温度对甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确温度对甘蔗条螟Chilo sacchariphagus生长发育和繁殖的影响,在20、23、26、29和32℃不同温度下测定甘蔗条螟各虫态的发育历期和成虫繁殖力。结果显示,在20～32℃范围内,各虫态发育历期随温度升高而缩短,20℃下完成1个世代需要83.30 d,而32℃下仅需35.56 d。各虫态的发育速率与温度呈显著正相关,符合Logistic回归模型。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫产卵前期以及全世代的发育起点温度分别为15.87、9.90、13.67、10.79和11.27℃,有效积温分别为69.49、490.99、142.95、26.72和717.68 d·℃。雌、雄成虫寿命均随温度的升高逐渐缩短,雌成虫产卵量在26℃时最高为136.37粒/头。卵和蛹在26℃时的存活率最高,分别为94.71%和93.55%,在29℃时幼虫的存活率最高,为47.73%,在26℃时全世代的存活率最高,为42.08%。表明温度是影响甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的关键因素,26～29℃是甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度。     

温度对白面叉草蛉发育与繁殖的影响

白面叉草蛉Dichochrysa albofrontata Yang et Yang是螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus RusseⅡ的重要捕食性天敌。本文在实验室温(26℃～32℃)及特设(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃)下对白面叉草蛉的发育及繁殖情况进行了研究。结果表明:白面叉草蛉发育经历卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫四个阶段,幼虫期分3个龄期。幼虫捕食螺旋粉虱的卵、若虫和拟蛹,偏嗜拟蛹,其中3龄幼虫捕食量大。在室温下,完成一个世代的时间为31.5d～41.5d,其中幼虫期平均14.3d,蛹期平均8.7d,卵期平均3.3d。在16℃～32℃温度范围内,白面叉草蛉均可完成世代发育,各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,其中在32℃下最短,分别为卵3.1d、1龄幼虫4.2d、2龄幼虫4.0d、3龄幼虫5.2d、蛹10.8d。各虫态的发育起点温度分别为卵11.8℃、幼虫7.5℃、蛹9.5℃、世代10.5℃,卵、幼虫、蛹和世代完成发育所需的有效积温分别为62.7日度、310.5日度、230.7日度、716.1日度。据此估算,该虫在海南每年可完成6～7代。在16℃～32℃范围内各虫态及世代存活率随温度升高而...     

海南白木香黄野螟发育起点温度和有效积温研究

利用光照培养箱,在18、21、24、27和30℃5个恒温条件下进行黄野螟饲养,并对各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,该虫在所设5个温度范围内均能正常发育,发育历期随温度升高而缩短;卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和整个世代的发育起点温度分别为13.10、10.39、8.24、13.32℃和9.97℃,有效积温分别为90.28、212.65、210.62、70.25℃和619.49℃。根据海南省各地年平均气温,推算出黄野螟在海南一年发生8~10代,与实际调查情况相符。     

入侵种西花蓟马与本地种花蓟马生长发育的比较研究

研究了在不同恒温条件下西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)、花蓟马(Frankliniella ibtonsa)取食辣椒时各虫态的发育历期和存活率.并计算了其发育起点温度和有效积温.结果表明.西花蓟马、花蓟马各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短;发育历期与温度之间的关系为直线关系:在各温度条件下各虫态的存活率均较高.西花蓟马卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、预蛹、蛹的发育起点温度分别为12.47、7.05、13.35、12.67、13.74℃,其有效积温分别为43.13、46.09、64.26、15.57、29.70℃,成虫未成熟期的发育起点温度为12.18℃,有效积温为199.07℃;花蓟马卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、预蛹、蛹的发育起点温度分别为12.92、10.36、12.84、11.88、13.19℃,其有效积温分别为44.82、26.15、40.16、15.03、22.83℃.成虫未成熟期的发育起点温度为12.03℃,有效积温为154.85℃.     

