利用SPAD值诊断赣花7号氮素营养研究

为适时精确诊断赣花7号的氮素营养状况,通过设置6个氮素水平（施纯氮0、75、150、225、300、375 kg/hm2）,在不同时期（出苗后30、45、60、75和90 d）分别测定花生不同叶位（主茎倒一完全叶、倒二完全叶和倒三完全叶）的SPAD值和相应叶位叶片的含氮量,分析其施氮水平、SPAD值和叶片含氮量之间的关系,并进行方程的拟合。结果显示：施氮水平与SPAD值、叶片含氮量之间呈显著的指数相关,SPAD值和叶片含氮量之间呈显著的线性相关,并且在各叶位中,以主茎倒3叶的相关性最好,其可作为氮素诊断的理想叶位。     

春玉米叶片SPAD值与氮含量及产量的相关性研究

通过田间小区试验,研究不同时期玉米叶片SPAD值与叶绿素、氮含量及产量的相关性,确定SPAD值测定的最佳叶位及时期。结果表明,上位叶SPAD值对氮素的敏感时期顺序为12叶期>10叶期>8叶期;穗位叶SPAD值对氮素的敏感时期顺序为抽雄期>灌浆期>蜡熟期。叶片SPAD值可以很好的反映植株叶绿素和氮含量及产量水平,以某一特定叶片的SPAD值来诊断春玉米氮素营养状况和推荐追肥时期时,10叶期是较为理想的测定时期;作为早期预测玉米产量的指标,12叶期为最佳时期。测定SPAD值方法简便、快捷,不破坏叶片生长,可作为早期预测玉米产量的指标。     

应用SPAD值预测小麦叶片叶绿素和氮含量的初步研究

2003～2004年以中筋小麦品种扬麦11号、WH510和徐州26为试验材料,研究不同生育时期(拔节、孕穗、抽穗)不同叶位叶片SPAD值变化特征及其与叶片叶绿素含量、全氮含量及NO3--N含量的关系,旨在为小麦上应用SPAD快速诊断施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,不同品种及不同叶位小麦叶片SPAD值明显不同;小麦叶片SPAD值与叶绿素含量之间的关系因品种和生育时期的不同而有明显差异,同一品种小麦不同叶位叶片SPAD值与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关。小麦叶片SPAD值与全氮含量呈正相关,SPAD值高,全氮含量也高,可以用SPAD值估算全氮含量进行小麦氮素营养状况诊断,但同一品种不同叶位SPAD值与全氮含量的关系表现不一致,即用SPAD值来诊断小麦叶片氮含量时应选择完全展开并已进入功能盛期的叶片。小麦叶片SPAD值与NO3-N含量相关性不显著。     

夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量的时空动态及其与植株含氮率关系的研究

在不同施氮水平下,研究了夏玉米郑单958叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)的时空动态变化及其与植株含氮率的关系。结果表明,夏玉米子粒生长期棒三叶SPAD值与棒三叶、全株总叶片及整株含氮率均有极显著线性相关关系。不同施氮水平子粒生长期叶片叶绿素含量的空间分布均以穗位叶为中心呈现出中间高两边低的趋势,SPAD值依次为中部叶>上部叶>下部叶。施氮可调节各部位叶片SPAD值或氮素含量,但并未改变其空间分布模式。不同施氮水平子粒生长期上部和中部叶片叶绿素含量随时间的动态变化总体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,下部叶片的叶绿素含量则呈持续下降的趋势。夏玉米不同叶位叶片对氮肥的反应均表现在一定范围内(N≤207 kg/hm²),子粒生长期各叶片叶绿素含量随施氮量的增加而增加,当总施氮量增为276 kg/hm²时,各叶片叶绿素含量不再明显增加,相对来说中部叶比上部和下部叶对氮肥的反应更为敏感。     

