基于WaTEM/SEDEM模型的洮河源区土壤侵蚀产沙模拟及其空间驱动力分析

[目的]全面认识长时间尺度的土壤侵蚀时空变化及其影响因素对土壤侵蚀治理具有重要意义。探究流域1998—2018年土壤侵蚀和产沙时空变化特征及其空间驱动力因子,为洮河源区流域的水土治理提供科学理论依据。[方法]以洮河源区流域为研究区,基于碌曲站实测输沙数据以及植被NDVI数据,通过WaTEM/SEDEM模型结合重心模型分析流域侵蚀产沙时空变化特征,进一步采用地理探测器方法探究其空间驱动力因子。[结果]洮河源区的土壤产沙模数由1998年的33.81 t/(hm²·a)增加至2018年的48.59 t/(hm²·a);土壤侵蚀强度主要以微度侵蚀为主,其次是极强侵蚀和轻度侵蚀,剧烈、强烈和中度侵蚀占比最小。侵蚀较强区域分布在高山地带;侵蚀较微弱的区域分布在中部的河谷地区和海拔较低的区域。流域内地形等级和植被覆盖度对土壤侵蚀影响最大,q值分别为0.359,0.183,流域侵蚀模数随地形位等级增大而增大,随植被覆盖度的增大而减少。1998—2003年和2008—2013年这两个时段,土壤侵蚀重心向东南方向移动,2003—2008年侵蚀重心向西北方向移动,...     

绥中县六股河流域土壤侵蚀特征研究

采用修正后的RUSLE模型及GIS技术,评价分析绥中县六股河流域1999—2019年的土壤侵蚀变化特征,并探究了土壤侵蚀强度与土地利用类型之间的作用关系。研究表明:绥中县六股河流域土壤侵蚀模数平均值为262.88 t/(km²·a),其中21 a间土壤侵蚀最轻的为2004年;研究区中度、轻度和微度侵蚀强度主要发生于西南部、北部、东部地区,在空间分布上流域侵蚀强度未呈现出明显的变化特征;土壤侵蚀状况随土地利用类型的不同而存在较大差异。     

喀斯特山区土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀耦合关系研究——以毕节试验区为例

利用RS与GIS技术,提取地类、坡度和植被等3个因子的数据信息,模拟1990—2010年毕节试验区的土地利用过程和土壤侵蚀变化过程,并运用叠置分析和转移矩阵分析的方法,分析了土地利用变化过程中土壤侵蚀的响应特征,揭示土地利用变化及土壤侵蚀变化的关系。结果表明:毕节试验区土地以林地、耕地、草地为主,耕地面积不断减少,林地和建设用地面积不断增加;土壤侵蚀以轻度、中度侵蚀为主,整体呈现改善的趋势,尤其是退耕还林后,土壤侵蚀的面积与强度均不断降低;土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀具有密切的联系,耕地是土壤侵蚀发生的主要土地类型,耕地的减少与土壤侵蚀呈正相关关系,林地面积变化与土壤侵蚀具有较好的相关性,但在退耕还林的初期,土壤侵蚀的强度略有增加,草地增加与土壤侵蚀负相关,增加草地有利于土壤抗侵蚀能力的增强。研究喀斯特山区土地利用与土壤侵蚀的耦合关系,有利于有限的土地资源的合理配置和喀斯特地区的生态保护,为区域土地规划及水土保持等宏观决策部门提供理论支撑。     