灰茶尺蠖发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在19、21、23、25和27℃共5个恒温条件下,研究测定了灰茶尺蠖各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在19~27℃范围内,灰茶尺蠖各虫态和世代的发育历期随着温度的升高而显著缩短,除成虫外,卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育速率与温度呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。灰茶尺蠖卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和世代的发育起点温度分别为(9.78±1.20)、(4.57±1.52)、(7.15±1.21)、(14.91±2.83)和(6.93±0.47)℃,有效积温分别为(88.01±7.81)、(311.26±25.35)、(150.13±11.29)、(34.50±11.54)和(570.03±16.29)日·度。     

欧洲向日葵螟发育有效积温及其成虫发生预测模型研究

为了明确欧洲向日葵螟的发生时期与气温的关系,根据有效积温对该虫的发生时间进行预测,在4个不同温度条件下(24、27、30、33℃)测定了欧洲向日葵螟各虫态的发育历期,利用最小二乘法计算出各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温;并结合2009-2014年间巴彦淖尔市欧洲向日葵螟监测点的监测结果及当地气象数据,对欧洲向日葵螟成虫发生动态与有效积温的关系进行曲线拟合。结果显示,欧洲向日葵螟卵、幼虫、预蛹以及蛹4个虫态的发育起点温度分别为14.31、8.07、18.27、12.2℃,发育所需有效积温分别为45.13、328.42、12.97、140.54日·度。随着田间有效积温的上升,成虫累积捕获比例呈现两次明显的Logistic增长。研究分别构建了不同世代的成虫累积捕获比例增长曲线模型。上述研究结果可为以后欧洲向日葵螟的监测及防治工作提供科学参考。     

云南派姬小蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温

云南派姬小蜂Pediobius yunnanensis Liao是寄生于微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella Hampson蛹的内寄生蜂,目前国内外对其有效积温和发育起点温度尚无报道。本文以微红梢斑螟蛹为繁殖寄主,在15、20、25、30℃和35℃共5个恒温条件下,研究了云南派姬小蜂各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在20～30℃温度范围内,云南派姬小蜂的各阶段及世代的发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短;卵-幼虫、蛹、成虫、全世代的发育起点温度分别为(15.83±0.18)、(13.63±1.11)、(14.27±1.36)℃和(15.43±0.48)℃。有效积温分别为(128.66±3.33)、(132.34±17.25)、(57.92±7.25)日·度和(291.37±10.73)日·度。     

绿翅绢野螟发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

本文采用18、21、25、29和32℃5个温度对绿翅绢野螟[Diaphania angustalis(Snellen)]各虫态发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温进行研究。结果表明,绿翅绢野螟在18~32℃范围内均能正常生长发育,各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而缩短;卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、产卵前期和整个世代的发育起点温度分别为7.47、13.07、12.46、7.60℃和10.98℃,有效积温分别为76.45、280.57、158.32、105.62和666.58日·度;根据有效积温法则预测该虫在南宁市1年的理论发生代数为6.25代,与实际发生情况基本相符,可在其预测预报中应用。     

草地贪夜蛾的发育起点温度、有效积温和发育历期预测模型

温度是影响草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda生长发育、繁殖和分布地区的主要环境因素。本研究利用室内恒温饲养的方法,测定了草地贪夜蛾各发育阶段的发育起点温度、有效积温和生命表参数,并构建了发育历期的预测模型。研究结果表明,温度对草地贪夜蛾各发育阶段的发育历期、化蛹率、蛹的存活率与羽化率以及成虫繁殖力有显著影响。各发育阶段的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,15～35℃下幼虫的发育历期为55.26～9.58 d。20～30℃为种群生长发育的适宜温度,成虫繁殖的最适温度为20～25℃。卵、幼虫、蛹和卵到蛹的发育起点温度分别为10.27、11.10、12.20和11.34℃,有效积温分别为44.57、211.93、135.69和390.55日·度。本研究结果可为预测草地贪夜蛾的发育历期、发生区域、发生期和发生世代提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

