典型干旱指数在滦河流域的适用性评价

利用1957-2010年滦河流域9个代表气象站逐月降水量资料及滦河三道河子、韩家营、承德、下板城和滦县站的1956-2000年逐月天然径流量资料,分别应用降水距平百分率、标准化降水指数（SPI）、降水Z指数及径流距平百分率,评价滦河流域干旱情况,并比较4种干旱指数的评价效果。结果表明：降水距平百分率反映干旱程度较轻;与降水Z指数相比,SPI指数能较客观地反映滦河流域干旱程度,3种气象干旱指数在滦河流域的适用性评价结果SPI]指数优于降水Z指数和降水距平百分率;而径流距平百分率的水文干旱指数评价结果与实际旱情更为吻合。但是,这4种干旱指标缺乏综合性和机理性,尚需加强降水、气温、蒸发、径流量等因素的综合考虑,提出反映干旱内在机理的指标。     

柴达木盆地干旱时空变化特征

利用柴达木盆地气象站收集的降水和气温数据,计算了SPI和SPEI两种干旱指数,并用于评价研究区不同时间尺度的干旱特征。然而,由于测站分布稀疏,两种指数在区域干旱评价方面存在不足。在此基础上基于全球范围内的scPDSIpm数据集,并用PDSI指数分析了干旱演变特征及时空分布规律,研究发现：①温度在年际尺度对研究区的干旱情况影响较大,而在月尺度和半年尺度上对研究区干旱情况影响不明显;②PDSI指数与SPEI和SPI干旱指数的相关系数较高（0.7以上）,与两者具有较好的一致性,PDSI更适宜于无资料地区的干旱评价;③研究区中部干旱状况最为严重,东部边缘和西北部干旱频次相对较少,但2000年以来这种趋势得到改善。本研究对评价不同干旱指数的适用性及资料缺乏地区的干旱评价具有重要的指导意义。     

干旱对我国西北地区生态系统净初级生产力的影响

根据西北地区139个气象观测站1980-2009年降水及温度资料,基于Z指数干旱指标,研究西北地区干旱时空特征;利用Miami模型估算该地区生态系统净初级生产力,分析干旱对净初级生产力的影响。结果表明:西北地区30年来,西部干旱有所降低,东部则出现加重趋势。生态系统净初级生产力年变化不规则,平均为524.5543g/(m2.a);空间特征明显,自东南向西北递减,新疆西北部又有所增加。该地区净初级生产力与Z指数线性相关极显著,随着干旱的发生,净初级生产力出现下降。出现轻旱及中旱的地区,净初级生产力较低;相对湿润的地区净初级生产力较高。     

树轮记录的阿尔泰山北部PDSI指数变化及其对额尔齐斯河径流变化影响

相关分析揭示阿尔泰山北部低海拔山地的西伯利亚落叶松树轮年表与帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI)之间存在显著相关。因此,文中利用该树轮年表重建了阿尔泰山北部过去251年来1-8月的PDSI指数变化,方差解释量达43.4%。该PDSI指数重建序列与周边地区PDSI指数的变化趋势比较一致,并能够表征额尔齐斯河径流变化。重建结果揭示了19世纪末期极端干旱阶段和自20世纪末期以来暖湿化的减缓。同时,研究还揭示来自北冰洋水汽和西风强度变化对于研究区干湿变化起着关键性作用。     

21世纪中蒙干旱-半干旱地区干旱化趋势的模拟研究

利用区域气候模式RegCM3与公用气候系统模式CCSM3单向嵌套技术,进行未来不同情景下（高排放SRES A2、中等排放SRES A1B和低排放SRES B1）高分辨率数值试验,分析21世纪中国和蒙古国干旱-半干旱地区干旱化特征及其可能发展趋势。结果表明：不同排放情景下,未来中蒙干旱-半干旱地区降水量均呈增加趋势,地表温度也持续增加。仅从降水变化来看,未来干旱-半干旱地区干旱化程度变化不大,甚至有所减弱。但综合考虑降水和温度计算的Palmer干旱指数（PDSI）来看,研究区内干旱地区面积均持续扩张。极端、严重及中等干旱面积比例扩张趋势明显,达到95%显著性水平。相对21世纪中期、后期极端干旱面积在3种情景下均将扩张3%以上。相对21世纪中期和当代,21世纪后期A2情景下总的干旱面积分别将增加8%和11.51%,A1B情景下12.48%和18.34%,B1情景下9.73%和10.82%。对比降水与PDSI可见,在进行干旱-半干旱区气候变化预估研究中,必须综合考虑降水和温度的变化,才能更准确地反映干旱-半干旱地区干旱化特征及其干旱化趋势。     