马铃薯氮素营养状况的SPAD仪诊断

以马铃薯品种克新1号为材料,研究了叶片SPAD值、叶片全氮含量、叶绿素含量以及块茎产量随供氮水平的变化规律及相互关系,旨在为使用叶绿素仪进行马铃薯无损伤氮素诊断和推荐施肥奠定基础。研究结果表明,从马铃薯苗期到块茎淀粉积累各个生育阶段叶片的SPAD测定值均与马铃薯叶片含氮量呈显著正相关关系。除苗期外,块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期的马铃薯叶片含氮量和叶片SPAD值随土壤施氮量的变化均表现为线形加平台的模式。因此马铃薯块茎形成期后叶片的SPAD读数可揭示马铃薯的氮素营养状况。统计分析结果还表明,叶片SPAD值与块茎相对产量呈线形加平台的数量关系模式,据此确定了应用叶绿素仪SPAD-502进行马铃薯推荐施肥的SPAD临界值为块茎形成期47.3、块茎膨大期45.1、淀粉积累期40.2。     

三种氮素营养快速诊断方法在油菜上的适宜性分析

通过大田试验研究了SPAD仪法、硝酸盐反射仪法和光谱仪法在油菜氮素营养快速诊断上的适宜性。试验设施氮0、60、120、180、240、300和400kg/hm2处理,在八叶期、十叶期和蕾薹期对各处理SPAD值、冠层归一化植被指数（NDVI值）和硝酸盐含量进行检测,并测定各时期油菜生物量和收获期籽粒产量。对不同施氮量下的油菜产量进行显著性检验及方程拟合,并对三种诊断方法各测定指标与氮肥用量、籽粒产量进行相关分析。结果表明,油菜施氮量与籽粒产量具有较好的相关关系,满足氮素营养快速诊断要求。三种诊断方法中,硝酸盐反射仪法能在一定程度上反映油菜氮素营养状况,但受油菜生理特性（苗期生物量小、蕾薹期氮素奢侈性吸收等）影响,诊断结果的可信度和稳定性不高。光谱仪法比较适宜于油菜蕾薹期氮素营养诊断,但存在追肥时期过晚、操作不方便等缺点。综合分析认为,SPAD仪法诊断结果稳定,并且具有快速、简便、低耗等优点,适合于油菜氮素营养快速诊断。     

施氮对冬水田杂交中稻本田生长期叶片叶绿素含量的影响

以18个杂交中稻组合为材料,通过施氮与不施氮(CK)处理,研究了四川冬水田区杂交水稻本田生长期间叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)受氮肥影响的敏感时期及主要生育时期的敏感叶位.结果表明,本田叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)受氮肥影响的敏感时期有分蘖期、最高苗期、拔节一抽穗期和籽粒灌浆结实中后期,施氮处理与CK叶片SPAD值的差值表现为分蘖初期和籽粒灌浆结实中后期较大,其余时期较小,其中移栽后第9～11天秧苗叶绿素含量受氮肥的影响最大,可作为测苗确定蘖肥施氮量的最佳时期;各叶位叶片的叶绿素含量受氮肥影响的程度以下部叶片较大,顶4叶是反应植株氮素状况最好的指示叶.     

施氮对灌浆期冬小麦不同叶片SPAD值及光合速率的影响

为了解不同施氮水平下小麦叶片叶绿素含量和光舍速率的变化，以冬小麦小偃22为供试材料进行小区试验，测定和分析了施氮后冬小麦灌浆期不同叶片的SPAD值及光舍速率。结果表明，在同一施氮水平下，小麦植株不同叶片SPAD值及光舍速率均为：旗叶〉倒二叶〉倒三叶〉倒四叶，说明小麦叶片叶绿素含量及光舍速率在植株上的分布特征相对固定，受施氮水平的影响较小。在施氮量小于90kg／ha时，小麦各叶片SPAD值随施氮水平的增加而增大；当施氮量超过90kg／ha时，小麦各叶片SPAD值变化趋势不明显。随施氮水平的提高，小麦叶片的光合速率呈现出先增加后下降的趋势，施氮量为135kg／ha时光合速率最高。     

