不同经营措施对杉木幼林生长的影响

对杉木幼林进行不同整地和施肥抚育措施的比较试验,并运用灰色局势决策理论对不同经营措施进行多目标决策,结果表明：不同的整地方式和施肥抚育措施对3年生杉木树高与胸径生长的影响均存在极显著差异,表现为大坪整地〉大穴整地〉小穴整地,施肥〉不施肥,即造林前利用挖掘机进行大坪整地和幼林施肥抚育能改善林地土壤水、肥、气、热条件,有效地促进杉木幼林树高、地径生长以及郁闭度的增加,但在一定程度上也增加了造林成本。运用灰色局势决策理论进行多目标决策选择,挖掘机大坪整地方式优于大穴整地及人工小穴整地,施肥优于不施肥。     

不同经营措施对林地土壤侵蚀影响的研究

非点源污染问题已公认为是对水质造成威胁的主要问题之一。林业的生产经营如采伐、整地对森林中水质的降低具有潜在的影响。美国学者J.M.Grace通过对比试验研究在20a生的火炬松人工林采伐后,经过机械整地对于径流及沉积物所造成的影响。采伐后设立隔离小区,小区面积为11hm2,监测时间为2a。采伐-整地处理产生的侵蚀速率为0.82t/(hm2·a),比1965年SmithStamey等人所观测的无干扰的森林的侵蚀速率〔0.30t/(hm2·a)〕大,对照及采伐-整地-栽植处理区在整个研究期间的累积土壤流失保持了相对的稳定性,在强降雨时,采伐-栽植区的土壤侵蚀显著增加,对降雨强度反应敏感,由于作床有助于降水的入渗,减少了地表径流,采伐-整地-栽植区要比采伐-栽植区所产生的土壤侵蚀及径流量少。     

生态抚育对华北落叶松幼龄林枯落物和土壤水文效应的影响

生态抚育是培育森林的基础和关键性技术环节,也是森林生态系统经营的重要组成部分。该文比较了生态抚育措施对华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr)幼龄林森林枯落物和土壤水文效应的影响。研究结果表明:生态抚育后改变了林地光照、温度等环境条件,有利于枯落物的分解,抚育后华北落叶松幼龄林林地枯落物总储量减少41%,枯落物自然持水量、最大持水量、有效持水量和实际拦蓄量也明显减小。抚育改变了表土层的结构,从而降低了土壤的容重,提高了林地表层的毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度,改善了土壤的通气性能,提高了土壤的持水量,使抚育后的林地土壤稳渗速率增加(0.33mm/min),林地的土壤水分渗透能力增强,有利于减小或遏制水土流失。     

桉树复合经营模式的水土保持效益分析

运用径流场观测方法,对桉树-牧草、桉树-农作物和桉树-药材3种复合经营模式的地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量进行定位观测,筛选出水土保持效益好的复合经营模式,为桉树人工林的可持续经营提供参考依据.研究结果表明:桉树间作牧草、农作物和药材后,地表径流量分别降低了21.07％～31.02％、33.91％～38.71％和1.51％～67.12％;土壤侵蚀量受人为干扰影响较大,但种植2年后,桉树3种复合经营模式均未产生土壤侵蚀;桉树+木薯复合经营模式的地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量降幅最明显,初步认定桉树+木薯复合经营模式水土保持效益较好,是比较适宜的种植模式.     

榉树速生丰产造林技术及抚育管理措施

营造速生丰产林是实现经济、生态、社会三个效益同步发展的一项林业产业,也是提高林地单位面积的木材产量和经济效益,调动林农植树造林的积极性。营造榉树速生丰产林要注意达到适地适树、选育良种壮苖、提前整地、科学栽植、适量施肥、科学抚育、大力发展林下经济,达到长短效益互补,促进林木速生丰产,提高林地单位面积的综合效益等技术抚育措施。     

南方林业经营与水土流失关系研究进展

我国南方林区山地丘陵多,降水侵蚀动力强,土壤抗蚀能力较差,具有较高的水土流失潜在危险性,而南方林业生产经营常伴有破坏植被和松动土壤等过程,由此导致林地水土流失。本文根据国内外的研究资料,分别从皆伐、炼山、整地、抚育等林业经营措施角度综述了营林措施引起水土流失的研究进展,指出目前研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