亚洲中部干旱区干湿时空变化特征

过去一百年,全球增温已成不争的事实,而降水则表现出明显的区域特征。采用全球干旱指数(palmer drought severity index,PDSI),对亚洲中部干旱区1950—2014年干湿变化事件进行分析。结果表明:该区域呈现出变湿趋势,尤其在20世纪80年代后,这种趋势更加明显。对PDSI指数进行经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,EEMD)得到PDSI具有多周期的非线性特征,其中3~7 a的变化周期为主要周期,这与降水的变化周期一致。中亚五国为变干趋势,而中国西北地区为变湿趋势,并且这种差异在1979年后更加明显,表明"干旱越干旱,湿润越湿润"在亚洲中部干旱区不成立。上述主要结论对全球干旱区干湿变化研究具有指导意义。     

基于标准降水指数的多尺度叠加干旱监测指标及其等级划分

针对中国不同地区的区域气候及其变化特征,使用信息熵方法从降水观测资料中提取出区域降水的两个（均态和变化）本征尺度,提出一种基于区域气候系统层次性内在特征的气象干旱指数MSPI。使用各站1981-2010年的逐日MSPI序列,基于互信息算法,确定各站气象干旱指数MSPI的干旱等级划分规则,即按某一临界点集合对MSPI序列进行划分,得到的等级序列和MSPI序列之间的互信息最大时,此临界点集合是最优的,该临界点集合也就是干旱和湿润等级的合理划分。使用互信息方法对全国2 211站1981-2010年逐日MSPI序列进行等级划分,分为“特别干、严重干、中等干、轻微干、正常、轻微湿、中等湿、严重湿、特别湿”9个等级;进一步分析了全国1981-2010年各月不同等级干旱日数和站数百分比、各季节中等干、严重干、特别干事件日数比率的空间分布及不同等级干事件发展所缺降水量的距平百分率及缓解所需降水量。最后以2011年长江中下游春季严重气象干旱的发生、发展、持续、缓解过程及山西省1981-2010年逐月干旱事件为例,对MSPI指数及其等级划分规则的干旱监测能力进行检验,发现两者对不同程度的干旱都有较好的表征能力,并且对于干旱过程也有较好的识别能力。     

三种复合干旱指数在我国三大农业主产区的适用性分析

利用多源遥感数据,通过与SPI-3的线性相关分析及实际旱情的对比,研究了三种复合干旱指数(PADI、OVDI、TVDI)在我国三类(冬小麦、夏玉米、水稻)农业主产区的适用性。结果表明:三种复合干旱指数不适用于水稻区的干旱监测;在三类农业区的干旱监测中,指数PADI、TVDI对干旱量化结果较为准确(干旱持续时间、严重程度、空间分布等),OVDI对旱情严重程度的判断偏重;指数TVDI、OVDI适合大范围的旱情监测,且TVDI监测结果更为准确;PADI指数由于结合了作物信息,对干旱的量化更全面,适宜于小范围的旱情监测,但对输入信息的要求较高。     

气象干旱监测指标在青海高原的适用性分析

基于1986—2013年青海高原114个干旱个例和1981—2015年逐月、四季和年SPI指数、PA指数、K指数和MCI指数,通过对比逐年、四季不同等级干旱出现频率和实际干旱的吻合情况,评估不同干旱监测指数对典型干旱发展过程的刻画能力,主要得出以下结论：（1）SPI指数和K指数对总干旱发生频率的年代际变化具有很好的监测效果,但SPI对不同等级干旱的监测能力最强,K指数次之,PA指数、MCI指数对干旱年代际变化的监测能力较差。（2）SPI指数和K指数对春旱和夏旱的监测效果很好,对秋、冬季的干旱监测效果不理想,PA指数和MCI指数对四季干旱的监测结果有较大偏差。（3）SPI能很好地监测出干旱的发生区域和干旱的程度,K指数和PA指数监测的干旱程度有偏差,而MCI指数对干旱范围和程度均有很大的偏差。（4）SPI指数和K指数的监测结果符合干旱发生、发展过程,对干旱发生、发展过程的刻画较为合理,而PA指数和MCI指数基本不能反映干旱的发生发展过程。（5）综合来看,SPI指数对春旱和夏季监测效果最优,K指数次之,PA指数和MCI指数最差。     