施氮水平及方式对玉米冠层NDVI、氮含量、叶绿素和产量的影响

在不同施氮水平和方式（不追肥和拔节期追肥）的田间试验条件下,采集并测定玉米不同生育期的冠层归一化植被指数（NDVI）、叶片SPAD值、叶绿素含量、叶片全氮含量和产量,研究不同氮素水平下各指标间的相互关系。结果表明,在不同生育期玉米叶片叶绿素含量和冠层NDVI值均随施氮量的增加而增大,追肥能显著提高叶片叶绿素含量和冠层NDVI值,灌浆期玉米叶片叶绿素含量增加幅度最大。冠层NDVI值与叶片氮含量、叶绿素含量的相关系数在各生育期均达到显著或极显著水平,叶片SPAD值与叶绿素含量的关系同冠层NDVI值一致,两者均可以对玉米进行氮素营养的诊断,但NDVI比SPAD更具有快速可靠的优点。追肥较不追肥处理有明显增产效果,平均增产幅度为29.23%,最大增幅为44.13%。     

叶绿素仪(SPAD)在茶树氮素营养诊断中的适用性研究

测定叶片氮素含量是诊断茶树氮素状况的一项重要方法。本文利用盆栽试验,通过不同的供氮水平,研究了利用叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)进行茶树氮素营养快速诊断的适用性。结果表明,茶树新梢产量与氮素用量、成熟叶氮素含量之间呈线性加平台的反应关系,成熟叶的SPAD值与其全氮含量呈显著线性正相关,并与茶树产量存在着比较明显的关系拐点,初步显示SPAD可以较好地表征茶树的氮素营养状况,有可能作为快速诊断方法用于指导茶树施肥,但是还需要通过大田试验进行进一步验证。本文还探讨了测定位点、叶位、天气状况、田间原位或离体测定方式、表面清洗以及样本量等因素对SPAD测试精度的影响。     

Leaf Positions of Potato Suitable for Determination of Nitrogen Content with a SPAD Meter

Abstract

Hand-held SPAD meter can be used to evaluate the leaf nitrogen status of potato. For practical use, it is necessary to select a proper compound leaf, a proper leaflet within compound leaf and position of leaflet suitable for measurement. Therefore, field experiments were conducted in northern China in 2009 and 2010. The SPAD values, plant growth, N uptake of potato plants at tuber initiation and tuber bulking stages under different N supply levels, and final tuber yields were examined. The criteria for determining the most suitable leaf, leaflet and position within a leaflet are that the SPAD values show less variation at a given N supply level, and show a more sensitive response to different nitrogen levels. Our results showed that the coefficients of variance of SPAD values ranged from 8.7 to 25.9% with a leaf N concentration range of 2.1 to 3.8 gN 100 g-¹ at tuber initiation stage, and 7.2 to 21.6% with leaf N concentration range of 0.96 to 1.26gN 100 g-¹ at the tuber bulking stage. The SPAD values of the 4th compound leaf from apex were more stable and more sensitive to the nitrogen level than those of other leaves, suggesting that the 4th compound leaf is suitable for estimating the leaf N status using a SPAD meter. Within a compound leaf, the SPAD value of the top leaflet was more sensitivethan the other leaflets to nitrogen supply, whereas it was less stable, making it difficult to chose the leaflet for measurement. However, the top leaflet emerges and expands much earlier than the side leaflets, and should be better for SPAD value measurement. The SPAD measurements at the top point of the top leaflet of the 4th leaf demonstrated both less variation and higher sensitivity to nitrogen supply. Therefore, we conclude that the top point of the top leaflet of the 4th compound leaf is the best position for potato N status diagnosis using a SPAD meter.     

