桉树林草间作系统根层结构的研究

试验对6 a树龄桉树人工林12个牧草间作3 a后间作系统根层结构进行研究，结果表明：间作牧草3 a后桉树根系主要分布在距树基50～100 cm的行间，间作禾本科牧草限制了桉树根系向行间（4 m）伸展，而间作豆科牧草促进了桉树根系向行间伸展。桉树根系主要集中在10～50 cm的土层，占总根量的74.81％，间作禾本科牧草抑制了桉树根系向浅层分布的可能，而间作豆科牧草后桉树根系向土壤中上层扩展，且更加集中在20～40 cm土层。     

决明属（Chamaecrista spp）豆科牧草8个品种化感潜力的研究

研究决明属（Chamaecrista spp.）豆科牧草8个品种[圆叶决明（Chamaecrista rotundifolia）CPI86134、CPI34721、CPI86178、CPI3248、ATF2232、CPI57503和羽叶决明（Chamaecrasta nictitans）ATF2217、ATF2219]对禾本科牧草百喜草（Paspalum notatum）的化感作用,以确定该8个豆科牧草品种的化感潜力。结果表明,8个决明属豆科牧草品种具有较强的化感作用;随着浓度的逐渐降低,8个品种开花期浸提液的化感抑制作用逐渐减弱,结荚期浸提液的化感促进作用逐渐加强;同一品种,同一生长时期,不同浓度（5%、7.5%和10%）的化感作用综合效应表现不同;同一生长时期,同一浓度,不同品种的化感综合效应表现也不同。可见,决明属牧草8个品种的化感作用受浓度、生长时期和品种的影响。     

椰园/牧草间作:牧草的适应性研究

进行了15种热带牧草在椰园间作的适应性试验,调查了它们的产量情况和生产参数并作统计分析。结果表明:在幼龄椰园内,间作豆科牧草和禾本科牧草,均可获得较高的经济产量;在光照强度大于30％的成龄椰园内,可间作多数禾本科牧草,并能获得一定的经济产量,但不宜间作豆科牧草;在光照强度低于30％的成龄椰园内,不宜于绝大多数牧草问作。间作于幼龄椰园的牧草产值可达1.0~3.0万元/hm2;间作于成龄椰园的禾本科牧草产值可达0.5～2.0万元/hm2。      

湖南牧草生产发展方向探讨

我国南方具有发展草食农业的潜在条件,但长期以来,对草的认识不足,缺乏优质牧草,严重制约了我国南方草食农业的发展.文章分析了湖南发展牧草生产的优越条件,提出从引进推广优质牧草、发展优质豆科牧草、冷暖季牧草套种实现牧草周年供青和利用冬闲田种植牧草五个方面发展湖南牧草生产.     

椰园/牧草间作:主间作物之间相互的影响

进行了椰园间作牧草生态系统的研究。通过不同类型椰园间作不同品种牧草的适应性试验,观测了不同主间作物栽培方式中椰园根系分布、土壤养分与温度、主间作物生长及产量等方面的变化。结果表明:(1)在种植密度为10m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度约在50%以上)中,禾本科和豆科牧草均能正常生长;在8m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度约在30%左右)中,多数牧草品种能正常生长;在6m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度不足30%)中,只有少数禾本科牧草能基本正常生长。(2)禾本科牧草与椰树组成的系统稳定性比豆科牧草的好。(3)间作物一般应距幼树1m、成龄树2m以外的地方种植。(4)合理压青培肥与科学防治金龟子害虫,有利于加强主间作物生态系统的稳定性。      

盐碱地的生物改良与抗盐植物的开发利用

本文综述国内外采用野生抗盐植物、禾本科与豆科牧草、抗盐经济林木、花卉与抗盐农作物品种改良利用盐碱地的成就，抗盐种质资源开发利用现状与前景。     

盐碱地的生物改良与抗盐植物的开发利用

本文综述国内外采用野生抗盐植物、禾本科与豆科牧草、抗盐经济林木、花卉与抗盐农作物品种改良利用盐碱地的成就，抗盐种质资源开发利用现状与前景。     

双季稻冬闲田种植绿肥对土壤理化性质的影响

以双季稻冬闲田为对照,研究种植冬季绿肥油菜、紫云英、黑麦草、白三叶和燕麦对双季稻冬闲田土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:双季稻冬闲田种植油菜、紫云英、黑麦草、白三叶和燕麦后显著提高了土壤p H值和有效磷含量,种植黑麦草和燕麦显著提高了土壤有机质含量,降低了土壤矿化氮、全氮和全磷含量,而种植紫云英、白三叶和油菜对土壤有机质无显著影响,但提高了土壤矿化氮、全氮和全磷的含量。冬季种植绿肥有利于双季稻田土壤p H值的改善从而提高了磷的有效性,种植豆科和十字花科绿肥有利于土壤氮、磷养分含量的增加,而种植禾本科绿肥有利于土壤有机质含量的提高。     

