北太平洋公海日本鲭资源分布及其渔场环境特征

根据2014~2015年两年收集的北太平洋公海围拖网作业的日本鲭(Scomber japonicas,又称鲐鱼)生产月度数据,结合同期卫星遥感反演技术获取的海表温度(SST)、海水叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度、海流等环境数据,运用渔获量重心法,地统计插值等方法,分析了北太平洋公海鲐鱼的资源分布情况与渔获量重心的时空变化及其与主要环境因子之间的关系。研究表明,鲐鱼渔场季节性差异明显,渔场重心集中分布在39°N~43°N、147°E~154°E范围内。两年渔场重心均呈现先向东北方向移动,自9月开始再向西南方向移动的趋势。GAM模型显示,北太平洋鲐鱼渔场的最适海表温度范围是16~18℃,最适叶绿素a浓度范围是0.3~0.8 mg·m~(-3),空间上集中分布在40°N~41°N、148°E~151°E,海流对鲐鱼渔场形成尤为重要。     

北太平洋柔鱼渔场的环境特征

采用棋盘式定点大面调查和中心渔场专项调查2种方式,于2001年5～8月对北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephesbartrami)渔场进行了渔业资源与渔场环境特征调查。调查范围为北太平洋152°00′E～171°00′W、39°00′N～43°00′N海域,渔场环境特征要素主要为各站点的温度、盐度、浮游植物、浮游动物和叶绿素a含量。调查海域的柔鱼资源密度采用渔场海域每个经纬度的单位捕捞力量渔获量表示。结果显示,北太平洋柔鱼中心渔场中部与西经渔场表温为18℃左右,100m水温为9℃左右;西部渔场表温为16～20℃,100m水温为7～8℃;在有温跃层海域的跃层面下易形成高产渔场。浮游动物生物量较高的海域与中心渔场的位置基本保持一致;浮游植物生物量较高的海域和叶绿素a含量高于0.1mg/m3的海域,以及它们东侧海域易形成高产渔场;盐度与中心渔场的关系不明显。     

烟台四十里湾叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

2006～2010年5、8、10月,分别对烟台四十里湾近岸水域进行了30航次的综合调查,调查内容包括海水水质、浮游植物、叶绿素以及水文气象等要素。四十里湾近岸水域表层叶绿素a和初级生产力的季节与年际变化结果显示,浮游植物数量、叶绿素a含量和初级生产力一般在8月出现高值;仅2008年浮游植物数量最高值出现在10月,2009年叶绿素a含量和初级生产力最高值出现在5月。2008年10月浮游植物数量平均值为所有航次中最高,达到51.61×104cells/L,且各站位间差别显著(P<0.01);2007年10月最低,仅为0.02×104cells/L。2006～2009年,表层叶绿素a含量和初级生产力均值呈逐年增加趋势,2009年分别达到8.72μg/L和1481.42mg/m3·d;2010年(叶绿素a:6.13μg/L;初级生产力:733.91mg/m3·d)又降至与2008年相当。近5年,四十里湾浮游植物数量、叶绿素a含量和初级生产力均呈现湾东部高于西部的趋势,初级生产力与表层叶绿素a含量呈强正相关关系(R=0.921,P<0.01),并得出二者的回归方程式,这为海洋初级生产力的估算与评价提供了一种更简便的方法。     

卫星遥感速报北太平洋渔场海温方法研究

渔场海温速报是开展渔情分析和确定中心渔场的基础，卫星遥感技术可以快速提供大面积海洋环境参数分布图，由于大洋渔场超出了陆基卫星地面站的接收范围，发展船载遥感系统是提供远洋渔场海洋环境条件的有效途径。本研究介绍基于船载的北太平洋渔场海温速报系统、海表温度遥感反演算法和渔场海温速报产品制作等内容。海温精度分析结果表明，卫星遥感海表温度与船测温度具有良好的一致性，周平均偏差小于0．01℃，RMS平均值为0．7967℃。系统已业务试运行2年，完成北太平洋渔场海温速报产品制作33期，取得了预期目标。     

