甜菜硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶偶联调节的研究

以甜菜二倍体品种双丰八号为试材,研究不同的氮素形态及其配比对甜菜硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性以及甜菜块根总氮含量和蔗糖含量的影响,探讨氮素与NR及NiR之间的偶联关系。结果表明,在甜菜整个生育期间,NR、NiR活性呈双峰曲线变化,变化趋势基本一致二者偶联关系明显。块根总氮含量呈双峰曲线变化,与NRA、NiRA具有显著或极显著正相关;蔗糖含量呈单峰曲线变化,与总氮含量曲线大致互补。     

氮磷钾对甜菜硝酸还原酶与亚硝酸还原酶的影响

以当前甜菜生产主栽品种KWS0143为试材,采用"3414"试验设计,探讨了氮磷钾肥对甜菜硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性的影响,及2种酶活性与甜菜产、质量的关系。结果表明,在甜菜生育期间,2种酶活性基本呈双峰曲线变化;随着施氮水平的升高,酶活性增强;磷肥与酶活性在生育中期呈显著或极显著正相关关系;硝酸还原酶活性在甜菜生育中前期、后期与产量、产糖量表现显著或极显著正相关关系,亚硝酸还原酶活性在甜菜生育中期与产量、产糖量正相关关系达到极显著水平。酶活性与含糖率则一直保持着负相关关系。     

大豆硝酸还原酶活性及其与施氮关系的研究

以绥农14为材料,利用框栽、砂培和15 N标记的方法,研究了大豆硝酸还原酶（NR）活性及其与施氮水平的关系。结果表明：框栽试验中大豆叶片NR活性随生育进程的推进大体上呈单峰曲线变化,营养生长阶段叶片NR活性较低,进入生殖生长期后逐渐升高,并于盛花期前后达到峰值,随后呈逐渐下降趋势;施氮水平对NR活性有明显影响,营养生长...     

施氮水平对优质小麦旗叶光合特性和子粒生长发育的影响

通过对两个优质小麦品种不同施氮量的比较试验,研究了氮素水平对优质小麦生育后期旗叶光合特性和子粒生长发育特点及产量的影响。结果表明,强筋小麦8901施氮量在N.1203～60.kg/hm2范围内,旗叶光合速率、蔗糖含量、淀粉含量和粒重都表现为随施氮量的增加而降低。弱筋小麦SN1391施氮量在N.1202～40.kg/hm2的范围内,上述指标和施氮量呈正相关,但当氮肥用量增加到360.kg/hm2时,则迅速降低。研究还表明,两优质小麦都表现为随施氮量的增加叶绿素含量提高,但过高氮肥用量又使其降低;旗叶叶绿素含量和其光合速率之间相关不显著;旗叶光合速率和粒重之间存在正相关。     

秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对农田棕壤微生物生物量碳氮及酶活性的调控效应

如何有效运筹秸秆还田与氮肥施用，研发高效节氮秸秆还田技术，是目前东北地区农业生产中亟待解决的问题。基于田间定位试验，研究不同秸秆还田方式（秸秆不还田、秸秆粉碎翻压还田、秸秆堆腐旋耕还田）与施氮水平（180、210、240 kg N/hm2）运筹对土壤微生物量碳氮和氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明，与秸秆不还田相比，秸秆还田处理土壤MBC、MBN、MBC/MBN和脲酶活性均显著增加，硝酸还原酶活性无规律性变化。随着生育时期推进，秸秆还田处理土壤MBC和MBN分别呈现单峰和双峰曲线变化，脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性均呈波动式变化，高峰期均出现在春玉米旺盛生长期（拔节期 ~ 灌浆期）。随着施氮水平增加，秸秆还田处理土壤MBC、MBN均增加，MBC/MBN降低，而脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性变化行为因秸秆还田方式而异。在保证氮肥总量不变前提下，秸秆粉碎翻压还田配以15％氮肥后移能够增加土壤MBC和MBN，降低MBC/MBN。综上，在东北农业产区，秸秆粉碎翻压还田 + 210 kg N/hm2 + 15％氮肥后移的秸秆还田技术模式具有优化氮素管理、提高土壤肥力的潜力。     