基于GIS/RS和USLE鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀变化

将空间信息技术（RS和GIS）和通用土壤流失方程（USLE）相结合对鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀量进行计算。分别利用1990年和2000年TM/ETM+影像分类得到两期土地利用/覆盖类型图,结合鄱阳湖流域数字高程模型（DEM）、土壤类型分布图和流域降雨资料分别获取USLE模型中各因子值的空间分布,最后计算流域2个年份的土壤侵蚀空间分布图。研究表明：鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀区域主要分布在赣江上游,信江上游,抚河上中游和修水上游地区;鄱阳湖流域1990年和2000年大范围土地经受着Ⅰ级微度与Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀,其侵蚀面积之和分别占流域面积的97.38%和97.30%;而流域产沙主要来源于Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀和Ⅲ级中度侵蚀,所占土壤侵蚀总量分别为58.16%和51.20%,其中中度以上等级的侵蚀对产沙量的贡献是不可忽视的;从1990年到2000年土壤侵蚀等级变化呈现了由中等级侵蚀（Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀和Ⅲ级中度侵蚀）向低等级（Ⅰ级微度侵蚀）和高等级侵蚀（Ⅴ级极强度和Ⅵ级剧烈侵蚀）的2个极端演化的趋势。鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀量从1990年到2000年增长幅度达6.3%;土壤平均侵蚀模数都约为1 100 t/(km2·a),属于Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀。分析2个年份的土地利用/覆盖变化,发现鄱阳湖流域湿地和农田面积减少,建筑用地增加均是造成土壤侵蚀量增加的因素,而降雨侵蚀力因子空间格局也对土壤侵蚀空间分布具有重要影响,最后提出了鄱阳湖流域水土保持规划措施。     

西南喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀特征研究现状与展望

受地质背景的强烈制约,西南喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀与其他类型区显著不同,叠加了化学溶蚀、重力侵蚀和流水侵蚀的耦合作用,呈现地面流失和地下漏失的混合侵蚀机制。从土壤地表侵蚀产沙、土壤地下漏失、土壤侵蚀强度与分级标准、土壤侵蚀过程模拟等几个方面简要综述了该区土壤侵蚀特征,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。今后应该加强西南喀斯特地区水土流失途径与土壤流失/漏失定位监测技术研究,进一步发展水土二元流失模拟模型,为该区土地利用变化的水土保持功能定量评估提供科技支撑,服务石漠化综合治理和后续规划制订。     

贵州省乌江流域土地利用与土壤侵蚀关系研究

根据贵州省乌江流域20世纪80年代初和2000年左右的15幅Landsat MSS/ETM遥感影像数据、2000年土壤侵蚀调查数据和GIMMS/AVHRR NDVI数据,利用遥感、GIS技术和数理统计方法,系统分析了1980-2000年贵州省乌江流域土地利用/覆被变化的时空特征,探讨了不同土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀的影响.研究表明:乌江流域土地利用类型以林地、耕地和草地为主.1980-2000年的20 a间,流域内土地利用/土地覆被数量结构变化明显,呈好转趋势.不同土地利用类型下的土壤侵蚀强度大小为:裸岩石砾地＜其他林地＜建设用地＜有林地＜水域＜水田＜低覆盖度草地＜灌木林地＜高覆盖度草地＜疏林地＜中覆盖度草地＜旱地.旱地、中覆盖度草地和疏林地是流域内土壤侵蚀发生的主要土地利用类型.从不同侵蚀等级的发生区域来看,各强度类型侵蚀都集中分布在植被覆盖度为50％～60％的地区,侵蚀存在50％～60％的植被覆盖度临界值,这与非喀斯特地区随着植被盖度降低,侵蚀强度逐渐增大的规律不同.     

基于RUSLE模型的雅鲁藏布江流域土壤侵蚀评价

[目的]研究雅鲁藏布江流域土壤侵蚀时空变化特征,并分析气候和植被覆盖变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,以期为高寒区土壤侵蚀防治、生态系统保护和水土资源开发利用提供理论支撑。[方法]以雅鲁藏布江流域为研究区,采用RUSLE模型定量评估了1980—2017年流域土壤侵蚀的时空变化特征。[结果]1980—2017年,雅江流域土壤侵蚀强度整体呈现先减小后增加的趋势,1980—1999年年均土壤侵蚀模数波动下降,2000—2017年年均土壤侵蚀模数则呈现不显著上升趋势;流域中上游地区土壤侵蚀变化较为显著,下游地区侵蚀强度先增加后减小。年均土壤侵蚀模数与降雨侵蚀力呈显著正相关关系,Pearson相关系数为0.92,而与NDVI关系不显著。不同土地利用类型中,土壤侵蚀最强烈的是未利用地,其次是稀疏草地,由于其面积占比最高,对流域总侵蚀量的贡献比超过54%。[结论]降雨是影响雅江流域土壤侵蚀强度变化的主要因素,未来土壤侵蚀防治的重点区域应为流域东部下游降雨量较大的地区,重点防范极端降雨造成的水土流失。     

