant followed by boll weight and lint index. The highest positive indirect effect on seed cotton yield per plant was also observed through number of bolls per plant. This indicated that seed cotton yield per plant was highly influenced by number of bolls per plant directly and indirectly. Thus, a greater emphasis should be given to number of bolls per plant, boll weight, and lint index for increasing seed cotton yield per plant.     

植物生长调节剂复配对棉花产量的影响

以闫棉67号为供试材料,探究不同植物生长调节剂复配对棉花成铃和产量的影响。结果表明,不同植物生长调节剂复配可以有效调节棉花株高和果枝数,增加棉花果节量,提高棉铃数,同时增加棉铃体积和棉铃重,显著提高棉花伏前桃和伏桃数量,增加籽棉产量,其中复硝酚钠和胺鲜酯复配处理效果最佳。各复配处理对棉花纤维品质影响均较小。     

镉胁迫对三个棉花品种(系)产量、纤维品质和生理特性的影响

以抗草甘膦棉花种质系ZD-90和转Bt基因抗虫棉品种s GK3为材料,以陆地棉标准系TM-1为对照,研究了镉(Cd)胁迫下棉花生育期内的植株生长、产量、农艺性状、纤维品质和抗氧化酶系统活性。结果表明,低浓度Cd对棉花植株的生长发育有一定的促进作用;高浓度Cd对植株的生产发育有显著的抑制作用,植株生长量、子棉产量和皮棉产量显著降低。Cd胁迫对棉花单株铃数、铃重和单铃种子数的影响较大,而对衣分无显著影响。不同浓度Cd处理间的棉花纤维品质性状无显著差异。棉花植株体内的抗氧化化物酶(POD、SOD和CAT)活性在棉花生长发育的初期或低浓度胁迫条件下迅速升高,但随着Cd浓度的增大和胁迫时间的延长,酶活性受到抑制。植株体内累积的MDA含量则随着Cd处理浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐升高趋势。3个品种比较,TM-1对Cd较敏感,ZD-90次之,s GK3受Cd胁迫的为害相对较轻,是一个较耐Cd的棉花品种。     

温光气象因子影响棉铃产量和纤维品质性状的相关效应研究

 通过播期设置营造着果点棉铃差异性或相近性温光条件下完成棉铃发育过程,研究温度及光照两个气象因子对棉铃产量及纤维品质性状的影响。结果表明,不同温光条件各着果点棉铃的产量与品质性状差异达到极显著和显著水平,变异单铃纤维重>单铃子棉重>单铃生物量>衣分,比强度>伸长率>麦克隆值>纤维长度>整齐度;各着果点上不同开花期单铃纤维重极显著差异趋势一致,其它性状差异趋势不尽一致。依据温光气象因子与产量和品质性状的正相关,建立逐步回归分析动态模型分析铃期更具重要的影响因子,相对单铃总生物量6.0～7.0 g和单铃子棉重4.8～5.4 g的≥15℃有效积温范围为408.90～764.77℃和471.12～729.74℃,相对单铃纤维重1.8～2.3 g、麦克隆值3.5～4.9、纤维长度27～31 mm的平均日最低温度范围为15.46～26.33℃、13.1～23.6℃、15.9～26.6℃,相对纤维比强度值24.0～26.0 cN·tex^-1的日均温为21.2～23.7℃,相对衣分40%～42%的有效太阳辐射总量范围为871.45～899.57 MJ·m^-2 。据此可分别推理出江淮生态棉区目标性状棉铃的临界开花日。