毛白杨苗期VA菌根菌与外生菌根菌接种的研究

1998～1999年在田间条件下布置了毛白杨VA菌根(包括根内球囊霉菌和单孢球囊霉菌)与外生菌根硬皮马勃混合接种试验.结果表明接种菌根菌对毛白杨苗高生长量有促进作用,且以根内球囊霉菌作用最明显,单孢球囊霉菌处理次之,硬皮马勃处理最差.水涝大大降低人工接种菌根菌的效果,严重影响VA菌根和外生菌根菌单独接种及混合接种的效应,根内球囊霉菌甚至会抑制毛白杨苗木的高生长,VA菌根和外生菌根间的负交互作用也不对苗高生长产生影响.菌根真菌的感染率随时间变化出现较大的波动和变化.     

蓝桉和尾叶桉混合菌根研究 Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ 菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和尾叶桉进行单接种或混合接种,研究结果表明,两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖,分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ 菌根和混合菌根,证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种,而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ 菌根感染率在接种初期较高,但随时间的推移有降低的趋势;而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢,但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加的趋势。与单接种ＶＡ菌根真菌苗木相比,外生菌根真菌抑制了ＶＡ 菌根菌在根系上的进一步侵染,体现在较低的ＶＡ 菌根感染率;而外生菌根菌显示出了较强的竞争能力,并能在接种后９ 周时开始形成子实体。在混合菌根中,外生菌根有逐步替代ＶＡ 菌根的发展趋势,两种类型的菌根真菌间存在一定的竞争性作用关系。基质磷（Ｐ）素水平对菌根的形成也有一定的影响     

蓝桉的尾叶桉混合菌根研究：Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和叶桉进行单接种或混合接种，研究结果表明，两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖，分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ菌根和混合菌根，证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种，而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ菌根感染率在接种初期较高，但随时间的推移有降低的趋势；而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢，但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加趋势。与单接种ＶＡ根真菌苗木相比，外生菌根真菌     

陕西省杨树外生菌根种类的调查研究

对陕西省３５种杨树外生菌根的调查研究，鉴定出９种外生菌根真菌。研究证明，一种外生菌根真菌可侵染不同种杨树；一种杨树又可被不同的菌根真菌侵染，并观察到在同一小根上顶端形成菌套，中部和下部形成泡囊丛枝这一混合型菌根形态。     

相思菌根的菌种筛选及其接种效应研究

ＶＡ菌根、外生菌根主菌根菌剂对马占相思和厚荚相思幼苗的接种结果表明：ＶＡ菌根和外生菌根都可对两种相思幼苗形成侵染,菌根感染率达４９．５％～７３．３３％;５个月后的马占相思苗木高比对照增加５３．９％～１４８．９９％,厚荚相思苗高增加３１．７％～９５．３９％;马占相思生物量比对照增加２０８％～３９６％,厚荚相思生物量增加２９４％～４４１．５％;对ＶＡ菌的菌根依赖性（ＭＤ）测定结果表明,除厚荚相思对Ｂ９     

苹果树VA菌根形态结构观察

研究了苹果树ＶＡ菌根在自然条件下的发育状况。观察结果表明：ＶＡ菌根结构主要位于各供试品种新生根的成熟区和伸长区，在根皮层细胞内具有典型的泡囊和丛枝。根内和根外菌丝的直径为２．１～４．５μｍ，泡囊主要呈椭圆形和圆形。不同品种之间的泡囊数、丛枝百分率、根上菌丝着生位点数及侵染率存在显著差异。不同粗度的根系ＶＡ菌根真菌的侵染情况存在着差异，其中直径０．１～０．５ｍｍ的细根，ＶＡ菌根真菌的侵染率最高。不同土层内的菌根形态差异不显著，但侵染率及发育状况不同。     

杨树菌根研究进展

杨树菌根真菌资源丰富，有３０种外生菌根真菌和５种ＶＡ菌根真菌可与其共生形成外生菌根和ＶＡ菌根，菌根的形态和解剖特征与菌根真菌的种类有关。菌根可以促进杨树苗木养分和水分的吸收，提高苗木的生长量，增强其抗旱性，并且可以诱导杨树体内酚类物质代谢中酶类（ＰＯ、ＰＰＯ、ＰＡＬ等）活性的提高，加速抗病性物质（酚类等）的合成，增强杨树抗溃疡病的能力     

