黄河三角洲地区苜蓿生态适应性研究

本文研究了不同苜蓿品种在黄河三角洲地区的生态适应性。结果表明,该地区紫花苜蓿的根系主要分布于０￣３０ｃｍ土层,因受到潜水水位及盐分的影响,主根被伤害从而诱导侧根发育是苜蓿适应该地区的主要特征之一。根系对降低表层土壤含盐量及有机质和全氮含量的增加有明显效果。当地地方品种无棣苜蓿对降低土壤离子含量的程度各异,对降低ＣＯ３＾２－、Ｃｌ＾－、ＳＯ４＾２－和Ｎａ＾＋含量的作用明显,对ＨＣＯ３＾－、Ｃａ＾２＋     

不同苜蓿地方品种根系发育能力的评价与筛选

运用Ｖｉａｎｄｓ（１９８８）的方法评价了我国１０个苜蓿地方品种根系发育能力的强弱，结果表明，无棣和准噶尔苜蓿侧根发育能力较强，淮阴苜蓿主根直径增粗能力增高，关中，肇东，陇东和新疆大叶苜蓿的根系发育能力处于中等水平，天水，敖汉和北疆苜蓿对伤害主要根的抗性相对较弱，主根被切断后，侧根大多发生于主根以下０～１ｃｍ区域内，主根被切断处会产生１～２条侧根以代替生根的部分功能，但这些侧根不具有原有主根的生长优     

18个苜蓿品种根系特征及与地上生物量关系的研究

对播种当年18个苜蓿品种材料根系特征和地上生物量进行了研究,分析苜蓿根系特征和地上生物量的相关性,探讨苜蓿根系特征对地上生物量的影响,结果表明:单株地上部干重以中苜1号最大,以呼盟黄花苜蓿最小;不同类型苜蓿根系形态指标差异明显;利用根系特征的10个指标对18个实验材料进行聚类,可分为4类;株高与分枝数、芽数呈负相关,地上部干重与根颈直径、主根直径、侧根直径、侧根数、根干重极显著相关,与入土深度呈显著相关;根据根系形态指标对地上生物量的主成分分析表明,根颈直径、主根直径、侧根数、分枝数、根干重对其影响最大;建议在苜蓿选种时,选取根颈直径大、入土深度深、主根长度长、侧根直径大、侧根发达、根干重重的材料。     

大针茅草原地上最高生物量与土壤贮水量的相关分析

本文通过对半干旱草原大针茅群落最高地上生物量与土壤贮水量之间的相关分析认为，６月中旬至８月初是土壤水分影响年度最高生物量形成的一个重要时期，６月底以前与７月初以后土壤水分对地上最高生物量形成可能具有一定的互补作用。０～３０ｃｍ和０～４０ｃｍ土层内的水分对地上生物形成具有较重要的意义。     

放牧强度对新麦草土壤氮素分配及其季节动态的影响

通过不同放牧处理对新麦草人工草地土壤氮素分配及其在生长期间的动态研究。结果表明,０～３０ｃｍ土层全氮量月均值的顺序为对照〉重牧〉轻牧〉中牧（Ｐ〈０．０１）。放牧强度对铵未形成显著影响（Ｐ〉０．０５）。０～３０ｃｍ土层随着放牧强度的增加,硝态氮量逐渐增加。放牧区净可矿化氮量大于对照区,其中以中度放牧区最高。０～３０ｃｍ土层土壤微生物生物量氮的顺序为重牧〉对照〉中牧〉轻牧（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

种草改良江苏滨海盐土效果的研究

为寻求江苏滨海盐土改良的最佳途径，１９９０￣１９９３年在竹港垦区进行了种草改土研究。结果表明，土壤有关性状种草比不种草有显著改善。种草第四年表层土（０￣５ｃｍ）盐分下降０．２％（绝对值，下同），土壤容量下降０．１３￣０．２５ｇ／ｃｍ＾３，孔隙率增加５￣８％，耕作层增厚５￣７ｃｍ，〉０．２５ｍｍ团聚体增加１０￣２０％，有机质增加０．３％，全氮增加０．０３％，微生物总数增加３￣１４倍，生物活性显著提高     

放牧强度对新麦草人工草地氮素在牧草与土壤中的分配和动态的影响

本文研究放牧强度对新麦草草地氮素在牧草和土壤中的分配与季节动态。结果表明,草地氮素贮量在０￣３ｃｍ土层为每平方米６６３．５￣９８３．４,其中７０％集中于０￣２０ｃｍ。土壤氮素随着时间的变化沿有显著差异。中度放牧可提高牧草对氮素的利用率。随着土层的加深,氮素呈“Ｔ”型分布,其中以中度放牧最为明显。随着放牧强度的增强,表层氮素的积累增多,以对照区土壤氮素的含量最高,重牧区次之,中牧区最低（Ｐ〈０．０５     

梭梭根系的研究

研究内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿左旗吉兰泰地区天然梭梭根系形态特征与生长状况,选取不同龄级标准木,采用全根挖掘法观察根系形态特征、风干称重法计算地上与地下生物量、烘干法(105℃)测定不同深度土壤含水量。结果表明:梭梭垂直根系发达,具有迂回生长的特点;侧根少,水平根系主要分布在50～100cm土层;不同树龄梭梭根系生物量占总生物量的比重变动为35%～40%;梭梭土壤水分稳定层为40～100cm,该层土壤含水量为2%～3%。此外,还对梭梭根长与树高、地下与地上生物量关系进行了研究。     

河西走廊盐渍区几种草地盐分动态的研究

对碱茅及芦苇等几种主要草地盐分动态及其影响因素的研究表明，土壤盐分在剖面中随深度降低迅速下降，自然条件下盐分运动的活跃层为０～４０ｃｍ土层，灌水及植被均可加深盐分运动活跃层。春秋两季及植被收割后土壤积盐，其余季节则处于脱盐状况。地下水位深度，植被覆盖度及气象因素是影响土壤盐分动态的主要因子。     

新开垦耕地盐碱土壤的改良措施

土壤酸碱度是土壤的重要化学指标之一。土层中含有过多的可溶性盐碱不但直接影响土壤的养分转化和供应,还会影响作物的生长发育及土壤有毒物质的转化分解,严重时影响土壤的缓冲性,从而影响肥力。甘肃省肃南县祁丰乡天生场新开垦耕地碱性较严重,严重危害着农作物的生长,其主要原因是盐分浓度高,根毛细胞里的水分反渗出去,造成根系干缩,地上部分萎蔫,严重的整株死亡,有些盐分还对作物有毒害作用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.