基于RS和GIS的四川省李子溪流域土壤侵蚀动态变化

以遥感影像为主要信息源 ,利用地理信息系统软件 ARC/INFO强大的空间分析功能 ,对四川省李子溪流域 1986年和 1999年土壤侵蚀动态变化进行监测 ,估测侵蚀量 ,并对李子溪流域土壤侵蚀动态变化进行了分析 ,探讨了土壤侵蚀动态变化与土地利用变化的关系 ,侵蚀强度动态变化与侵蚀量变化的关系 ,为李子溪流域今后的水土保持工作提供了科学依据和决策支持。     

基于GIS的喀斯特流域土壤侵蚀模数估算——以贵阳麦西河流域为例

水土流失是喀斯特流域主要的生态问题,通过收集贵阳市麦西河流域气象、土地利用、土壤等数据,利用3S的技术方法建立流域土壤侵蚀空间数据库,应用USLE模型构建流域土壤侵蚀评价模型,运用GIS的空间数据处理方法,实现对麦西河流域土壤侵蚀模数的估算。结果表明：麦西河流域年均土壤侵蚀速率为1 230.81t/（hm2.a）,侵蚀强度类型以微度和轻度为主;中度以上侵蚀类型主要发生在坡度大于25°,植被覆盖较差的山体位置,尤其是旱地类型;从子流域上看麦乃7号子流域土壤流失较为严重。     

黄土高原典型流域土壤侵蚀对退耕还林土地利用变化的响应

黄土高原土壤侵蚀严重,为此中国从1999年起实施了大规模的退耕还林工程。为了分析退耕还林土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,该研究以黄土高原清水河流域为研究区域,将2000—2020年流域退耕还林工程的实施依据主要措施的不同划分为4个阶段,应用RUSLE（revised universal soil loss equation）模型分析土壤侵蚀强度的变化特征,采用情景模拟方法提出一个区分土地利用变化和降雨变化对土壤侵蚀影响程度的算法,判别土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响程度,将土地利用变化分解为土地利用转换和改造2种形式,在剔除降雨变化影响的基础上分析土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响过程。结果表明：1）2000、2005、2011、2014和2020年流域平均侵蚀模数分别为36.21、41.02、24.93、23.72和8.24 t/(hm²·a),土壤侵蚀强度明显下降;土地利用变化和降雨变化对土壤侵蚀的阶段平均影响程度分别为75.23%和24.77%,土地利用变化在流域土壤侵蚀的变化中起了主导作用。2）流域土地利用转换区侵蚀强度的变化直接受转换过程中地类类别变更及所实施主要相关措施差异的影响,改造区侵蚀强度的变化直接受改造过程中所实施主要相关措施的影响。剔除降雨变化的影响后：改造区的阶段平均起始侵蚀模数较转换区高43.47%,其水土流失综合治理的难度总体上大于转换区;转换区侵蚀模数的阶段平均下降量较改造区高50.80%,改造区侵蚀量的阶段合计减少量占流域阶段合计减少量的71.16%,土地利用转换在降低其实施地区土壤侵蚀强度方面发挥了重要作用,而土地利用改造因实施面积较大在减少流域土壤侵蚀总量方面发挥了重要作用。3）剔除降雨变化的影响后,草地侵蚀量的阶段合计变化量占流域阶段合计变化量的70.51%,且草地阶段合计变化量中改造区占67.41%,其变化特别是其改造对流域土壤侵蚀的影响最大。该研究在分析土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响程度和过程方面作了一些尝试,研究结果可为黄土高原退耕还林成果巩固及高质量发展有效措施的制定提供科学依据。     