不同牧草混播方式对冬闲田杂草发生及种类的影响

为了解冬闲田播种的不同种类牧草田的杂草群落发生动态，调查了30％黑麦草＋70％白三叶，30％黑麦草＋70％紫云英，30％黑麦草＋70％紫花苜蓿，3种不同牧草混播处理下冬闲田杂草的生长特点。结果表明：牧草混播种类的变化使冬闲田杂草的发生有差异，主要表现为杂草种类和危害程度不同，其中以30％黑麦草＋70％紫云英处理下的冬闲田杂草危害程度最低。     

国外绿肥、牧草引种试种报告

1984年,我所受省科委情报所的委托,对引进国外优良绿肥、牧草进行为期三年的试种试验.该项是由澳大利亚华侨邱文明先生先后提供豆科绿肥11种,禾本科牧草7种在我所进行试种观察,并从中筛选出适合我区发展的种类品种5～7个.经三年工作,已基本完成任务,于1987年8月上旬,由省情报所组织了验收组,通过验收肯定了在闽南三角州的经济条件和我所的实际情况下发展以豆科绿肥为主的方向.现将试验结果总结如下:     

The effects of stocking rate in spring, and topping on sward characteristics and dairy cow performance in a poor grass growing season

A comparison was made under continuous grazing between applying a high stocking rate in spring (H) to maintain the sward surface height (SSH) of a perennial ryegrass pasture at 5–6 cm and a low stocking rate (L) to maintain SSH at 10–12cm with mechanical topping in mid-June. The experiment was carried out in the dry season of 1989 and a lack of rainfall markedly affected the treatments and consequently animals were offered supplementary concentrate and forage in July to compensate for reduced grass intake and low SSHs.
Treatment H maintained the density of live grass tillers and live: dead tiller ratio in mid-and late season, compared with the L treatment. The measured interval between defoliation of individual grass tillers was significantly less in the L pasture in samplings taken between 2 May and 29 August. January/February calving cows on the L pasture produced significantly more milk cow⁻¹ with higher concentrations of protein and lactose, but less milk ha⁻¹ compared with cows on the H sward. The results indicate that topping of a laxly grazed sward in drought conditions has no positive effects on sward characteristics or milk production.     

Sustainable,low‐input,warm‐season,grass–legume grassland mixtures: mission (nearly) impossible?

Grazing lands in warm‐temperate and subtropical North America have become less diverse. Pastures are typically grass monocultures, while rangelands are generally managed for the grass components. Overstocking, selective herbicides, fire exclusion and heavy rates of nitrogen fertilizer have contributed to near exclusion of native, warm‐season legumes. The simplicity of managing grass monocultures, pasture production responses to nitrogen fertilizer and profitability of grass‐only systems have limited interest in legume‐based approaches. Changing economics and ecological concerns with ecosystem accumulation of industrial inputs contribute to an increasing interest in legumes. Unlike the development of temperate pasture legumes and recent research in the tropics, legumes tolerant of both freezing temperatures and hot weather have received less attention. Poor establishment, limited persistence and potential invasiveness limit currently available introduced species. Native, herbaceous, warm‐season legume species occur throughout warm‐temperate North America, but little attention has been directed to these plants as potential forage species. Some success with a few native legume species, primarily in the genus Desmanthus, suggests potential for expanded assessment of forage value of the many species available. Current assessments of native legumes, primarily for conservation purposes, provide an opportunity to expand evaluations of these species for pasture and rangeland potential while economics of livestock production and public interest in ecosystem health are supportive. Experiences with legumes of warm‐temperate origin in North America, along with results with temperate and tropical pasture legumes globally, provide a starting point for future efforts at incorporating greater legume diversity in pastures and rangelands of subtropical and warm‐temperate regions around the world.     