大草蛉生物学特性研究

大草蛉(Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmaer)在湖北省以预蛹越冬,全年可完成4—5个世代。雌虫1次交尾可终生产受精卵,单雌平均产卵量在800粒左右,最多可达1234粒。幼虫可捕食粮、棉多种害虫。成虫和幼虫均嗜食多种蚜虫。成虫有趋光性。温度对卵孵化率、幼虫和蛹的存活率以及成虫寿命有较大影响,最适温度在25—30℃之间,卵在35℃恒温条件下不能孵化。各虫态发育的起点温度和有效积温分别是:卵期为8.17℃和63.21日度;一龄幼虫为12.99℃和37.80日度;二龄幼虫为10.83℃和39.17日度;三龄幼虫为9.35℃和60.23日度;蛹期为9.23℃和215.47日度。幼虫随着龄期的增长,抗寒能力加强。草蛉黑卵蜂(Telenomus aorobates)是抑制大草蛉种群数量的主要天敌。     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Monitoring of the winter populations of cereal aphids near Wageningen,the Netherlands,in 1982/1983

Cereal aphids on a wheat crop were sampled through the winter of 1982/1983 using both fixed and random quadrats.Sitobion avenae overwintered successfully anholocyclically although there was a substantial decline in the population of this species. No evidence for successful anholocyclic overwintering in other aphid species was found, althoughRhopalosiphum padi was seen to colonise the crop in early winter and was found until the end of December.Eggs ofR. padi onPrunus padus were observed through the winter. A steady decline in their numbers occurred. The overall survival rate of the 5385 eggs was c.30%.Eggs ofMetopolophium dirhodum onRosa spp. were also monitored. They also showed a steady decline in numbers through the winter. The overall survival rate of the 1360 eggs was c.34%.Egg hatch in bothR. padi andM. dirhodum was closely synchronised with bud burst of their host plant. For the latter species this resulted in egg hatch starting in January.Samenvatting In de winter van 1982/1983 werden de graanluizen in een tarwegewas regelmatig geteld in willekeurig en in van tevoren gekozen monstereenheden. Hoewel er een aanmerkelijke afname van de populatie vanSitobion avenae werd waargenomen, overwinterde deze soort toch anholocyclish. Er werden geen aanwijzingen gevonden dat de andere bladluissoorten anholocyclish overwinterden hoewel kolonies vanRhopalosiphum padi tot eind december werden waargenomen.De gehele winter werden eieren vanR. padi opPrunus padi aangetroffen, de aantallen ervan namen geleidelijk af; van de 5385 getelde eieren overleefde ongeveer 30%. Ook de aantallen eieren vanMetopolophium dirhodum opRosa spp. werden reglematig vastgesteld; ook hier werd een geleidelijke afname geconstateerd. Van de oorspronkelijk getelde 1360 eieren overleefde ongeveer 34%.Het uitkomen van de eieren vanR. padi enM. dirhodum viel nauw samen met het uitlopen van de knoppen van hun waardplant. VoorM. dirhodum betekende dit dat de eerste eieren al begin januari uitkwamen.     

Parasitoid community of the loreyi leaf wormMythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi: Novel host-parasitoid associations and their efficiency in the eastern mediterranean region of Turkey