Sources of sulphate and acidity in wetlands and lakes in Nova Scotia

There is a declining gradient of wet SO₄ deposition from south to north in Nova Scotia with the highest values being in the south, along with a localized increase around the Halifax metropolitan area, due to local SO₄ emission. Edaphic conditions such as drainage from soils containing gypsum or drainage on disturbed rocks containing pyrite, provide additional SO₄ to surface waters.Acidity is usually absent in the former (pH > 7.0) and very high in the latter (as low as pH 3.6). By contrast peaty, organic drainages release water low in SO₄ during the growing season but they release high amounts of organic anions (A?), consequently, these waters maintain decreased pH values, usually < 4.5. A study of over 80 wetlands and lakes during the ice free period in Nova Scotia showed that sea salt corrected SO₄ concentrations range from 45 ueq L^?1 in the south end of the province, ～30 ueq L^?1 in the Kejimkujik area and < 17 ueq L^?1 in the northern areas with values > 85 ueq L^?1 in the Halifax area, reflecting the atmospheric deposition pattern of SO₄ The SO₄ concentrations may be > 2000 ueq L^?1 in drainages containing gypsum, > 700 ueq L^?1 in drainages over pyrite bearing socks but < 20 ueq/L^?1 in streams draining bogs. The SO₄ concentrations change considerably during the non-growing season when the ground is saturated with water or frozen, and the runoff is high (snow and rain often alternate in winter). Under such conditions SO₄ concentration drops in the two former cases and increases in bog drainages, accompanied with a considerable drop in (A?) concentrations. Care should be taken when interpreting SO₄ concentrations in surface waters in Nova Scotia with respect to atmospheric SO₄ deposition.     

Presence and dispersal of infective Frankia in peat and meadow soils in Sweden

Summary Use of the N₂-fixing grey alder, Alnus incana (L.) Moench, as a short-rotation crop for energy production is currently being explored. To evaluate the need for inoculation of alders, the distribution of infective propagules of Frankia in the soil at potential sites for alder plantations was examined. Uninoculated grey alder seedlings were grown in three types of soil. Frequent nodulation was found in a meadow soil which had been free from actinorhizal plants for nearly 60 years, but the alder seedlings failed to nodulate in peat soil from two different bog sites. One of these bogs had been exploited for peat and the surface layer of the peat had been removed, so that the soil samples were taken from deep layers of the peat. At the other site, an area of cultivated peat, there were no infective propagules of Frankia in plots without alders; the infective Frankia was present in plots only where it had been introduced by inoculated alders. There was no detectable air-borne dispersal of Frankia. Instead, water movement might account for the dispersal of Frankia in peat. Although the apparent absence of Frankia in these peat soils necessitates inoculation of alder seedlings before planting out, this makes it possible to introduce and maintain Frankia strains with selected beneficial characteristics, since there is no competition from an indigenous Frankia flora.     

Expression and inheritance of isozymes in Brassica species and in their interspecific hybrids

Abstract

Gene expression was analysed by means of isozyme electrophoresis for three diploid species Brassica rapa (genome AA), B. nigra (BB), and B. oleracea/ B. oleracea var. alboglabra (CC), three amphidiploids B. juncea (AABB), B. napus (AACC) and B. carinata (BBCC), and in 15 interspecific hybrids from crosses within and between the diploids and the amphidiploids. Five enzyme systems were assessed: glucosephosphate isomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Alleles descending from the diploid species were found both in natural and artificially produced amphidiploids. No effect of reciprocal crosses was observed. i.e., the Brassica isozymes were under nuclear gene control. Mendelian segregation in the F₂ generation from crossing two resynthesized B. napus was observed for the loci glucosephosphate isomerase-2 and phosphoglucomutase-3. Genome-specific alleles were identified for several loci. No alteration in the allelic expression of isozymes was found when assembling all three Brassica genomes in the trigenomic interspecific hybrids. Moreover, trigenomic hybrids were capable of disclosing a silent allele of leucine aminopeptidase from B. carinata, and thus in this study the capability of isozyme analysis for detecting hidden variation was demonstrated.     