渭河流域干旱指标空间分布研究

基于月降水数据,运用干旱指标研究渭河流域的干旱特征。以西安站为例,详细对比了Z指数与SPI计算结果的一致性和差异;分别采用1、3、6、9、12个月和24个月时间尺度SPI分析了该站历史旱涝状况及持续时间,并探讨了其季节旱涝特征。计算了渭河流域1995年11月不同时间尺度的SPI值,并绘制了相应的空间分布图。结果表明：多时间尺度SPI[WTBZ]能够反映出降水的分散情况,并给出降水量区间与干旱指标的对应关系,是进行旱涝监测和预报的一种有效手段;发生于1995年的渭河全流域干旱具有季节性和多年特征,干旱程度总体上由东南部向西北部递减。     

Performance of different drought indices for agriculture drought in the North China Plain

The Palmer drought severity index(PDSI), standardized precipitation index(SPI), and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) are used worldwide for drought assessment and monitoring. However, substantial differences exist in the performance for agricultural drought among these indices and among regions. Here, we performed statistical assessments to compare the strengths of different drought indices for agricultural drought in the North China Plain. Small differences were detected in the comparative performances of SPI and SPEI that were smaller at the long-term scale than those at the short-term scale. The correlation between SPI/SPEI and PDSI considerably increased from 1-to 12-month lags, and a slight decreasing trend was exhibited during 12-and 24-month lags, indicating a 12-month scale in the PDSI, whereas the SPI was strongly correlated with the SPEI at 1-to 24-month lags. Interestingly, the correlation between the trend of temperature and the mean absolute error and its correlation coefficient both suggested stronger relationships between SPI and the SPEI in areas of rapid climate warming. In addition, the yield–drought correlations tended to be higher for the SPI and SPEI than that for the PDSI at the station scale, whereas small differences were detected between the SPI and SPEI in the performance on agricultural systems. However, large differences in the influence of drought conditions on the yields of winter wheat and summer maize were evident among various indices during the crop-growing season. Our findings suggested that multi-indices in drought monitoring are needed in order to acquire robust conclusions.     

利用多波段遥感干旱监测方法研究

目前对大尺度、复杂地表覆盖类型的区域干旱监测研究仍然是一个难点。文中尝试选择近红外、短波红外、热红外波段组合成新的干旱指数,并选取甘肃定西市、庆阳市、平凉市、宁夏固原市等为研究区。在比较各种不同的干旱指数优缺点的基础上,采用MODIS 1B数据的第2,6波段和LST(Land Surface Tempera-ture)产品合成多波段干旱指数。并用降雨量计算SPI(Standardized Precipitation Index),以及日均相对湿度与多波段干旱指数进行全面比较。结果发现在干旱年份,该指数与气象数据有较好的相关性,说明其在大尺度、较复杂地表覆盖类型区域旱灾监测有一定前景。     

Prediction of meteorological drought in arid and semi-arid regions using PDSI and SDSM: a case study in Fars Province,Iran

Drought is one of the most significant environmental disasters,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.Drought indices as a tool for management practices seeking to deal with the drought phenomenon are widely used around the world.One of these indicators is the Palmer drought severity index(PDSI),which is used in many parts of the world to assess the drought situation and continuation.In this study,the drought state of Fars Province in Iran was evaluated by using the PDSI over 1995-2014 according to meteorological data from six weather stations in the province.A statistical downscaling model(SDSM)was used to apply the output results of the general circulation model in Fars Province.To implement data processing and prediction of climate data,a statistical period 1995-2014 was considered as the monitoring period,and a statistical period 2019-2048 was for the prediction period.The results revealed that there is a good agreement between the simulated precipitation(R2>0.63;R2,determination coefficient;MAE<0.52;MAE,mean absolute error;RMSE<0.56;RMSE,Root Mean Squared Error)and temperature(R2>0.95,MAE<1.74,and RMSE<1.78)with the observed data from the stations.The results of the drought monitoring model presented that dry periods would increase over the next three decades as compared to the historical data.The studies showed the highest drought in the meteorological stations Abadeh and Lar during the prediction period under two future scenarios representative concentration pathways(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).According to the results of the validation periods and efficiency criteria,we suggest that the SDSM is a proper tool for predicting drought in arid and semi-arid regions.     