抚育方式对杉木人工林生态系统的影响

通过建立径流场,进行不同抚育方式对杉木人工林水土流失,土壤肥力及林木生长5a的定位研究,结果表明,传统杉木抚育方式导致了杉木幼林地严重水土流失,不同扶育方式林地水土流失表现为：扩穴连带抚育＞块状抚育＞不抚育,随抚育破土面积增大,林地表层土壤砂质化愈明显,林地养分含量下降,抚育对林地的干扰地干扰主要在0－20cm土层,不同抚育方式杉土生长效应表现为：扩穴连带抚育＞块状抚育,随时间推移,抚育对杉木生长的影响逐年缩小,抚育方式是影响杉木人工林长期生长力维持的重要人为因子。     

美国路易斯安那州森林采伐迹地的水土保持措施

本文对路易斯安那州采伐林地的水土保持措施进行了研究,并估算了采伐林地的土壤侵蚀速率。作者于1985年对采伐两年的1584个林地样地进行了调查,用通用土壤流失方程式估算了土壤流失量。虽然在采伐林地的运材道、集材道上未能广泛实行种植牧草、修筑截水沟等水土保持措施,但是在两年内对95.5%的样地都进行了补植。采伐林地预测的最大土壤侵蚀速率(6.7t/hm~2·a)发生在运材道上。在采伐地整地方法中,机械作业产生最大的土壤侵蚀速率(10.4t/hm~2·a),而无机械处理的火烧法产生最小的土壤侵蚀速率(0.5~0.8t/hm~2·a)。无采伐的森林植被径流缓冲带并不能完全阻止沟头侵蚀。     

不同造林抚育干扰下桉树幼林地水土流失特征

[目的]探讨不同造林抚育措施对桉树幼林地水土流失及其养分损耗的影响,为桉树人工林的科学栽培和可持续经营提供理论依据。[方法]建立8个地表径流小区,以桉树采伐地灌草坡做对照(CK),研究人工割灌割草清理林地和除草、只施基肥不追肥的植苗更新2代林地(A处理),火烧清理林地、化学除草、施基肥和追肥的植苗更新2代林地(B处理)和人工割灌割草清理林地和除草、施基肥和追肥的萌芽更新2代林地(C处理)的水土流失特征。[结果]B处理林地的地表径流量、泥沙流失量和N,P,K养分流失总量年均值分别为129.35 mm,642.52kg/(hm2·a)和32.923kg/(hm2.a),比A处理的分别高出7.93%,90.03%和46.89%,比C处理的分别高出4.95%,70.82%和49.17%,比CK(对照)的分别高出4.98%,109.93%和50.91%;各试验林地的地表径流量和泥沙流失量与降水量之间均呈极显著线性正相关(R=0.717~0.853)。[结论]火烧清理林地、化学除草、频繁施肥等人为干扰活动及大量级降水驱动是桉树幼林林地水土流失及其养分损耗较为强烈的主要原因。     

不同造林技术措施对马尾松人工林生长的影响探究

马尾松是我国长江以南地区荒山造林的重要树种之一,对土壤的要求较低,对改善环境和拉动地区经济发展具有重要的促进作用。基于此,通过试验对比的方式总结不同林地清理方式、不同整地方式、不同抚育方式对马尾松人工林生长的影响,从中选取最适宜的造林技术,提高马尾松人工林的生长效果。     

Soil compaction and soil management – a review

Soil compaction is an important component of the land degradation syndrome which is an issue for soil management throughout the world. It is a long standing phenomenon not only associated with agriculture but also with forest harvesting, amenity land use, pipeline installation, land restoration and wildlife trampling. This review concentrates on the impact of soil compaction on practical soil management issues, an area not previously reviewed. It discusses in the context of the current situation, the causes, identification, effects and alleviation of compaction. The principal causes are when compressive forces derived from wheels, tillage machinery and from the trampling of animals, act on compressible soil. Compact soils can also be found under natural conditions without human or animal involvement. Compaction alters many soil properties and adverse effects are mostly linked to a reduction in permeability to air, water and roots. Many methods can be used to measure the changes. In practical situations, the use of visual and tactile methods directly in the field is recommended. The worst problems tend to occur when root crops and vegetables are harvested from soils at or wetter than field capacity. As discussed by a farmer, the effects on crop uniformity and quality (as well as a reduction in yield) can be marked. By contrast, rendzinas and other calcareous soils growing mainly cereals are comparatively free of compaction problems. The effect of a given level of compaction is related to both weather and climate; where soil moisture deficits are large, a restriction in root depth may have severe effects but the same level of compaction may have a negligible effect where moisture deficits are small. Topsoil compaction in sloping landscapes enhances runoff and may induce erosion particularly along wheeltracks, with consequent off‐farm environmental impacts. Indirect effects of compaction include denitrification which is likely to lead to nitrogen deficiency in crops. The effects of heavy tractors and harvesters can to some extent be compensated for by a reduction in tyre pressures although there is concern that deep‐seated compaction may occur. Techniques for loosening compaction up to depths of 45 cm are well established but to correct deeper problems presents difficulties. Several authors recommend that monitoring of soil physical conditions, including compaction, should be part of routine soil management.     