Fate of nitrogen and carbon in the vadose zone: in situ and laboratory measurements of seasonal variations in aerobic respiratory and denitrifying activities

In situ and laboratory measurements of aerobic respiratory and denitrifying activities were studied in the vadose zone (almost 2.5 m thick) of a fluvic hypercalcaric cambisol characterized by transitory anaerobic conditions. A field experiment was conducted in a bare soil, over a 7-month period starting just after maize harvest and incorporation of maize crop residues. Weather variables (air and soil temperature, rainfall), soil water content, soil solutes (NO₃⁻ and dissolved organic carbon) and soil gases (CO₂ and N₂O), were recorded throughout the experiment. Four soil layers were defined. Bacterial counts were performed in each layer using the most probable number (MPN) method. Aerobic respiratory and denitrifying activities were estimated from laboratory measurements. In situ microbial activity, as revealed by CO₂ and N₂O measurements in the soil atmosphere, was strongly influenced by weather. Laboratory measurements showed that potential aerobic respiratory activity (ARA) occurred throughout the soil profile, whereas semi-potential denitrifying activities SPDA (i.e. measured under organic-C limiting condition) occurred mainly in the top 30 cm soil layer. In the soil profile, the CO₂ concentration gradient was stronger than the N₂O concentration gradient. Seasonal variations in microbial activities increased with depth, whereas DOC concentrations, and variations in those concentrations, decreased with depth, suggesting that DOC quality investigations are necessary in the deep vadose zone to understand microbial activities seasonal variations. Laboratory measurements of potential activities agreed well with in situ microbial activity in natural environmental conditions. NO₃⁻ was a stronger limiting factor for SPDA than was denitrifier density in the soil profile.     

Composition and transformation of 1.4 nm minerals in cutan and matrix of alfisols in central China

Background, Aims, and Scope  Hydroxy interlayered vermiculite (HIV) and vermiculite are commonly referred to as 1.4 nm minerals. In the subtropical soils of central China, the concentration of vermiculites decreased while that of HIVs increased gradually from north to south as the intensity of soil formation or eluviation increases in the same direction. The cutans in these soils closely interact with air, roots, microbes, water and dissolved ions in soils. Cutans may therefore be expected to exert an important influence on the formation of 1.4 nm minerals relative to the matrix soils. However, little is known about the transformation of 1.4 nm minerals in Alfisols in central China. Here, we investigate the compositional differences of 1.4 nm minerals in cutans and matrix soils, and the probable transformation of vermiculite to HIV or vice versa when sodium citrate and sodium acetate are added to matrix Alfisols. Methods  Cutans and matrix soils were separated from three soils in the northern subtropical zone in China. The samples were analyzed for Fe, Mn, exchangeable cations, organic matter(O.M.), pH, and clay minerals. To 10 mL of matrix soil, suspensions containing about 250 mg (oven-dry weight) of clay was added with 5 mL of 0.4 mol/dm³ or 2 mol/dm³ of sodium citrate or sodium acetate solution and 5 mL of 0.2 mol/dm³ mixed solutions of CaCl₂, Mg(NO₃)₂ and KCl. After its pH was adjusted to 6.0, the mixture was ‘incubated’ for 120 or 210 days (more than one season or half a year) during which period it was shaken for 1 hour every day. The clay mineral composition of the samples was determined after incubation. Results  Both vermiculites and HIVs were present in matrix soils, but only vermiculties were detected in cutans. The addition of organic ligands (citrate and acetate) promoted the transformation of HIV to vermiculite. This transformation was obvious for the matrix soils that had been incubated with 0.5 mol/dm³ sodium citrate for 210 days while sodium acetate was less effective in this regard. The promoting effect of organic ligands is dependent on type and concentration as well as incubation time. This would suggest the reverse transformation occurred in the formation of cutans compared with a vermiculite-to-HIV transformation in the subtropical soils of central China from north to south. Discussion  The position and environment of cutans in the B horizon together with the pH, organic matter and exchangeable base status in cutans seem conducive to the co-existence of vermiculite and HIV in the soils, but only vermiculite is found in cutans. The transformation of HIV to vermiculite in incubation experiments could be divided into two steps: 1) Cheluviation of organic matter to the interlayer hydroxy-aluminums from HIVs. 2) Rebasification of hydrated cations into the interlayers of vermiculites. Conclusions  The clay minerals in cutans can interact with organic ligands and nutrient elements excreted by roots. Under conditions of frequent wetting and drying and high pH, and when the concentrations of exchangeable bases, iron-manganese oxides, clays, and organic matter are high, the exchangeable cations can be incorporated into the interlayers of HIV, thereby promoting the partial transformation of HIV to vermiculite in rhizosphere soils. Recommendations and Perspectives  Cutan is at the interface of material and energy exchange involved in physical, chemical and biochemical reactions in the rhizosphere. These factors strongly affect the compositions of cutans. HIVs in (upper or adjacent) matrix soils may transform to vermiculites during cutan formation in these special soil environments. ESS-Submission Editor: Jizheng (Jim) He (jzhe@rcees.ac.cn)     