Dry matter production, nutritive value and efficiency of nutrient utilization of a complementary forage rotation compared to a grass pasture system

In pasture‐based dairy farming, new sustainable systems that involve the annual dry matter (DM) production of grazed and conserved forage beyond the potential of grazed pasture alone are being sought. The objective of this experiment conducted in Australia was to compare a complementary forage rotation (CFR) for conservation and grazing, comprising an annual sequence of three crops, namely maize (Zea mays L), forage rape (Brassica napus L) and a legume (Persian clover, Trifolium repesinatum L or maple pea, Pisum sativum L), with a pasture [kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) over‐sown with short‐rotation ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L)] as a pasture control treatment. The experiment was a complete randomized block design with four replicates (～0·7 ha each). Annual dry‐matter (DM) yield over the 3 years averaged >42 t ha^?1 year^?1 for the CFR treatment and >17 t ha^?1 year^?1 for the pasture treatment. The high DM yield of the CFR treatment resulted from >27 t ha^?1 year^?1 from maize harvested for silage and >15 t DM ha^?1 year^?1 utilized by grazing the forage rape and legumes. Total input of nitrogen (N) and water were similar for both treatments, resulting in higher N‐ and water‐use efficiency for the CFR treatment, which was more than twice that for the pasture treatment. Overall, the nutritive value of the pasture treatment was slightly higher than the mean for that of the CFR treatment. The implications of these results are that a highly productive system based on the CFR treatment in conjunction with the use of pasture is achievable. Such a dairy production system in Australia could increase the total supply of feed resources grown on‐farm and the efficiency of use of key resources such as N and water.     

Optimal defoliation management of brachiaria grass–forage peanut for balanced pasture establishment

A well‐established canopy is crucial for a stable mixed grass–legume forage pasture. The aim of this study was to assess a defoliation intensity that can ensure the establishment of mixed pasture of brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha) intercropped with forage peanut (Arachis pintoi). The treatments comprised four canopy heights: 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, maintained throughout the first 3 years of pasture establishment. Canopy structure, morphogenetic and structural characteristics were measured. A block design was used with four replicates, and seasons of the year were considered using repeated measurements over time. Light interception during the experimental period was 86.3%, 95.9%, 97.6%, and 99.1% for 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm of defoliation respectively (p < .001). Competition for light in taller canopies (at 30 and 40 cm) caused etiolation of forage peanut (greater internode, petiolate and stolon lengths). This response promoted its upward growth, leading to a lower stolon density compared with 10 and 20 cm. The treatment at 10 cm displayed a predominance of forage peanut (up to 0.614), potentially compromising community stability. Overall, the 20 cm canopy height showed a desired botanical composition (from 0.20 to 0.45 of legume in forage mass) and thus was considered an ideal defoliation intensity for establishment of mixed canopies of brachiaria grass and forage peanut.     

Production of beef cattle grazing on Brachiaria brizantha (Marandu grass)—Arachis pintoi (forage peanut cv. Belomonte) mixtures exceeded that on grass monocultures fertilized with 120 kg N/ha

Mixed grass/legume pastures are an alternative to grass monocultures for increased beef cattle production in tropical climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity of beef cattle grazing either a mixed pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu grass and Arachis pintoi (forage peanut) cv. Belomonte or a Marandu monoculture, under rotational stocking. Five trials were conducted over a period of nine years in north-eastern Brazil where the sward structure (forage, grass and legume mass) and animal performance were compared for a mixed Marandu grass/forage peanut pasture, and a Marandu grass monoculture with 120 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Stocking rate was adjusted to maintain forage allowance at 4% body weight/day. A block design was used with four replicates, and warm and cool seasons within each trial were considered, using repeated measurements over time. In the warm season, the forage mass in the mixed pastures was 17% greater than in the monoculture (p = .049), and the stocking rate, average daily gain and liveweight gain per ha were 16.4%, 20.0% and 28.7% greater (p = .004, p < .001 and p < .001 respectively). The average daily gain showed a positive linear relationship with the legume proportion in the sward (p < .001). The mixed forage peanut/Marandu pasture sustained significantly greater beef cattle production (789 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) compared to the N-fertilized grass monoculture (655 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹). Appropriately managed, mixed pastures of forage peanut/Brachiaria pastures are sustainable and have high potential for use in the humid tropics.     