氮肥对新疆棉花产量形成期叶片光合特性的调节效应

在新疆生态条件下,采用裂区设计研究了氮肥用量对棉花产量形成期叶片光合特性的调节效应。结果表明,适量追施氮肥在一定程度上可以改善叶片光合性能,提高植株生育后期叶片叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性;维持叶片较高的PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ光化学最大效率(Fv/Fm);提高中下部叶片的光合速率,延缓了叶片衰老,保证了棉花生育后期光合产物的形成,从而使棉花达到高产。这种调节效应因品种和生育时期的不同而异。新陆早6号在盛铃前期叶片叶绿素含量、NR活性、光合速率及Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm随氮肥用量增加而增加,盛铃后期至吐絮期叶绿素含量、Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm、叶片光合速率等指标均以中氮处理(300.kg/hm2)最高,高氮处理易造成植株盛花期生长过旺,群体荫蔽,影响了叶片光合作用;新陆早7号中氮处理与高氮处理之间差异不明显。因此,生产上应根据不同品种和生育时期进行合理施肥,避免因施肥不当造成产量下降和浪费肥料。     

氮素形态对半夏生长及生物碱和总有机酸累积的影响

研究氮素形态对半夏光合特性、相关酶活性、总生物碱及总有机酸累积的影响,为半夏氮肥的合理施用提供依据。采用无土栽培方法栽培半夏,测定同一氮素水平不同氮素形态处理下,半夏叶片叶绿素含量、相关光合参数、硝酸还原酶（NR）活性、硝态氮含量、块茎中总生物碱及总有机酸含量。结果表明:半夏叶片光合色素含量随铵硝比增大呈先升后降趋势;铵硝比为75∶25时,叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量最高;铵硝比为25∶75,叶绿素b含量最高,同时,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率达最大值;随着NO3--N比例降低,NR活性整体呈现下降趋势;块茎总生物碱含量,全硝营养下含量最高,随着NO3--N比例降低,呈现降低趋势;而随着NH4+-N比例增加,半夏块茎中总有机酸呈现上升的趋势。结论:铵态氮、硝态氮复合施用有利于半夏的生长,较高硝态氮比例有利于总生物碱的积累,较高铵态氮比例有利于总有机酸的累积。     

施肥制度对川中丘陵区玉米不同生育期土壤反硝化酶活性的影响

通过对川中典型紫色土区玉米坡耕地进行不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施有机肥(OM)、NPK肥配施(NPK)、有机肥+NPK肥配施(OMNPK)和秸秆+NPK肥配施(RSDNPK)6种施肥处理,测定了玉米拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期土壤硝酸还原酶(NR)、亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)和羟胺还原酶(HyR)活性。结果表明,在玉米拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期,N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和RSDNPK处理均提高了土壤NR、NiR和HyR活性,且RSDNPK和OMNPK处理的效果最好。这表明,秸秆+NPK肥配施和有机肥+NPK肥配施能有效提高紫色土区坡耕玉米地土壤NR、NiR和HyR活性,能有效提高作物对氮元素的利用率。     

氮素水平对甜菜功能叶片光合特性的影响越

采用甜研七号(偏高糖型)和甜研八号(偏丰产型)甜菜作为试材,在5个氮素水平(0、60、120、180和240kg/hm2)下,研究了甜菜功能叶片(第15片真叶)在生育进程中和不同叶龄下的叶绿素含量、光合特性的变化动态及其对块根产量、含糖率及产糖量的影响。结果表明：随着生育进程,叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)等光合特性指标均为单峰曲线变化,在叶片完全展开后第21天达到最大值,而后逐渐降低,2个品种均表现为这一趋势。单一叶龄(以21d叶龄为例)在0~120kg/hm2施氮水平下,叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)随施氮量增加而增加,过量施氮则增长不显著。在生育进程中,叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)同块根产量均表现为极显著正相关。以甜研七号为例,相关系数分别为R=083**和R=093**;同产糖量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为R=085*、R=086*;蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)同产质量的相关性基本与光合速率(Pn)相同,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)则与其他光合特性指标均呈极显著负相关;21d叶龄下,两品种的叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)同块根产量均表现为显著正相关或极显著正相关。     

氮对日光温室黄瓜呈味物质、硝酸盐含量及产量的影响

为了探讨氮肥用量与日光温室黄瓜风味品质及产量的关系,采用单因素试验设计,在日光温室条件下研究了氮素水平对新泰密刺黄瓜主要呈味物质和硝酸盐含量及其相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,在0～900.kg/hm2范围内,随着施氮量的增加,黄瓜果实中可溶性糖和Vc含量逐渐降低,有机酸、单宁及硝酸盐含量逐渐增加。黄瓜果实可溶性糖含量与其叶片的蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性、Vc含量与过氧化物酶(APX)活性及硝酸盐含量与硝酸还原酶(NR)活性有较明显的相关性,叶片SPS、APX和NR活性均显著大于果实的。不同氮水平下日光温室黄瓜产量差异较大,N300和N600显著高于N0,而N900则较明显低于N0。在本试验土壤肥力条件下,施氮不宜超过600.kg/hm2。     