Activity and degradation of streptomycin and cycloheximide in soil

Streptomycin and cycloheximide were added (3 and 2 mg g^-1 dry soil, respectively) single and in combination to a forest soil to follow their possible degradation and their effects on soil mineralization-immobilization processes. After 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10 days of incubation at 25°C and 60% water-holding capacity, measurements were taken of microbial biomass C and N, the evolution of CO₂, exchangeable NH _inf4 ^sup+ , 0.5M K₂SO₄-extractable organic C, and total N in both unfumigated and CHCl₃-fumigated soil. The results indicated that during the first 2 days of incubation, soil microorganisms were killed by the antibiotics and/or by CHCl₃ and used subsequently as a substrate by the survivors. Thereafter, surviving microorganisms probably also started to use biocidal molecules as an energy and nutrient source. The ratios of biomass C to biomass N and of CO₂ evolved to net NH _inf4 ^sup+ produced indicated that both biocides had non-target effects for most of the incubation. Thus, streptomycin and cycloheximide are not suitable in determining the relative contribution from fungi and bacteria to mineralization-immobilization processes in soils.     

AquaCrop模型在西北胡麻生物量及产量模拟中的应用和验证

为了预测水分和养分对胡麻籽粒产量、生物量与水分生产率的影响,使用FAO研发的水分驱动作物模型AquaCrop对胡麻在不同灌溉与氮磷水平下的生长情况进行模拟和验证。试验分别于2011年、2012年在甘肃省榆中县良种场进行,试验设置4个灌溉水平,3个氮水平,3个磷水平。模型性能的评价采用模型效率(E)、决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)等统计指标。分析结果表明:AquaCrop模型校正的籽粒产量和生物量在不同灌溉与氮磷水平处理下的预测误差统计值为:0.97E0.99,0.11RMSE0.33,0.11 t·hm 2MAE0.42 t·hm 2,与2012年的试验观察数据(0.96E0.99,0.11RMSE0.42,0.11 t·hm 2MAE0.39 t·hm 2)基本一致;同时,群体覆盖(CC)与生物量的模拟结果与测定值也非常拟合。AquaCrop模型在充分灌溉处理下预测胡麻产量,比非充分灌溉处理下具更高的准确性。因而,水分驱动模型AquaCrop在西北胡麻区不同的灌溉与田间管理措施下有较高的模拟精确性,具有广阔的应用前景和价值。     

Degradation and development of peatlands in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo since 1990