Identification and evaluation of high nitrogen nutrition efficiency in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm

To establish identification and evaluation methods of N (nitrogen) absorption and utilization of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), difference of N nutrition efficiency (NNE) among rapeseed germplasms and relationship between NNE and plant traits under various N application rates were analyzed in this research. Pot cultivating experiments were conducted to investigate NNE with 3 ​N application rates in soil (0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 ​g/kg). A total of 12 rapeseed germplasms were planted, nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) in seedling stage, bolting stage, initial flowering stage, final flowering stage, and maturity stage were obtained. Results showed that bolting stage was the best period for NAE identification and evaluation. Low N application rate in soil (0.05 ​g/kg) was the best for NAE, and the indirect indexes were basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight. Maturity stage was the best period for NUE identification and evaluation. High N application rate in soil (0.3 ​g/kg) was the best for NUE, and indirect indexes were above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter. N application rates of 0.05 ​g/kg in soil was the best for nitrogen harvest index at maturity stage, and indirect indexes was number of pods per plant. Plant traits of rapeseed germplasms affected NNE. Higher basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight at bolting stage under low N application rate were important characteristics of N absorption in rapeseed. Higher above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter at maturity stage under high N application rate were important characteristics of N utilization. Higher number of pods per plant at maturity stage under lowe N application rate was an important characteristic of N harvest index. These results provided a reliable index for N management and provided theoretical basis for guiding rapeseed breeding.     

Chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen sidedress requirements for short-season cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

A two-location experiment was carried out at five to six nitrogen levels to study the relationship between chlorophyll-meter readings (SPAD values) and physiological or yield traits in short-season cotton. The results showed that there were highly significant (P<0.01) linear relationships between SPAD values and contents of both nitrogen and chlorophyll at each growth stage, and as well as with the daily increase in plant height during early flowering. The relationship between nitrogen concentration and SPAD was stronger when nitrogen was expressed on a leaf area (N_a) rather than on a dry weight (N_dw) basis. Significant curvilinear relationships were found between SPAD values at various stages and photosynthetic intensity, lint yield, and total boll number per hectare, respectively. Furthermore, the linear regressions between SPAD values and N fertilizer levels were highly significant (P< 0.01), and before the boll opening stage, the slopes of these regressions were similar (0.040–0.041) at the two locations. These data provided evidence that the chlorophyll meter could be used to determine sidedress N requirements of short-season cotton before boll opening stage. Critical SPAD levels for maximum lint yield were established as 32.4, 33.1, 35.0, 43.55, and 39.7 at early flowering, flowering peak, boll forming, the beginning of boll opening and boll opening stages, respectively. It was also established that 24.2–25.0 kg ha⁻¹ increase in N application should be necessary for each unit decrease in SPAD value below the critical level.     

SPAD Values and Nitrogen Nutrition Index for the Evaluation of Rice Nitrogen Status

Abstract

Plant-based diagnosis is one of the most important methods to determine nitrogen (N) content of crops. Our objective was to establish the relationship between soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values and N nutrition index (NNI) during the three developmental stages of rice and apply the SPAD meter as diagnostic tools for predicting grain yield response to N fertilization. We determined the SPAD values of four uppermost fully expanded leaves of two rice cultivars at six N fertilization levels at three growth stages and examined the relationship between SPAD values and NNI. The critical N concentration (N_c) was 5.31 W^–0.5 in Xiushui63, and 5.38 W^–0.49 in Hang43, where W is the total shoot biomass. The correlation between SPAD value and NNI varied with the leaf position, developmental stage, and variety. The lower leaf appeared to be more sensitive to the N level than the upper leaf in the response of biomass, and could be more suitable as a test sample for N status diagnosis, especially in the booting and heading stage. The dependence of grain yield on SPAD values of the fourth fully expanded leaf (L4) was significant at booting stage (R²_L4 = 0.82** in 2011, R²_L4 = 0.72** in 2012). Ratio of SPAD values of L4 to that in the N-saturated plot (RSPAD) (R²_L4 = 0.92** in 2011, R²_L4 = 0.77** in 2012) and NNI (R² = 0.96** in 2011, R² = 0.86** in 2012) at booting stage demonstrated a closer relationship with grain yield.     