Nitrogen-Metabolizing Enzymes: Effect of Nitrogen Sources and Saline Irrigation

Abstract

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. cv. RH-30) was grown under different types and levels of nitrogen (N) sources, i.e. nitrate, ammonical, and nitrate plus ammonical, at 40, 80, and 120 kg ha^{? 1} under green house conditions. The plants were salinized with 8 and 12 dSm^{? 1} at 35 and 55 days after sowing. A progressive inhibition of the activity of enzymes of N metabolism, i.e., nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), was observed with increasing level of salinity. However, the magnitude of such reductions was lowest at the highest level of N (120 kg ha^{? 1}) as compared with the lowest level (40 kg ha^{? 1}) irrespective of N source. The activity of nitrate-assimilating enzymes (NR and NiR) was maximum with nitrate fertilizer, and minimum with the ammonical form. The alleviation of detrimental effects of salinity on NR and NiR was better with the highest level of N (120 kg ha^{? 1}) in nitrate form as compared with the lowest level of N (40 kg ha^{? 1}). In contrast, the maximum activity of ammonium-assimilating enzymes (GS, GOGAT, and GDH) was observed with the highest level of N (120 kg ha^{? 1}) and the minimum with the nitrate form of N under salinity. These results indicate that despite the high salinity, an increase in the concentration and uptake of N stimulates the activities of nitrate-assimilating enzymes (NR and NiR) as well as of the ammonia-assimilating enzymes (GS, GOGAT, and GDH).     

水分胁迫下氮素对分蘖期小麦某些生理特性的影响

本研究结果表明 :水分胁迫且充足供氮时 ,叶片硝酸还原酶活性降幅较小 ;水分胁迫且不供氮时 ,硝酸还原酶活性几乎检测不出。水分胁迫下叶片可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素含量均低于对照 ;根系活力在水分胁迫下均升高 ,根系还原活性在水分胁迫下显著降低。在小麦分蘖期 ,水分胁迫使根系的分布范围增大 ;氮素供给充足时 ,水分胁迫使根系干物质积累增多 ;但水分胁迫下使地上干物质积累降低 ,不供氮处理降幅更大。分蘖期的水分胁迫导致小麦收获期株高显著低于对照处理 ,不供氮处理更是明显 ;根系、地上干物质积累低于对照水平 ;不供氮处理降幅极大。分蘖期水分胁迫处理影响小麦的产量     

Salicylic Acid–Induced Growth and Biochemical Changes in Salt‐Stressed Wheat

The interactive effect of salicylic acid and sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. ‘Inqlab’ (salt‐sensitive) and cv. ‘S‐24’ (salt‐tolerant) was studied in a sand‐culture pot experiment in a net house. Wheat seeds soaked in water and 100 ppm salicylic acid solution for 6 h were sown in sand salinized with 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl. Pots were irrigated with quarter‐strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. Fourteen‐day‐old seedlings were harvested, and growth parameters (leaf and root length, leaf and root dry weight) were recorded. Chlorophyll a and b content; soluble sugar (reducing, nonreducing, and total sugars) content; nitrate (NR) and nitrite reductase activity (NiR); soluble proteins, and total soluble amino acid content of fresh leaves were determined. Sodium chloride salinity significantly reduced growth parameters. Salicylic acid treatment alleviated the adverse salinity effect on growth. Salinity decreased the chlorophyll a and b content and chlorophyll a/b ratio in both varieties, but a decrease in the chlorophyll a/b ratio was less in salt‐tolerant wheat variety (‘S‐24’), which could be a useful marker for selecting a salt‐tolerant variety. Salinity (NaCl) stress considerably increased the accumulation of reducing sugars, nonreducing sugars, and total soluble sugars in leaves of 14‐day‐old wheat seedlings of both varieties. The salt‐tolerant variety (‘S‐24’) accumulated a higher sugar content, which also could be a useful marker for selecting a salt‐tolerant variety for slat‐affected areas. Salinity caused a reduction in nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activity. The salt‐tolerant variety (‘S‐24’) showed resistance to a decrease of nitrate reductase activity under salinity. This could be a useful criterion for selecting salt‐tolerant varieties. In response to salinity, wheat seedlings accumulated soluble proteins and amino acids, which might reflect a salt‐protective mechanism.     