毛白杨优良外生菌根菌的选择*

在毛白杨外生菌根菌生态学特性和共生关系研究的基础上，对与毛白杨有良好共生关系的外个菌根菌的研究表明，硬皮马勃能耐温，在碱笥条件下仍能生长，在中性基质中，均能与毛白杨形成菌根，并大幅度地提高毛白杨的生长量。但在碱性土壤中，仅有硬皮马勃能与毛白杨形成一定数量的菌根，并能明显地提高毛白杨的生长量、地上部分生物量，改善菌木Ｎ、Ｐ的营养状况，接种效果随接种量的变化而差异明显。     

杨树菌根研究进菌

杨树菌根真菌资源丰富，有３０种外生菌根真菌和５种ＶＡ菌根真菌可与其共生开成外生菌根和ＶＡ菌根，菌根的形态和解剖特征与菌根真菌的种类有关，菌根可以促进杨树苗木养分和水分的吸收，提高苗木的生长量，增强其抗旱性，并且可以诱导杨树体内酚类物质代谢中酶类活性的提高，加速抗病性物质的合成，增强杨树抗溃疡病的能力。     

马占相思菌根调查及利用

马占相思菌根调查及人工接种结果表明：马占相思在自然界能形成外生菌根及VA菌根。在贫瘠的立地条件下，外生菌根的子实体多；在较肥沃的立地条件下，外生菌根的子实体少，优势外生菌根菌是多根硬皮马勃菌（Sclerioerma polyrhium)。马占相思对VA菌有较强的选择性和其特定的优势VA菌根菌，即从马占思根部分离的VA菌。用优势外生菌根菌 及优势VA菌根菌对马占相思苗木进行接种，都能形成菌根，且都能显著地提高马占思的生长。马占思优势VA菌接种效果优于多种硬皮马勃菌。     

蓝桉和尾叶桉混合菌根研究Ⅱ.混合菌根的接种效应

接种苗木在生长量和生物量上均表现出极其显著的生长优势,ECM真菌蜡蘑菌单接种及其与4种VA菌根菌剂混合接种,对苗木生长的促进作用尤为显著。在接种后16周时,与对照苗相比,蓝桉和尾叶桉接种苗木的高生长量最大增幅分别为28.86%(LS)和86.65%(LG);两种桉树地上部分平均干质量最大增幅分别为129.93%(LS)和133.34%(L),地下部分分别为119.93%(LF)和174.83%(LG)。桉树对不同菌根菌及其组合的菌根依赖性表现出很大的差异,对混合接种的真菌组合有相对高的菌根依赖性,而对土壤菌剂依赖性很小。菌根感染与苗木生物量间有显著的相关性。试验结果还证实了P素对桉苗生长的促进作用,P素水平对菌根的接种效应有一定的影响。     

根际微生态调节对杨树根系活力及土壤有效P转化的效应

以盆栽毛白杨、北京杨为试验材料,采用均匀设计,将外生菌根真菌（美味牛肝菌、褐疣柄牛肝菌）、植物生长调节剂（NAA）和植物抗病诱导剂（水杨酸）以不同配比混合形成根际微生态调节物,并施于苗木根部,研究其对苗木生长、生物量、根系活力、土壤酸性磷酸酶活性及土壤有效P的影响效应。结果表明,根际微生态调节物改善了苗木根际微生态环境,使毛白杨、北京杨盆栽苗的苗高、地径、总干质量均有较大幅度的提高,分别比对照增加16.0%~35.0%,19.4%~38.9%,15.5%~86.4%和12.5%~26.2%,1.6%~20.3%,33.6%~72.7%,幼苗生长更为健壮和迅速;使毛白杨根系活力比对照提高6.71%~33.64%,北京杨根系活力比对照提高1.49%~49.46%,根系活力与苗木的生长、生物量有较大相关性;使毛白杨和北京杨根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性增强,分别增加20.91%~36.35%和13.39%~54.98%,对根际区域的土壤有效P具有明显的富集效应,富集率分别为7.49%~25.67%和17.85%~53.50%。     