Agricultural suitability of degraded Acrisols and Lixisols of former tea lands in Sri Lanka

Physical and chemical soil degradation hinder the introduction of mixed cropping systems on former tea lands in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka. For instance on two typical soil catenas soil properties such as texture, pH, acidity parameters, pedogenic oxides and available plant nutrients indicating fertility are presented. Obviously Al³⁺ occupies a larger part of the exchange complex and accounts for more soil acidity than H⁺. Al toxicity is hence a major restricting factor for plant growth in the area. The investigated data also permit an evaluation of soil erodibility and a soil fertility assessment according to the Fertility Capability Classification System (Sanchez et al., 1982). Agricultural measures to reduce soil acidity and cover the lime requirements of the soils are advised. Additional soil conservation measures should diminish soil erosion in order to improve the sustainability of the cropping systems.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

GIS支持下对不同水保措施的评估与比较

在地理信息系统的支持下,对三峡库区王家桥小流域的侵蚀产沙状况进行模拟,结果表明坡耕地对全流域侵蚀产沙量贡献最大;然后针对治理坡耕地的坡地改梯田和种植植物篱这2种水保措施进行了10年的模拟评估比较,发现坡耕地改为梯田在侵蚀产沙控制方面效果较好,然而种植植物篱措施在保持土壤养分、投资回收等方面的作用却优于坡改梯的措施.总体而言,种植植物篱措施更符合科学治理水土流失战略.     

土壤质量与土壤可持续管理

土壤是农业生存之本,土壤质量是联系土壤管理与可持续农业的桥梁与纽带。介绍了土壤质量的概念及其发展,在客观地分析我国土壤质量现状的基础上,提出土壤管理必须建立在土壤质量的基础上并兼顾土壤的生产性、稳定性、持续性、生存性及社会的可接受性,才能实现农业的可持续发展。     

强度水土流失区不同治理措施对土壤物理性质的影响

在福建省长汀河田强度侵蚀山地,探讨了3种不同治理措施对土壤物理性质的影响,结果表明：不同治理措施区的土壤孔隙状况、团聚度、抗蚀性、入渗速率均得到一定程度的提高,土壤分散率降低,土壤排水能力和通气度也有所提高。不同措施对土壤物理性质改良的总体趋势是：草灌乔措施〉补植乔灌〉老头松改造〉对照,采用草灌乔混交措施对土壤物理性质的改良效果最好。     

Management of black Vertisols characterized by pot‐holes in the Chambal region,India

Crop yields in rainfed areas are primarily dependent on the rainfall pattern and stored soil moisture. High smectite clay causes the formation of cracks, which are a striking feature of black Vertisols which are also distinguished by the presence of pot‐holes. Soil water is recharged during the rainy season via these cracks, which also results in pot‐hole formation. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different conservation measures on pot‐holes. Length, width and depth were measured during dry spells after the onset of the monsoon under various field treatments. The results indicate that uncultivated fields have a greater volume of pot‐holes (573 m³/ha) than cultivated ones due to unbroken gentle slopes, which would have caused silt‐laden runoff to travel longer distances to form pot‐holes. The results show that among the cultivated fields, a control plot had the maximum volume of pot‐holes (450 m³/ha), followed by a conservation bench terrace (CBT) (231 m³/ha), residue incorporated (RI) fields (142 m³/ha) and contour furrow areas (CF) (119 m³/ha). The CBT field treatment had a higher volume of pot‐holes despite a high percentage of micro‐aggregates and high total porosity.     