In this study, we investigated the extent of peatland degradation and development in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, in the western part of insular Southeast Asia, since 1990. Furthermore, carbon emissions caused by these land cover changes were estimated in order to evaluate their contribution to global climate change. High resolution Landsat (30 m spatial resolution) and Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT; 10–20 m) satellite images were used to derive information on land cover in 1990 and 2008. Analysis of land cover changes since 1990 revealed remarkable reduction and degradation of peatswamp forest ecosystems. In less than 20 years, 5·1 Mha of the total 15·5 Mha of peatland had been deforested (11·6 Mha → 6·5 Mha; 75 per cent → 42 per cent) and the great majority of the remaining forests had been selectively logged. Simultaneously, area covered by unmanaged secondary growth ecosystems had doubled to nearly a quarter of all peatlands and industrial plantations had expanded dramatically (0·3 Mha → 2·3 Mha; 2 per cent → 15 per cent). It was conservatively estimated that these changes have caused minimum of 1·5 Gt carbon emissions into the atmosphere since 1990. Currently, peatlands of the study area emit at least 81 Mt of carbon (equivalent to 300 Mt of carbon dioxide) on annual basis due to mere peat decomposition. Thereby, it was concluded that peatland degradation and development in insular Southeast Asia during the past two decades have not only put the existence of Southeast Asian peatswamp forest ecosystems in danger but it has also caused globally significant carbon emissions and created a constant source of carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of Phenolics and Organic Acids in Phosphorus Mobilization in Calcareous and Acidic Soils

Abstract

Phenolic acids (caffeic, CAF; protocatechuic, PCA; p-coumaric, COU; and vanillic, VAN), catechol (CAT), poly-galacturonic acid (PGA), and citric acid (CIT) were compared for their effectiveness in phosphorus (P) mobilization in three soils differing in chemical properties. The addition of organic ligands at 100 μmol g^{? 1} soil increased the concentrations of resin P (P_r), water-extractable P (P_w), and bicarbonate-extractable inorganic P (P_bi), thus improving the phosphorus availability. The magnitude of P mobilization in the calcareous soil can be expressed in the following order: CAF > CAT > PCA = CIT > VAN > COU > PGA, which was consistent with the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups they contained and the position of carboxyl on the benzoic ring. In the two acid soils tested, the order of P mobilization was CIT > CAT > PCA > CAF after 24 h incubation, and CIT > PCA > CAF > CAT after a 14 d incubation. The mobilized P originated partly from the organic P fractions, which could be extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO₃. In addition, P_r decreased and P_w increased during incubation. The exceptions were that the CAF treatment increased P_r and the CIT treatment did not affect P_w. Calcium extraction from the soils after a 1 d or 14 d incubation could not fully account for the P mobilization. The results suggest that the inorganic P dissolution by the organic ligands was not the only mechanism of P mobilization in the calcareous soil, while in acid soils the chelation of metal cations by organic ligands is likely an important factor in P mobilization.     

Effectiveness of Phytosiderophore in Absorption and Translocation of 59Iron in Barley in the Presence of Plant-Borne,Synthetic, and Microbial Chelators

The mechanisms of iron (Fe) absorption and translocation in plants have received much study because they are the key processes in the supply of Fe to plants. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of phytosiderophore (PS) in the absorption and translocation of ⁵⁹Fe in Fe-deficient barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Minorimugi’) plants in the presence of plant-borne, synthetic, or microbial chelators. Plants grown under Fe-deficient conditions in a phytotron at pH 5.5 for 7–18 d were fed with Fe³⁺ (10 μ M labeled with ⁵⁹Fe) in the presence of 10 μ M of different chelators with or without 10 μ M PS for 4 h starting at 2 p.m. (6 h after the onset of light period). The absorption and translocation of ⁵⁹Fe in plants treated with PS and Fe^{3 +} were increased relative to plants fed solely with Fe^{3 +} (control). There was no effect found on absorption and translocation of ⁵⁹Fe in plants treated with EDTA or p-coumarate relative to the control, but a differential increase was observed in ⁵⁹Fe absorption and translocation in plants treated with EDTA or p-coumarate in the presence of PS. In comparison with the control, a decrease in ⁵⁹Fe absorption and translocation was observed in plants treated with HEDTA or EDDHA or FOB, but this decrease was avoided in plants treated with HEDTA or EDDHA or FOB in the presence of PS. The enhancement of ⁵⁹Fe absorption and translocation in plants treated with citrate, and the highest ⁵⁹Fe absorption and translocation in plants treated with citrate and PS, indicated that citrate had an additive effect on Fe absorption and translocation in plants. Our results showed that PS effectively played a role in Fe absorption and translocation in plants in the presence of other chelators. Plants treated with any chelators had lower extracellular ⁵⁹Fe in the roots compared with the control.