The loreyi leaf worm,Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi Duponchel (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a pest of gramineous crops and causes significant economic damage to maize. In field surveys on maize to determine the parasitoid community and its impact on the pest in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, nine parasitoid species were found associated with immature stages ofM. loreyi: The hymenopteran (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) parasitoidsCotesia (=Apanteles) ruficrus (Haliday),Chelonus oculator Panzer,Meteorus ictericus Nees,Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg),Sinophorus sp.; and the dipteran (Tachinidae) parasitoidsPseudogonia rufifrons Wiedeman,Exorista rossica Mesnil,Gonia picea (Robineau-Desvoidy) andLinnaemya vulpina (Fallen) — the last three recorded for the first time as parasitoids ofM. loreyi in Turkey.C. ruficrus was the dominant parasitoid species, being recovered from 38.5% of the larvae collected and was also the most prevalent species, existing in 91.0% of the fields in whichM. loreyi was found. Total parasitism levels achieved by braconid species was 41.4%, by ichneumonid parasitoids 4.8%, and by tachinid parasitoids 1.9%. In a separate field experiment, seasonal population fluctuations and natural efficiency ofC. ruficrus onM. loreyi were found to be 35.1% and 42.4%, respectively. Population levels ofC. ruficrus were closely related to fluctuations in the population ofM. loreyi, with parasitism ranging between 0 and 77.3% during the study. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

四种Bt毒素蛋白对二点委夜蛾幼虫毒力测定及中肠组织病理学变化

为更好地了解苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis毒素蛋白对二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone的毒力以及作用机理,通过饲喂含有Cry1Ac、Cry1Ab、Cry2Ab和Vip3Aa四种不同Bt毒素蛋白饲料,测定Bt毒素蛋白对二点委夜蛾幼虫的毒力,并观察取食4种毒素蛋白后幼虫中肠组织的病理学变化。结果显示,二点委夜蛾幼虫取食毒素蛋白后72 h,Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac毒素蛋白对二点委夜蛾幼虫的杀虫活性较高,校正死亡率为84.7%和76.4%;Vip3Aa和Cry2Ab毒素蛋白的毒力较弱。二点委夜蛾幼虫取食4种Bt毒素蛋白后,中肠柱状细胞微绒毛脱落,杂乱地分散在肠腔内,杯状细胞变形和腔内微绒毛脱落,线粒体和内质网等变形破裂,细胞核的核膜消失、核质凝聚和形状发生变化,经Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac毒素蛋白处理后中肠细胞的病变症状和速度明显高于Cry2Ab和Vip3Aa毒素蛋白处理。表明Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac毒素蛋白对二点委夜蛾幼虫杀虫活性较高,显著高于Cry2Ab和Vip3Aa毒素蛋白,且对其中肠细胞的破坏作用也较强。     

Genetic Analysis of the Role of Trichothecene and Fumonisin Mycotoxins in the Virulence of Fusarium

The phytotoxicity of the Fusarium trichothecene and fumonisin mycotoxins has led to speculation that both toxins are involved in plant pathogenesis. This subject has been addressed by examining virulence of trichothecene and fumonisin-nonproducing mutants of Fusarium in field tests. Mutants were generated by transformation-mediated disruption of genes encoding enzymes that catalyze early steps in the biosynthesis of each toxin. Two economically important species of Fusarium were selected for these studies: the trichothecene-producing species Fusarium graminearum, which causes wheat head blight and maize ear rot, and the fumonisin-producing species F. verticillioides, which causes maize ear rot. Trichothecene-non-producing mutants of F. graminearum caused less disease than the wild-type strain from which they were derived on both wheat and maize, although differences in virulence on maize were not observed under hot and dry environmental conditions. Genetic analyses of the mutants demonstrated that the reduced virulence on wheat was caused by the loss of trichothecene production rather than by a non-target mutation induced by the gene disruption procedure. Although the analyses of virulence of fumonisin-non-producing mutants of F. verticillioides are not complete, to date, the mutants have been as virulent on maize ears as their wild-type progenitor strains. The finding that trichothecene production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum suggests that it may be possible to generate plants that are resistant to this fungus by increasing their resistance to trichothecenes. As a result, several researchers are trying to identify trichothecene resistance genes and transfer them to crop species.     