Effect of annual applications of pelletized dolomitic lime on soil chemical properties and grass productivity

Lime in pelletized form is potentially more convenient for farmers than ground limestone, as it can be applied using conventional fertilizer‐spreading equipment. Pelletized lime is intended to maintain an optimum soil pH when applied annually at a rate of 350 kg lime/ha/yr. Interactions between lime and N fertilizer rate were examined by applying 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg N/ha/yr (as calcium ammonium nitrate) in combination with 0, 175, 350 and 525 kg pelletized dolomitic lime/ha/yr over 3 yr to a permanent grassland sward used for silage production in County Down, Northern Ireland. Equal rates of ground lime, from the same source as the pelletized lime, were applied as a comparison. Effects on soil chemical properties, grass dry matter (DM) yield and herbage nutrient removal were examined. Lime maintained or slightly increased the soil pH, particularly in the top 2.5 cm of the profile, but there was no difference in the performance of pelletized lime compared to ground lime in any of the parameters measured. Lime had no significant effect on grass DM yield or grass quality; however, there was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in yield at the first cut, particularly in year 2, when the highest lime rate (525 kg lime/ha/yr) was applied in the absence of N fertilizer. The dolomitic nature of the lime (11% Mg) resulted in significant (P < 0.001) increases in soil and herbage magnesium levels, and this could be beneficial for reducing the incidence of grass tetany in grazing animals. The P content of the herbage was also significantly higher in plots receiving lime, which suggests that lime may have enhanced the mineralization of P or stimulated root growth.     

An applied bioassay with tropical soil analyses for clayey oxisol fertility improvement

Abstract

There is a need for improved methodology providing reliable yield response data for tropical soils that correlate with soil testing results. However, both root development and desirable soil microbial activities are usually repressed with the heavy clayey oxisols in small pot greenhouse experiments. Fertility of the ultisols and oxisols is governed by soil organic matter content and soil microbial transformations. These are not determined with soil test extraction procedures and must be established with actual measurement of the complex biological permutations involved. The objective of these studies was to develop bioassay procedures suitable for boil fertility investigations with a heavy, clayey oxisol (56% clay) of Jaiba, a tropical region of central Brazil.

Soil dilution to 5.6% clay content with sterile, coarse quartz sand resulted in an optimum rhizosphere for plant nutrient studies using 500 g bioassay cultures. Phosphorus was the first limiting plant nutrient. Both N and K produced yield increases when applied singly although the largest increases in corn dry matter resulted with NPK combinations. Available N, P and S were related to organic matter transformations with response to S attained after exhaustive cropping. Significant responses to Zn, B and Mo were not obtained in these studies. Practical value of this procedure results from attaining reliable plant growth response to levels and combinations of fertilizer treatments with small quantities of soil. These data are fundamental for interpretation of soil test results that are utilized for highly diverse ultisols and oxisols. Sound recommendations for improved soil management practices are essential for the small, provincial subsistence type farms having very limited resources within the extensive, underutilized neotropics of the world.     

Changes in soil organic carbon stocks and soil quality: land-use system effects in northern Ethiopia

Abstract

In Tigray, Ethiopia, land degradation is a dominant environmental problem and hence the regional government has undertaken restoration measures on degraded soils since 1991. The present study was aimed to assess the impact of land uses and soil management practices on soil properties, and consequently on soil quality of degraded soils. The catchments selected were Maileba and Gum Selassa, and land uses included cultivated (CL), grazing (GL), plantation (PA) and area exclosure (AE). Replicated soil samples were collected from topsoil and profiles of four land-use types in both catchments. Soils in area exclosure showed higher soil organic carbon (SOC), total N and extractable K than grazing land, cultivated land and plantation area mainly at 0–40 cm soil depth. Estimated soil organic carbon stock at Maileba in 0–40 cm depth varied between 54 to 74 Mg C ha^?1, being lowest in cultivated land and highest in area exclosure, and the soil organic carbon stock in area exclosure represents 63% of total carbon stock stored in the profile. Soil organic carbon stock (0–40 cm) at Gum Selassa ranged between 33 to 38 Mg C ha^?1, being higher in cultivated land and lower in plantation area. Soil quality index (SQI) of area exclosure (0.794) at Maileba and cultivated land (0.721) at Gum Selassa scored highest among all land uses, and the order was area exclosure>grazing land>plantation area>cultivated land at Maileba and cultivated land>grazing land>plantation area at Gum Selassa, highlighting the effectiveness of area exclosure in restoring soil quality of degraded soils.