辽西地区抗旱造林综合技术应用分析

抗旱造林技术在北方地区尤其在辽西地区较为常用,在实际应用过程中,需要了解不同植物的耗水特性,并应用有效的抗旱造林技术,提高林木成活率和保存率.通过对辽西地区抗旱造林综合技术分析和阐述,重点分析了植物耗水特性、树种选择、整地方式、造林时机选择,育苗技术、栽种技术等,结合树木的生长情况,因地制宜,采用针对性的抗旱造林技术措...     

林木育苗产业化关键技术

根据国内外现代林木育苗发展现状和趋势, 概述了苗木扩繁、基质研发、容器研制和选择、机械设备制造和选配及工厂化育苗5项林木育苗产业化关键技术; 针对我国林木育苗产业化所面临的问题, 提出了加快林木育苗产业化进程的对策建议。     

北方地区11个阔叶树种扦插育苗关键技术

该文就我国北方地区常见且常用的11个主要造林绿化树种的扦插育苗关键技术做以全面总结,这些树种包括：国槐,刺槐,龙爪槐,江南槐,新疆杨,泡桐,桑树,榆树,白蜡,栾树,合欢。文中所述方法和技术,不仅对林木良种扩繁大有裨益,也为林木育种提供了可供选择的重要手段。     

通辽市种苗生产渐趋基地化、良种化

通辽市不断强化种苗基础建设，优化结构，初步实现主栽品种苗木自给，个别品种适当调剂的林木种苗供应体系。目前，通辽市已建成良种繁育基地１９处，面积２１００亩，年产优质种条２０００万株；采种基地２０处，面积 １８．５万亩，年采收各类林木种子２５万公斤；建设各类苗圃和育苗点８１２处，育苗３．１万亩，年产苗量达２．５亿株，可出圃苗达２．２亿株。 ──完善落实政策，调动育苗生产积极性。该市先后出台了《通辽市主要造林绿化树种定向栽培意见》、《关于加强林木种苗工作的意见》、《通辽市林木种子采收管理办法》、《通辽市…     

云南热区七种乡土阔叶树种容器育苗试验研究

针对云南热区乡土阔叶树种容器育苗中存在的主要问题,提出了7种目的树种容器育苗的育苗基质配制、苗期施肥方法以及苗木质量分级标准,在育苗容器选择上,建议选择中、小容器,以降低育苗成本。     

珍贵树种红锥育苗造林技术试验

论述了珍贵树种红锥育苗造林技术试验方法和结果.种子采用温水浸种和植物激素吲哚丁酸溶液浸种,容器育苗造林.用植物激素吲哚丁酸溶液浸种的种子,比用清水浸种的种子发芽率高23%,苗木成活率高3.8%,苗木高大3%,地径粗15%,造林成活率率高2.1%.6年生的林木平均树高大6.1%,胸径粗10.6%,树冠大7.1%,郁闭度大14.3%.     

4个国外引进树种扦插试验初报

采用全光自动喷雾扦插育苗设备,进行欧洲云杉、白云杉、黑云杉、东部白松４个 国外引进成功树种半木质化嫩枝扦插试验,探讨了这４个树种的扦插育苗技术。沙质插壤上各树种生根率分别达欧洲云杉７７．５％、白云杉５２％、黑云杉４４．５％,东部白松在锯末插壤上扦插生根率为３５％。为进一步扩大栽培,加速林木良种化,走有性选择、无性繁育的无性系林业发展道路,提供了新的可行的无性繁殖方法。     

秋树抗旱育苗技术

楸树材质优良，用途广泛，树姿优美，常作为用材树种和园林观赏树种栽培，深受人们喜爱。但由于西北地区干旱少雨，播种育苗出苗率低，埋根育苗出苗不整齐，影响着楸树在林业生产中作用的发挥，其资源日渐紧缺。因此，泾川县林木良种繁育中心自2004年以来，采用抗旱播种育苗技术，取得了显著效果。现将具体技术介绍如下：     

种苗,造林绿化的先行军

良好的种苗是造林绿化的前提，我旗历来重视种苗工作，注重强化种苗的基础地位。各级领导对林业育苗工作亲自过问、真抓实干，形成了一把手亲自抓种苗的机制。群众也深刻认识到苗木是林业建设之本，只有好苗木才能造好林。为了确保巩固林木种苗的基础地位，１９９５年，旗政府制定并印发了《敖汉旗林木种苗管理暂行办法》，规范了种苗管理工作并实施了一系列促进种苗工作的新举措。（一）根据总体绿化目标，搞好造林与育苗的衔接根据旗委、政府的长远生态建设目标，按年度任务及其分布地区的立地条件，旗林业局提前做规划设计，提前做好任务…     