我国南方桉树人工林菌根合成及其多样性研究(英文)

对我国南方部分地区桉树人工林菌根真菌资源和菌根类型进行了调查 .对采自广东、云南 15个桉树林地的根系样品进行了显微观察 ,结果证实了在自然土壤中桉树能形成不同类型的菌根 ,检查的根样在不同程度上均有菌根菌的感染 .其中 ,有 4个人工林的根系样品AM感染率在 50 %以上 ,另有 4个根样ECM感染根段长超过 50m .调查发现林分年龄大小对菌根形成及菌根类型有一定的影响 ,表现在幼林及过熟林菌根感染率均较低 ,而 4～ 7年生按树林菌根感染率相对较高 ,在同一根系上AM与ECM菌间存在一定的竞争性 .在菌根菌资源方面 ,从总体上来说 ,我国南方菌根菌资源较少 ,尤其是ECM菌 .调查结果表明 ,我国南方桉树人工林根际土壤中有AM菌 2 8种 ,隶属于 4个属 ,其中以球囊霉属真菌最多 ,占 6 4 % ;地球囊霉在所采集的土样中出现的频度最高 .南方 15个桉树人工林中发现有 17种ECM菌 ,隶属 10个属 ,其中彩色豆马勃、多根硬皮马勃、光硬皮马勃等菌种在两广地区许多桉林中较常见 ,云南地区则多以黄须腹菌、硬皮马勃等菌较多 .这些ECM菌通常生长于松树林中 ,能否与引进的桉属树种形成较好的菌根还有待于进一步研究 .本文对自然条件下混合菌根的形成及真菌间的竞争关系进行了讨论     

Mycorrhizal status of an ozone-sensitive poplar clone treated with the antiozonant ethylene diurea

The antiozonant ethylene diurea is proven to prevent growth reductions in forest trees induced by ozone. The community of mycorrhizal fungi could be useful indicator of environmental stress. In this study, response of mycorrhizal fungi and fine roots to a 4-year exposure to ambient ozone and treatment with antiozonant was investigated in ozone-sensitive poplar clone under field conditions. The community of ectomycorrhizal fungi and root length colonization with ectomycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and root endophytic fungi was analyzed in antiozonant-treated poplar plants and in poplar plants irrigated with water. In general, plants protected by antiozonant showed higher total number of fine roots, number of ectomycorrhizal types, Shannon–Weaver diversity index, and Species richness index compared to the plants treated with water. The ectomycorrhizal community shifted from contact exploration type in the trees irrigated with water to short-distance exploration type in ethylene diurea-treated trees. Ozone protectant may beneficially affect the belowground community of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots of ozone-sensitive poplar clone.     

辽宁省主要外生菌根真菌生境调查及探讨

对辽宁省主要针阔混交林进行了外生茵根真菌的种类调查和生境调查,获得外生茵根真菌82种(其中菌根性食、药用菌66种),隶属于13科24属;发现了2种辽宁省外生茵根真菌新记录种;掌握了辽宁省油松、落叶松、樟子松、红松以及柞树林下的外生菌根真菌的种类、优势种以及环境因子与子实体间的关系,对主要外生茵根真菌生境进行了阐释和深入的探讨.     