近45年阿克苏地区干湿程度演变分析

采用近45年来阿克苏地区年、季气温、降水序列,并通过对各站干湿指标序列的考察,分析了阿克苏地区年代际、年、季干湿状况的变化.结果表明:阿克苏地区年平均气温的增加快于年降水量的增加,两者均以冬季增加为主,临近沙漠地带夏季气温和秋季降水呈微弱的下降趋势.干湿指标分布自山区经平原向沙漠由湿向干变化,由于各区域间降水差异较大,沙漠边缘地带比山区小近30%.阿克苏地区的干湿变化呈现出山区和浅山地带持续增湿,平原增湿速率逐渐减小,局地转为干旱化的特征.     

沙尘暴影响综合评价指标体系及评估方法研究

沙尘暴影响综合评价是沙尘暴灾害研究中的一个重要方面,而沙尘暴影响综合评价指标体系是其中的一个重要环节。文中从省级沙尘暴影响综合评价角度出发,对沙尘暴影响综合评价指标体系建立原则、沙尘暴影响评估现状、沙尘暴影响、沙尘暴监测手段进行了阐述,并初步研究了针对气象部门的沙尘暴影响综合评价的指标体系和评估方法。最终对当前沙尘暴影响综合评价的一些问题进行了讨论,并最终提出了针对气象部门省级沙尘暴影响综合评价的一些思路。     

黄土区夏玉米叶面积指数变化规律的研究

通过对连续4a夏玉米叶面积指数的研究,建立了夏玉米叶面积指数与积温之间的归一化模型,提出了精确的且唯一确定的归一化方法。多年的叶面积动态变化用同一方程式表达,提高了方程的可信度,可用于作物生长模拟和作物生长监测和遥感估产。     

兰州市空气质量状况及与常规气象条件的关系

根据兰州市空气质量日报数据和同期的常规气象资料,研究了2001～2009年该市的空气质量特征,探讨了气象要素和城市空气质量之间的相互关系。结果表明：随着近年来该市开展大规模的环境综合治理工作,空气质量有了明显得改善。研究期间的空气质量以Ⅱ和Ⅲ级天气为主。主要污染物PM10、SO2、NO2年平均浓度在大部分年份超过国家空...     

Meteorological drought in semi-arid regions: A case study of Iran

Drought occurs in almost all climate zones and is characterized by prolonged water deficiency due to unbalanced demand and supply of water, persistent insufficient precipitation, lack of moisture, and high evapotranspiration. Drought caused by insufficient precipitation is a temporary and recurring meteorological event. Precipitation in semi-arid regions is different from that in other regions, ranging from 50 to 750 mm. In general, the semi-arid regions in the west and north of Iran received more precipitation than those in the east and south. The Terrestrial Climate (TerraClimate) data, including monthly precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) developed by the University of Idaho, were used in this study. The PDSI data was directly obtained from the Google Earth Engine platform. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) on two different scales were calculated in time series and also both SPI and SPEI were shown in spatial distribution maps. The result showed that normal conditions were a common occurrence in the semi-arid regions of Iran over the majority of years from 2000 to 2020, according to a spatiotemporal study of the SPI at 3-month and 12-month time scales as well as the SPEI at 3-month and 12-month time scales. Moreover, the PDSI detected extreme dry years during 2000-2003 and in 2007, 2014, and 2018. In many semi-arid regions of Iran, the SPI at 3-month time scale is higher than the SPEI at 3-month time scale in 2000, 2008, 2014, 2015, and 2018. In general, this study concluded that the semi-arid regions underwent normal weather conditions from 2000 to 2020. In a way, moderate, severe, and extreme dry occurred with a lesser percentage, gradually decreasing. According to the PDSI, during 2000-2003 and 2007-2014, extreme dry struck practically all hot semi-arid regions of Iran. Several parts of the cold semi-arid regions, on the other hand, only experienced moderate to severe dry from 2000 to 2003, except for the eastern areas and wetter regions. The significance of this study is the determination of the spatiotemporal distribution of meteorological drought in semi-arid regions of Iran using strongly validated data from TerraClimate.