林木抗虫机制研究进展

分别从林木对害虫的抗性防卫、林木抗虫的化学机制及遗传机制等方面 ,对国内外林木抗虫机制研究的现状与进展进行了综述。认为抗虫性不是单因素的 ,而是形态学、解剖学及生理生化因子和谐作用下对入侵昆虫产生的物理和化学影响能力     

林木抗虫、抗病分子育种研究进展

目前防治病虫害的手段主要是化学防治，生物防治或培育抗性品种等，随着时代的发展，建立在分子生物学上的基因工程方法，给林木抗虫，病育种带来一条全新而有效的途径。本文就林木抗虫，抗病毒和抗菌的分子育种研究进展进行综述，并对林木分子抗性育种进行展望。     

林木抗虫性及测定方法的研究

从林木对害虫的抑制作用和林木受害虫危害这两个相互对立统一的角度出发，系统地分析了林木抗虫性的内涵，通过构建抗虫力和耐害力两个概念，使林木抗虫性的现象和实质在一个指标体系内同时得到全面反映，并给出了从免疫到高感数量化的测定分级计算方法。     

我国林木抗虫性及其利用的研究

对我国常规树种和转抗虫基因树种在抗虫性及其利用方面的主要研究与实践成果进行了综述,从系统科学的角度,提出了林木抗虫性的概念,指出了林木抗虫性的作用特点和利用原则。     

植物蛋白酶抑制剂及其在林木抗虫基因工程中的应用

植物蛋白酶抑制剂是除Bt之外又一个愈来愈研究较多的抗虫基因资源,其分布广泛,在豆科、茄科、禾本科、葫芦科及十字花科等植物中存在较多。植物蛋白酶抑制剂抗虫基因主要通过2种途径获得并在多种植物中进行转化,获得抗虫转基因植株。植物蛋白酶抑制剂在林木抗虫基因工程中的应用刚刚起步。本文在总结我国林木病虫害防治现状的基础上,阐述植物蛋白酶抑制剂在林木抗虫基因工程中的应用前景,同时也探讨植物蛋白酶抑制剂在林木害虫防治应用中存在的问题及解决途径。     

转基因林木研究进展

着重论述了林木抗虫,抗菌,抗除草剂,生殖发育调控,抗逆境,材性改良等转基因林木的研究进展,简述了转基因林木的应用现状,提出了林木基因工程现存的问题,并对该领域进行了展望。     

思茅松高产脂优树再选择的研究

以原最适区所评选出的89株思茅松高产脂优树中的40株优树建立其嫁接试验林的方式,通过对此高产脂优树嫁接子代林的产脂力、林木胸径生长力及抗虫害能力作测定、分析,而进行了思茅松高产脂优树再选择的研究.经此再选择,基本确定了13株值得推广利用的思茅松高产脂优树,其产脂力比普通思茅松林木增产3倍以上,林木的年均胸径生长大于1 cm,抗虫率高于56 %.     

生物技术在林木遗传育种中的应用

简要介绍了我国林木育种的发展历程及取得的主要成就, 综述了近年来林木遗传标记技术、林木基因组研究、林木抗虫、抗病、抗逆境、品质改良、遗传转化等基因工程技术在林木遗传育种中的应用进展, 并探讨了生物技术与林木常规育种的关系。     

影响速生抗虫杨对桑天牛抗性的因子探究

通过模拟试验、相关分析、野外调查等方法对影响速生抗虫杨对桑天牛[Apriona germari(Hope)]抗性的因子进行了探究,结果发现:影响速生抗虫杨树品种对桑天牛抗性的因素包括桑天牛成虫密度、品种当年适合刻槽枝条数、营林模式及植株到虫源地距离等。     

林木抗虫育种研究进展

近几年,林木抗虫育种发展较快,由最初的常规育种（选择和杂交）向常规育种和生物技术相结合的方向发展,作为抗虫育种关键环节的抗虫性鉴定（人工接虫技术）的研究已经开始系统而深入地开展起来,林木抗虫机制（林木防卫反应、抗虫化学物质、遗传机理等）的研究成绩显着,林木抗虫基因工程已成为抗虫育种的重要方向之一。     

杏树林害虫为害与发生规律

为全面了 解杏树林 害虫的 为害与 发生 规 律, 给 防 治提 供依 据, 采用 标 准地 方法 对 不同类型的 杏扁林进 行了系 统调查。 结果表明 , 杏树林 害虫群 落共有６ 目２５ 科５５ 种, 优势 种集中于蚧虫 、蚜虫、卷 叶蛾等 类群及天 幕毛虫、 舞毒 蛾等 。树 木 年龄 可 影响 害 虫 群落 的 组 成、优势种数 量及危害 程度 。管 理水 平 对 害虫 发 生 有明 显 影响 , 一 般 管理 水 平高 者, 害 虫 种类 少、危害较轻 。杏树林 害虫的 年发生规 律 是发 生周 期 短、优 势 种高 峰期 出 现早 、为 害期 集 中、群落凋落 迅速。     

不同管理措施对杏园昆虫群落结构的影响

为全面了解杏树林害虫的危害与发生规律,为综合防治提供依据,应用生物多样性指数分析了英吉沙县不同管理措施杏园生态系统中昆虫群落结构特征.结果表明:在3种类型的杏园中有昆虫37种,分别隶属于9目26科;不同杏园昆虫群落的科数、物种数及丰富度均有不同程度的变化;不同生境集中性指数也有一定的差异;各园的优势种主要以剌吸式口器的朝鲜球坚蚧为主;不同杏园昆虫群落及各类群生态优势集中性在不同时段并不一致.     