基于贝叶斯原理的大洋金枪鱼渔场速预报模型研究

高度洄游的大洋性金枪鱼类（Scombridae）是世界远洋渔业的重要捕捞对象,中国金枪鱼生产仍处于初期发展阶段,因此研究和预测金枪鱼渔场具有重要的现实意义.本研究利用美国NASA提供的卫星遥感反演海表温度（SST）三级数据产品和太平洋共同体秘书处（SPC）提供的有关国际金枪鱼历史捕捞产量资料,分析金枪鱼同SST等海洋渔场环境要素之间的统计关系,建立了金枪鱼渔场的贝叶斯概率预报模型.通过对历史数据进行模型回报试验,结果表明太平洋鲣鱼渔场综合预报的准确性达到70%以上,对渔业捕捞生产具有一定的指导意义.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：426-431]     

渔场渔情分析预报的研究及其进展

早在19世纪末期,人们在有限的海洋水文调查的基础上,就开始了渔场海洋学的研究探索并试图进行渔情分析和渔场预报。但由于当时的技术条件限制和所获数据非常有限,其分析预报结果可想而知。20世纪60年代卫星遥感技术出现之后,人们开始能够快速获取大范围实时或准实时的海水表层温度（SST）、海洋水色、海洋动力环境等渔场环境信息,渔场渔情分析预报逐渐实用化。     

东莞海域叶绿素a与初级生产力的研究

叶绿素a是海洋浮游植物进行光合作用的主要色素,与海洋初级生产力密切相关,叶绿素a也是衡量海洋中初级生产者浮游植物生物量的一个重要指标。海洋初级生产力是海洋生物生产力和海洋生态系统的基础,海洋初级生产力的研究对海洋环境评价、海洋生物生产力的估算、海洋生物资源的保护和可持续利用具有重要的意义。     

祥云湾海洋牧场示范区初级生产力调查

为了解祥云湾海洋牧场规划区初级生产力情况,研究其初级生产力的时空变化,并为其牧场建设效果的评价提供依据,于2016年1月、4月、7月和11月分8个航次采集了96个样品,并进行了叶绿素a、水温、盐度、pH、水体中营养盐含量等的现场观测和实验室测定,通过分析计算得到祥云湾海洋牧场规划区叶绿素a及初级生产力的时空分布特征。结果显示:调查海区叶绿素a分布具有明显的季节变化:7月(5.05μg/L)4月(2.46μg/L)11月(1.76μg/L)1月(1.08μg/L)。垂直分布上,四个季度平均叶绿素a浓度各站点变化不大,但是各季节表、底层叶绿素a浓度差不同,总体表现为4月(0.38μg/L)7月(0.2μg/L)11月(0.15μg/L)1月(0.04μg/L)。在垂直分布上,各个站位表现一致,随着水深增加,叶绿素a浓度降低。     

东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼渔场的时空分布

根据2017年1—7月东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼的捕捞数据,以及海表面温度和叶绿素a质量浓度,利用渔场经纬度重心法和广义加性模型研究不同月份茎柔鱼渔场重心的时空变化,评估海表面温度和叶绿素a质量浓度对单位捕捞努力量渔获量的影响,并基于捕捞努力量与海表面温度和叶绿素a质量浓度的频率分布关系,分析茎柔鱼每月海表面温度和叶绿素a...     

基于栖息地指数的南海北部枪乌贼渔情预报模型构建

根据2009年~2014年南海捕捞信息网络获取的南海北部200 m等深线以内近海底拖网渔业数据,结合环境遥感数据,构建南海北部枪乌贼类(Uroteuthis sp.)栖息地指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)模型。选取海表水温(sea surface temperature,SST)、海面高度(sea surface height,SSH)和叶绿素a浓度(chlorophyll-a concentration,CHL)等环境因子,采用一元非线性回归建模,并分月份采用最小二乘法确定各环境因子的权重系数,从而建立南海北部枪乌贼类的栖息地指数综合模型。构建的模型能够有效解释渔场分布与环境要素之间的关系,并可从模型中推断各环境因子的最适范围和变化趋势;单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unite effect,CPUE)高的渔场主要分布于HSI大于0.5的海域,其他HSI高的海域可能为潜在渔场。对不同因子权重系数的研究发现,叶绿素a浓度是影响渔场分布的重要因素。对模型的验证结果表明,其准确率达到75%以上。该研究表明,基于不同权重系数的HSI模型能够较好地预测南海北部枪乌贼渔场。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.