Ectomycorrhizas and cadmium toxicity in Norway spruce seedlings

We studied the effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization by Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton S238 and Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. 533 on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Norway spruce seedlings (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings were exposed to 0 (control), 0.5 or 5 &mgr;M CdSO(4) for 9 weeks in a sand culture system with frequent addition of nutrient solutions. In pure culture, P. involutus and L. bicolor showed similar Cd tolerance. However, in symbiosis, the Cd treatments decreased colonization by L. bicolor but not by P. involutus. Paxillus involutus ameliorated the negative effects of 0.5 &mgr;M Cd on shoot and root growth and chlorophyll content of old needles, whereas L. bicolor did not. Mycorrhizal colonization did not affect Cd concentrations of old needles and roots of seedlings. Despite differences between the ectomycorrhizal fungi in colonization and ability to alleviate Cd toxicity of seedlings, both species reduced Cd concentrations of young needles to a similar degree compared with nonmycorrhizal seedlings. However, in the 0.5 &mgr;M Cd treatment, the Cd content of needles of seedlings colonized by P. involutus was increased, whereas the Cd content of needles of seedlings colonized by L. bicolor was similar to that of needles of nonmycorrhizal seedings. When the amount of Cd translocated to needles was expressed on a root length basis to account for differences in the size of the root systems, the amount of Cd translocated to the needles was similar in seedlings mycorrhizal with P. involutus and in nonmycorrhizal seedlings. All mycorrhizal seedlings were similarly affected by 5 &mgr;M Cd, indicating that the amelioration efficiency of ectomycorrhizal fungi is dependent on the metal concentration to which the roots are exposed. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn were decreased by 5 &mgr;M Cd to a similar extent in both nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings. In contrast to L. bicolor, P. involutus increased P uptake and altered patterns of root branching. We conclude that mycorrhizas alleviate Cd-induced reductions in growth of Picea abies seedlings. Although the two mycorrhizal fungi examined differed in their ability to alleviate Cd toxicity, these differences were not related to differences in Cd uptake or translocation to the shoot of the mycorrhizal seedlings. We suggest that amelioration of Cd toxicity by P. involutus may be a result of improved P nutrition or changes in root morphology, or both.     

Influence of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculation on growth and root IAA concentrations of transplanted conifers

We determined whether in vitro plant growth regulator production by mycorrhizal fungi is correlated with conifer seedling growth and root IAA concentrations. Container-grown seedlings of interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) were inoculated at seeding with ectomycorrhizal fungi having a high, moderate or low capacity to produce either IAA or ethylene in vitro. Inoculated seedlings were grown for one season in the nursery, harvested in December, cold stored over winter and then transplanted to either a nursery field or a forest site in the spring. Seedling morphology and endogenous IAA in roots were measured immediately after cold storage and again six and 12 months after transplanting. Morphological responses to inoculation varied among different mycorrhizal fungi. Free IAA concentration of roots was increased in some inoculation treatments for all conifer species. In seedlings transplanted to a nursery field, in vitro ethylene-producing capacity of the ectomycorrhizal fungi was highly correlated with more morphological features than in vitro IAA-producing capacity. Both IAA- and ethylene-producing capacity were significantly correlated with more morphological features in seedlings transplanted to a forest site than in seedings transplanted to a nursery field. One year after transplanting, only in vitro IAA-producing capacity was correlated with endogenous IAA concentration of roots of the inoculated seedlings. We conclude that growth responses of conifer seedlings can be partially influenced by IAA and ethylene produced by ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts.     

Interactions between Tricholomopsis rutilans and ectomycorrhizal fungi in paired culture and in association with seedlings of lodgepole pine and Sitka‐spruce

Interactions between two isolates (Avondhu and CBS) of Tricholomopsis rutilans and ectomycorrhizal fungi (Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Laccaria laccata and Paxillus involutus) were examined on agar medium in the presence or absence of woodchips. The CBS isolate showed more competitiveness than the Avondhu isolate, when paired with ectomycorrhizal fungi. There was an inhibition of the growth of mycelium of the ectomycorrhizal fungi ranging from overgrowth to avoidance. The ectomycorrhizal fungi exhibited hyphal abnormalities such as discoloration, excessive vacuolation and curling. Formation of mycorrhizas by H. crustuliniforme in Pinus contorta and Picea abies was unaffected by the presence of the CBS isolate, whereas a reduction occurred in the presence of the Avondhu isolate. In non‐mycorrhizal seedlings of both conifers, the Avondhu isolate reduced root and shoot dry mass and number of root laterals and caused a lower number of short roots in lodgepole pine. The significance of these interactions between T. rutilans and ectomycorrhizal fungi in paired culture and during symbiosis is discussed.