Calibrating the leaf colour chart for need based fertilizer nitrogen management in different maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes

Large field to field variability restricts efficient fertilizer N management when broad based blanket recommendations are used in maize (Zea mays L.). To achieve higher yields and to avoid nitrogen (N) deficiency risks, many farmers apply fertilizer N in excess of crop requirement in maize. Field experiments were conducted for five years (2005–2009) to establish and evaluate threshold leaf colour to guide in-season need based fertilizer N topdressings in four maize genotypes. Colour (of the first top maize leaf with fully exposed collar) as measured by comparison with different shades of green colour on a leaf colour chart (LCC) and maize grain yield was significantly correlated. The Cate–Nelson plot of chlorophyll (SPAD) meter/leaf colour chart values against relative grain yield of 0.93 for the experiments conducted during first two years indicated that LCC shade 5 during vegetative growth stages and LCC shade 5.5 at silking stage (R1) can guide crop demand driven N applications in maize. Evaluation of the established threshold leaf greenness during the next three years revealed that fertilizer N management using LCC 5 starting from six-leaf (V6) stage to before R1 stage resulted in improved agronomic and N recovery efficiency in different maize genotypes. There was no response to fertilizer N application at R1 stage. The study revealed that in maize, fertilizer N can be more efficiently managed by applying fertilizer N dose based on leaf colour as measured by LCC than blanket recommendation.     

Evaluation of the SPAD Value in Faba Bean (Vicia fabaL.) Leaves in Relation to Different Fertilizer Applications

Abstract

The correlations of the reading of a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) with the chlorophyll and N contents of leaves of two faba bean (Vicia fabaL.) cultivars, Japanese (Ryousai-issun) and Egyptian (Cairo 241), were examined. The SPAD readings positively correlated (ρ<0.01) with the chlorophyll contents and the r² values were 0.99 and 1.00 for Ryousai-issun and Cairo 241, respectively. A close linear relationship (ρ0.001) was observed between SPAD reading and total leaf N content at the pod development stage of faba bean plants with r² = 0.88 and 0.99 for Ryousai-issun and Cairo 241, respectively. The SPAD reading was the highest in the 2^nd to 4^th leaves counted from the top (the youngest fully expanded leaves). The changes in leaf chlorophyll content of both cultivars from 3 weeks after transplanting to the ripening stage showed an incomplete “M” type curve. SPAD readings were significant¬ly higher in Ryousai-issun than in Cairo 241 throughout the growth season. Organic fertilizers application improved faba bean plant growth. These results suggest that the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter can be used to measure chlorophyll and nitrogen contents of faba bean leaves for quick screening faba bean genotypes.     

Effect of Leaf Phosphorus and Potassium Concentration on Chlorophyll Meter Reading in Rice

Abstract

Chlorophyll meter (SPAD) is a convenient tool to estimate leaf nitrogen (N) concentration of rice plants. There is no information on the effects of leaf phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentration on SPAD readings and on the relationship between SPAD values and leaf N concentration in the literature. In 1996 dry season, cv IR72 was grown at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) under various N, P and K fertilizer combinations. SPAD measurements were made on the topmost fully expanded leaves at mid-tillering and panicle initiation. The leaves were then detached, dried and analyzed for N, P and K. The SPAD values were highly correlated with leaf N concentration (r = 0.93 to 0.96). Fertilizer-K application did not affect SPAD values, leaf N concentration, or the relationship between the two. Phosphorus deficiency reduced leaf N concentration at mid-tillering, but increased leaf N concentration at panicle initiation when the same amount of N was applied. The SPAD values were 1 to 2 units greater for zero-P plants than P-treated plants at a given leaf N concentration at mid-tillering. At panicle initiation, the relationship between SPAD values and leaf N concentration was not significantly affected by leaf P status. These results suggest that a different regression equation between SPAD values and leaf N concentration should be used to estimate leaf N concentration of P-deficient and P-sufficient rice leaves at vegetative stage using a SPAD.