关于山东省几个林木育苗技术问题的探析

根据山东省林木育种的实际情况,从树种选择、繁育方式、育种地选选择、实生苗育苗、扦插育苗、大苗育苗等技术进行了简要论述。     

福建省10种乡土野生绿化树种驯化及应用推广

通过对福建省乡土野生绿化树种调查,筛选出园林观赏价值高、经济效益好的福建山樱花、香港四照花等10种乡土野生绿化树种进行驯化栽培试验,总结出栽培配套技术和3年生各树种生长情况,投入产出比达1∶3~1∶13,获得显著社会、生态和经济效益,为园林规划和林业生产提供科学依据。     

鄂尔多斯主要绿化树种引种研究

通过对鄂尔多斯7种不同种源主要绿化树种胸径(地茎)、树高、冠幅、新生枝长的观测,以及多指标综合分析,以确定每一树种的最佳种源地。研究结果表明,乡土树种和在本地引种驯化多年的树种均表现为本地种源适应性最强,生长表现最好;外来引进树种表现为由自然条件较差地区向自然条件较好地区引进适应性较强,生长表现较好。建议鄂尔多斯市在以后的绿化过程中,要注重推广应用乡土树种和引种驯化多年的树种;而在引进外来树种时,要坚持从相应的种子区(亚区)或相邻的种子区(亚区),以及从自然条件低于鄂尔多斯市的地区选购。     

东莞大岭山村边自然次生林群落物种组成特征及其对区域物种库的贡献

对东莞大岭山村边自然次生林（俗称“风水林”）调查表明,群落组成种类复杂并富于热带性,1hm^2样地内共有维管束植物111种,隶属56科89属,其中以木本植物占绝对优势,有67种,占60．36％;群落中种子植物属为热带分布的共有74属,占总属数的92．5％。群落乔木可分三层,以越南山龙眼为主,其在各层的重要值分别为117．12％,129．44％和57．41％;灌木层以罗伞树和九节等为主;草本层植物以乔灌木小苗为主,草本植物仅沿阶草、海芋和半边旗等少数种类。群落木本植物的科、属、种对区域物种库的贡献率较大,分别为37．7％,25．6％和22．5％,以藤本植物的贡献率最高,接近50％,乔灌植物的贡献率也在20％左右．与鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林比较．两者物种组成结构相似．但组成种娄仍有一定差距．     

沙地人工模拟飞播对植物多样性的影响——以正蓝旗科技支撑项目区为例

从植物多样性恢复利用的角度来探讨治理流动沙地的有效途径和方法,对正蓝旗科技支撑示范区的人工模拟飞播植物群落进行了调查和分析,结果表明:项目实施区中的扁蓿豆、冷蒿、冰草等10种植物的重要值均大于对照区;二裂委陵菜、苔草、虫实等10种植物重要值均小于对照区;物种丰富度指数大于对照样地,Alatalo均匀度指数小于对照样地,而多样性指数明显大于对照样地;1年生草本植物种的重要值低于对照区,而多年生草本植物明显高于对照区。     

Species Interactions in the Dynamics of Even- and Uneven-Aged Boreal Forests

Many boreal tree stands are neither clearly even-aged nor clearly uneven-aged. The stands may undergo a series of stages, during which an even-aged stand is transformed into two-storied mixed stand, and finally to multistoried or uneven-aged stand structure. The species composition often changes during the succession of stand stages. This study developed models for stand dynamics that can be used in different stand structures and species compositions. The model set consists of species-specific individual-tree diameter increment and survival models, and models for ingrowth. Separate models were developed for Scots pine, Norway spruce, and hardwood species. The models were used in a growth simulator, to give illustrative examples on species influences and stand dynamics. Methods to simulate residual variation around diameter increment and ingrowth models are also presented. The results suggest that mixed stands are more productive than one-species stands. Spruce in particular benefits from an admixture of other species. Mixed species improve diameter increment, decrease mortality, and increase ingrowth. Pine is a more beneficial admixture than birch. Simulations showed that uneven-aged management of spruce forests is sustainable and productive, and even-aged conifer stands growing on medium sites can be converted into uneven-aged mixed stands by a series of strong high thinnings.     