Insect pest problems in tropical agroforestry systems: Contributory factors and strategies for management

Agroforestry trees are attacked by a wide spectrum of insects at all stages of their growth just like other annual and perennial crops. Pest management in agroforestry has not received much attention so far, but recent emphasis on producing high value tree products in agroforestry and using improved germplasm in traditional systems, and emergence of serious pest problems in some promising agroforestry systems have increased awareness on risks posed by pests. Insects may attack one or more species within a system and across systems in the landscape, so pest management strategies should depend on the nature of the insect and magnitude of its damage. Although greater plant diversity in agroforestry is expected to increase beneficial arthropods, diversity by itself may not reduce pests. Introduction of tree germplasm from a narrow genetic base and intensive use of trees may lead to pest outbreaks. In simultaneous agroforestry systems, a number of factors governing tree—crop—environment interactions, such as diversity of plant species, host range of the pests, microclimate, spatial arrangement and tree management modify pest infestations by affecting populations of both herbivores and natural enemies. Trees also affect pest infestations by acting as barriers to movement of insects, masking the odours emitted by other components of the system and sheltering herbivores and natural enemies. In sequential agroforestry systems, it is mostly the soil-borne and diapausing insects that cause and perpetuate damage to the common hosts in tree—crop rotations over seasons or years. An integrated approach combining host-plant resistance to pests, exploiting alternative tree species, measures that prevent pest build up but favour natural enemies and biological control is suggested for managing pests in agroforestry. Species substitution to avoid pests is feasible only if trees are grown for ecological services such as soil conservation and low value products such as fuelwood, but not for trees yielding specific and high value products. For exploiting biological control as a potent, low cost and environmentally safe tool for pest management in agroforestry, research should focus on understanding the influence of ecological and management factors on the dynamics of insect pest-natural enemy populations. Scientists and policy makers in national and international institutions, and donors are urged to pay more attention to pest problems in agroforestry to harness the potential benefits of agroforestry.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Quantifying stem growth loss at the tree-level in a Pinus radiata plantation to repeated attack by the aphid, Essigella californica

Since its detection in 1998, the exotic aphid pest, Essigella californica Essig (Hemiptera: Aphididae) has caused extensive defoliation in commercial Pinus radiata plantations throughout Australia. A total of one hundred and twenty plots encompassing thirty tree ages, and three thinning treatments were established in September 2006 in southern New South Wales, Australia to assess crown health and tree growth. Assessments were carried out annually during 2006-2009 to quantify the relationship between natural aphid-induced defoliation and growth loss at the individual tree level. Over the course of the four years, particularly in 2006, trees were subjected to moisture stress, as indicated by average annual rainfalls that were below the long-term average. In general, the diameter growth of individual trees appeared unaffected by crown damage severity across most tree ages, indicating that the productivity in Green Hills was limited by the interactive effects of climatic and biotic stressors (both cause premature loss of foliage). Furthermore, the results from this four-year experiment demonstrated that both moisture stress and aphid-induced defoliation constrained the growth response to thinning. However, thinning may have assisted damaged trees to maintain growth rates similar to trees with little or no damage. Understanding the impact of disturbances such as insect pest outbreaks on growth yield models is critical for optimal modelling of long-term plantation growth and management. Our results highlight the difficulty in quantifying the effect of aphid-induced defoliation when combined with chronic moisture stress.     

松树皮象生物学、生态学特性及综合控制对策

为了有效控制松树皮象对河北省塞罕坝林区落叶松、云杉、樟子松的为害，对松树皮象的生物学特性及生态学特性进行了研究。结果表明，在塞罕坝地区松树皮象主要为害落叶松、云杉幼树，1a1代，以老熟幼虫或成虫在地下越冬。调整选林时问以及幼树喷施绿色威雷药剂均可有效控制松树皮象的为害。     

Plant diversity and arthropod communities: Implications for temperate agroforestry

Polyculture in crop agroecosystems has been examined in numerous studies with the aim of reducing pest populations by increasing diversity among insect populations over those found in traditional monoculture. Resource concentration and enemies hypotheses predict decreased pest populations in more diverse plant communities. Although results have been mixed, insect diversity has been generally increased in polyculture over traditional monoculture. Maintaining natural insect diversity in managed forests to limit possible pest outbreaks has been the goal in forestry systems. Increased arthropod diversity with increased tree diversity has been observed, though fewer studies have been conducted in forestry compared to agriculture. Agroforestry holds promise for increasing insect diversity and reducing pest problems because the combination of trees and crops provides greater niche diversity and complexity in both time and space than does polyculture of annual crops. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

张家口市园林树木害虫危害规律与防治对策

为全面了解张家口市区园林树木害虫的种类、分布及其危害规律,给防治提供理论依据,作者采用踏查和标准地调查的方法对张家口市区内主要街道、公园及城郊周边绿化的园林树木害虫进行了全面调查。结果表明,张家口园林树林害虫群落共有5个目20个科38种,优势种集中于天牛、蚧虫、卷叶蛾等类群及天幕毛虫、舞毒蛾等。并对不同类群的害虫提出了综合防治对策。     

Spread of Forest Pests and Pathogens in the Northern Hemisphere

There are four main forest regions in the northern hemisphere,each containing many of the same genera of trees. An organism(insect, fungus etc.) living in balanced relationship with itshost tree in one of these forest regions may cause major damageif moved to another. Examples of pest and disease problems analysedinclude Chestnut blight, White pine blister rust, Gypsy moth,Balsam woolly aphid, Dutch elm disease, Pine wilt disease andBeech bark disease.