沉默转录因子OsERF7提高水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性

为了解植物中特有的转录因子乙烯响应因子(ethylene responsive factor,ERF)在植物诱导抗虫反应中的作用,通过克隆1个水稻ERF转录因子基因OsERF7,并结合分子生物学、反向遗传学及生物测定,探究其在水稻防御褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera为害过程中的作用。结果显示,机械损伤处理与褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害均能在中后期诱导OsERF7的表达。沉默OsERF7能显著降低水稻上褐飞虱及白背飞虱卵的孵化率,并延长褐飞虱卵的发育历期;与野生型水稻相比,褐飞虱和白背飞虱在沉默突变体品系R1和R30上的卵孵化率分别只有野生型水稻上的62.5%～68.3%和68.0%～76.0%,褐飞虱卵的发育历期则延长0.37～0.45 d。沉默OsERF7不影响褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害诱导的水稻防御相关信号分子—茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、乙烯(ET)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的含量。表明转录因子OsERF7作用于防御相关信号途径的下游,并且负调控水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性。     

Occurrence of pepper yellow vein in the Netherlands

Samenvatting Het verschijnsel van geelnervigheid bij paprika (Capsicum annuum) kon door verenting en met de schimmelOlpidium brassicae worden overgebracht. Hierdoor bleek de ziekte identiek te zijn met een eerder in Engeland gemelde ziekte. Door inoculatie met zoösporen of rustsporen vanO. brassicae werden ook symptomen verkregen inC. baccatum, C. chacoense enC. frutescens. S. villosum bleek een waardplant te zijn voor het geelnervigheidsagens, waarbij zwakke nerfchlorosen werden waargenomen.Seconded to the Glasshouse Crops Research Station, P.O. Box 8, 2670 AA Naaldwijk, the Netherlands.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究不同食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨Neoseiulus zwoelferi种群生长、发育和繁殖的影响,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析测定兹沃尔新小绥螨取食卢氏叶螨Tetranychus ludeni、甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis和香蒲Typha orientalis花粉后的存活率、发育历期、寿命及繁殖情况。结果显示,3种食物均能满足兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的需求。卢氏叶螨处理组的净增殖率和总繁殖率分别是28.99和36.99,均显著高于其他2个处理组;以甜果螨、卢氏叶螨和香蒲花粉为食的兹沃尔新小绥螨从卵发育至成螨所需时间分别为5.28、7.34和6.87 d,种群倍增时间分别3.35、4.22和11.77 d,前者显著短于其他2个处理;甜果螨处理组和卢氏叶螨处理组的雌成螨平均寿命分别比香蒲花粉处理组长2.75 d和4.92 d,但两者之间无显著差异;卢氏叶螨处理组雌成螨产卵天数最长,为17.84 d,产卵前期时间最短,为2.75 d,产卵量最大,为38.15粒/雌;香蒲花粉处理组雌成螨产卵天数最短,仅1.82 d,产卵前期时间最长,为5.89 d,产卵量最少,为3.36粒/雌。甜果螨处理组的内禀增长率、周限增长率分别为0.21 d-1和1.23 d-1,均显著高于其他处理组,但平均世代周期为14.65 d,显著低于其他处理组。表明3种食物均可使兹沃尔新小绥螨完成整个世代,其中甜果螨是室内饲养兹沃尔新小绥螨的最佳食物,香蒲花粉可以作为短期饲养的食物。     

Systemic toxicity of spinosad to the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum and to the cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis

When spinosad was administered at the stem base of tomato plants grown in rockwool, the main substrate used in greenhouses in northern Europe, it was taken up by the roots and transported to the leaves. Laboratory toxicity experiments showed that systemically applied spinosad, at doses as low as 2 mg active ingredient per plant, gave excellent control of nymphs of the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum, but was less toxic to adults. The toxicity of spinosad on Homoptera has not been documented yet and a dose-response relationship was established. The persistence of toxicity was at least 22 days for whitefly nymphs. A dose-response relationship of systemically applied spinosad was also determined on third-instar larvae of the cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis; a dose of 5 mg per plant consistently killed all larvae. The persistence of systemically applied spinosad reached up to 45 days after treatment. Systemically applied spinosad was harmless to the parasitic waspEncarsia formosa. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 29, 2005.