玉米野生近缘属-摩擦禾属的研究和利用

摩擦禾属于禾本科玉蜀黍族摩擦禾属,起源于美洲,与玉米、大刍草具有共同祖先,其在玉米的起源与进化过程中可能扮演着重要角色。摩擦禾是一种多年生暖季型丛生C4禾草,常用于优质饲草料生产、控制土壤侵蚀和生物质能源。其作为玉米的近缘属材料,保存有栽培玉米不具有的优质、抗病、抗寒、耐涝、耐盐和多年生等多种优良基因,是拓展玉米遗传基础的重要种质。本文从摩擦禾属的习性和分布、摩擦禾属的分类、摩擦禾属的种间可杂交性、摩擦禾属与玉蜀黍属杂交性、摩擦禾属的优良特性和摩擦禾基因向玉米转移的途径等方面进行综述,为摩擦禾属的研究和利用提供参考。     

The use of conserved forage as a supplement for grazing dairy cows

The difficulty in matching the herbage requirements of grazing dairy cows to herbage production, due mainly to the unpredictability of the latter., causes stocking rates to be too low for maximum per hectare production and, thus, cows to be underfed at certain times in the grazing season. Conserved forage may be used as a supplement for grazing dairy cows in order to reduce variation in forage intake by the cow, to allow pasture stocking rates to be increased and to increase the efficiency of land use. The effect of offering conserved forage with herbage on intakes and production is reviewed in comparison to both ad libitum and restricted herbage. Total nutrient intakes and milk fat + protein yields are reduced for cows offered herbage and supplementary forage compared with cows offered ad libitum herbage, but increased compared with cows offered a restricted herbage level. Increasing pasture stocking rates may allow increases in utilized metabolizable energy levels from grassland but further research is needed in this area. Both grass and maize silage supplements offer potential for increasing the efficiency of land use, but in the case of grass silage this is only achieved in the best management practices.     

Changes in plant population density, composition and sward structure of a hill pasture during a pastoral fallow

Appropriate pre-sowing methods for the introduction of improved forage legume and grass germplasm are an important issue for hill pasture improvement in New Zealand. A pastoral fallow, which involves not defoliating pasture for a period generally from late spring/early summer to autumn, could create a potentially favourable environment for introducing improved germplasm. A field study was conducted on two aspects (shady and sunny) of moist, low-fertility hill country with or without added fertilizer (phosphorus and sulphur) in the southern North Island of New Zealand, to investigate the changes in plant population density and sward structure during a full or partial pastoral fallow, compared with a rotationally grazed pasture. A 7-month (October to May) pastoral fallow dramatically decreased the densities of grass tillers by 72% (P < 0·01), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growing points by 87% (P < 0·01) and other species by 87% (P < 0·05). The decline in tiller density by pastoral fallow was enhanced on the shady aspect. Fertilizer application increased white clover growing-point density on the shady aspect (P < 0·05) and grass tiller density on the sunny aspect (P < 0·05). Decreased plant density during pastoral fallowing was attributed to aboveground biomass accumulation, which altered sward structure, leading to interplant competition and mortality by self-thinning and completion of the life cycle of some matured plants. The plant size-density relationship during pastoral fallowing in this mixed-species sward followed the serf-thinning rule, particularly when the calculation was based on all plant species rather than grass alone. There was no significant (P > 0·05) difference in final plant population density between the 7-month pastoral fallow and a shorter term (October to December) pastoral fallow. It is concluded that pastoral fallowing effectively reduced the plant population density and altered sward structure of a hill pasture. Such changes create a more favourable environment for the introduction of improved forage species.     

“中苎1号”和“中苎2号”苎麻营养价值的初步评价

本研究的目的是对"中苎1号"和"中苎2号"苎麻的营养价值进行初步评价,为苎麻作牧草利用提供参考。试验结果表明,苎麻的营养品质优于黑麦草和象草,和苜蓿相近;80cm收割高度下苎麻的叶、茎粗蛋白含量和叶茎比均显著高于100cm和120cm(P0.05)的收割高度,叶、茎粗纤维含量则显著低于100cm和120cm(P0.05),同时干物质产量和粗蛋白产量均显著高于60cm(P0.05),生长时间相对100cm和120cm分别缩短了8d和13d。此外,"中苎1号"在80cm收割高度下的粗蛋白日增产速率显著高于其他收割高度(P0.05)。综上可知,"中苎1号"和"中苎2号"可以做牧草开发利用。综合考虑干物质产量、营养品质、生产时间及成本,"中苎1号"和"中苎2号"在"二麻"高温期间整株收获作为反刍动物的饲草开发利用时,80cm左右是最佳的收割高度。     

广西草业存在问题与发展对策

对广西牧草加工利用现状进行分析，阐述广西草业发展面临的突出矛盾和问题，提出解决问题的关键措施，探讨了广西草业未来发展出路。