植物引种与外来物种入侵的探讨

生物入侵正在成为影响我国生态系统的重要因素之一。外来生物入侵的问题 ,越来越受到全社会的关注。本文主要分析了我国外来入侵植物的现状 ,如外来入侵植物的主要种类、对我国生态环境的危害、主要传入途径以及监控措施。     

北京地区主要树种理化性质研究及易燃性初步分析

森林燃烧所释放的热量、火种类、火行为等各种林火属性与树种易燃性密切相关,而树种的理化性质在一定程度上制约着易燃性,因此对树种理化性质和易燃性的研究是必要的。基于20种树种的实验分析,确定了可燃物热值、抽提物含量、灰分含量、含水量、密度的相关性,并建立相应的回归模型;基于树种理化性质的分析,比较了20种树种的易燃性,进行排序并划分等级。     

Socio-economic determinants of smallholder plantation sizes in Ghana and options to encourage reforestation

Reforestation, particularly in the tropics, is of crucial importance for the environment as well as society. However, small planting areas and low participation of smallholder farmers in tree planting programmes often obstruct realisation of set planting area targets. In this regard, we interviewed smallholder farmers undertaking indigenous species reforestation in Oda Kotoamso community within the Wassa Amenfi West District in Western Region of Ghana with a pre-tested questionnaire to identify (1) key socio-economic factors that predict the size of plantations they establish, (2) options that could encourage tree planting among smallholder farmers, and (3) tree species planted by the smallholder farmers and their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Key socio-economic factors were predicted with multiple regression models and ANOVA. Options were ranked on a five-point Likert scale and their differences were tested with the Mann–Whitney U test. Age and income of smallholders are the significant predictors of plantation sizes but farmers’ household size and gender were not significant. Age and income accounted for 77.1% and 22.9%, respectively, of the total variation described by our model (R?² = 38.4%). In order of importance, incentives (mean = 4.35, SD = 0.48), public nurseries (mean = 4.2, SD = 0.82) and agroforestry (mean = 4.06, SD = 0.56) were the options that could encourage reforestation, though incentives and public nurseries were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Almost half (9 of 19) of the tree species planted are categorised as Vulnerable species, which highlights the contribution of smallholder farmers to recovery of threatened tree species. Our findings suggest that sustainable provision of planting materials in incentivised and youth-based tree planting programmes could increase planting hectarage and conserve threatened tree species.     

重庆市优良乡土树种综合评价与选择研究

在对重庆市的自然条件及社会经济状况分析的基础上,对实地调查和通过资料查阅确定的60种重庆市优良乡土树种进行了综合评价及选择。分别依据不同用途的树种制定不同的选择标准,确定出若干评价指标：对用材树种选定了速生性、丰产性、耐瘠性、抗寒性、抗旱性、抗病虫害能力、干材形质、材用价值等8个指标;对生物质能源树种选定了速生性、丰产性、耐瘠性、抗寒性、抗旱性、抗病虫害能力、多用途性、工业价值等8个指标;对景观树种选定了观叶、观花、观果、观树形、抗寒性、抗旱性、抗病虫害能力、抗污染性、吸硫能力、滞尘能力、降低噪音能力等11个指标。采用3分制并提出了每个指标的分级标准,运用层次分析法来确定各个指标的权重,根据各指标的分值和权重对60个目标树种进行了综合评价。主要结果与结论如下：（1）对20种用材树种进行综合评价的结果表明：鹅掌楸、香椿、桤木、檫木、毛桂、香樟为综合效益较高的用材树种,苦楝、川楝、厚朴、山杜英等树种次之。（2）按照20种生物质能源树种的综合评价值大小,建议选择杜仲、桤木、苦楝、刺槐、光皮树、山桐子等树种作为生物质能源林建设的主要树种。此外,灯台树、山苍子、文冠果、麻栎、栓皮栎等可以作为备选树种。（3）通过对20种景观树种的综合评价分析得出,深山含笑、四照花、珙桐、栾树、枫香、厚朴等是非常优异的观赏树种,可作为绿化骨干树种,枫杨、山桐子、红豆树、伯乐树等可作为绿化基调树种。     

Using the Spectacled Bear as a Conservation Tool in the Condor Bioreserve,Ecuador

Abstract

Conservation organizations in the Condor Bioreserve (CBR) in northern Ecuador use the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) as a surrogate species to focus conservation efforts. However, the utility of single-species management has been questioned in recent scientific literature, making it appropriate to review the spectacled bear's efficacy as a conservation tool. The spectacled bear does not enjoy unqualified public support in CBR and surroundings, suggesting that it may not be appropriate as a flagship species. It may be more effective as a keystone species; its diet and migratory habits suggest that it may have a significant impact on plant community structure through fruit dispersal. However, more research is needed in this arena before drawing any conclusions. The spectacled bear is perhaps most appropriate as an umbrella species because of its large home range, which encompasses at least two ecosystem types: páramo and montane forest. Traditionally, the concept of the umbrella species has stressed minimum area requirements, but the spectacled bear may be a more effective umbrella species if its dispersal requirements and seasonal migration patterns are also addressed. Eco-Ciencia, an Ecuadorian research organization, recently constructed a habitat model for spectacled bear. They are uniquely positioned to address issues of habitat connectivity both within and between the protected areas of CBR. In doing so, they could influence future zoning decisions in and around CBR, an area that is experiencing rapid population growth. This could improve conservation efforts for spectacled bear and other species.