Effects of Molybdenum,Nickel, and Nitrogen Sources on the Mineral Nutrition and Growth of Rice Plants

Upland rice plants, cultivar ‘IAC 202,’ were grown in nutrient solution until full tillering. Treatments consisted of ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea (UR) as nitrogen (N) source plus molybdenum (Mo) and/or nickel (Ni): AN + Mo + Ni, AN + Mo ? Ni, AN ? Mo + Ni, UR + Mo + Ni, UR + Mo ? Ni, and UR ? Mo + Ni. The experiment was carried out to better understand the effect of these treatments on dry‐matter yield, chlorophyll, net photosynthesis rate, nitrate (NO₃ ^?‐N), total N, in vitro activities of urease and nitrate reductase (NR), and Mo and Ni concentrations. In UR‐grown plants, Mo and Ni addition increased yield of dry matter. Regardless of the N source, chlorophyll concentration and net photosynthesis rate were reduced when Mo or Ni were omitted, although not always significantly. The omission of either Mo or Ni led to a decrease in urease activity, independent of N source. Nitrate reductase activity increased in nutrient solutions without Mo, although NO₃ ^?‐N increased. There was not a consistent variation in total N concentration. Molybdenum and Ni concentration in roots and shoots were influenced by their supply in the nutrient solution. Molybdenum concentration was not influenced by N sources, whereas Ni content in both root and shoots was greater in ammonium nitrate–grown plants. In conclusion, it can be hypothesized that there is a relationship between Mo and Ni acting on photosynthesis, although is an indirect one. This is the first evidence for a beneficial effect of Mo and Ni interaction on plant growth.     

施氮对夏玉米碳氮代谢及穗粒形成的影响

以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同施氮水平下玉米产量、产量构成、粒数形成关键期植株体的碳氮代谢及碳氮代谢的关键酶进行了研究。结果表明,氮肥对玉米产量的影响主要体现在对穗粒数、穗粒重的影响上。施氮量为180.kg/hm2时,显著促进玉米穗粒数、穗粒重的增加;施氮量增加至240.kg/hm2时,促进作用下降。施氮明显促进大喇叭口期至灌浆期植株体的碳氮代谢,使碳氮代谢的关键酶硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性提高,增强光合产物的积累和运输,从而满足生殖生长的需求,促进穗粒数的形成,提高产量。在抽丝前供氮充足的前提下,抽丝期施氮对增产意义不大。     

Nitrate nitrogen and nitrate reductase activity in Verna lemon tree leaves

The determination of the leaf nitrate concentration, as well as the nitrate reductase activity have been proposed as a parameters for the estimation of the nitrogen requirements of citrus plants. Because this, it is interesting to dispose of a well criteria for their suitable diagnosing. On nutritionally normal Verna lemon trees we study the annual evolution of the leaf nitrate levels as well as the nitrate reductase activities. At the same time, the cause of the nitrogen alterations induced by iron chlorosis are determined. The results show that is the ferredoxin the iron compound responsible of this nitrogen unbalance.     

硫磺与水杨酸配施对韭菜硝酸盐累积及氮代谢的影响

以3年生韭菜为试验材料,研究了不同浓度的硫磺（S,土施）和3 mmol/L水杨酸（SA,叶面喷施）配施对韭菜硝酸盐含量、氮代谢关键酶活性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,韭菜鲜重、硝酸盐含量、硝酸还原酶活性（NRA）、PSII 最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）、电子传递速率（ETR）和可溶性蛋白含量均与硫磺和水杨酸的配施浓度有密切关系,与对照相比,7.2 kg/hm2的硫和 3 mmol/L 的水杨酸配施处理韭菜叶片的硝酸盐含量明显降低,降幅为16.6%;鲜重、NRA、Fv/Fm、ETR和可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了10.7%、12.3%、10.1%、21.2% 和 4.2%;谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶（GOT）和谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（GPT）活性却随着硫浓度的增加呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,当硫浓度为 54 kg/hm2 时,GOT和GPT的活性达到最高,分别比对照增加了13.6% 和 9.4%。由此可以看出,适宜浓度的硫磺和水杨酸配施可促进韭菜叶片氮代谢中硝酸盐的还原与同化,同时调动转氨作用的积极协同配合,促进了硝态氮转化为游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白,这可能是硫磺和水杨酸配施降低韭菜硝酸盐累积的一个重要原因。     

玉米硝酸盐累积及其在适应持续低氮胁迫中的作用

旱地作物吸收氮素的主要形态是硝酸盐,硝酸盐的积累与再利用对植物适应低氮土壤环境具有重要意义。本试验利用两个硝酸盐累积能力不同的玉米自交系478（硝酸盐积累低）和W312（硝酸盐积累高）为研究材料,研究玉米的硝酸盐累积及其在适应持续低氮胁迫中的作用。结果表明,W312的硝酸还原酶活性和NR基因的表达都弱于478,而体内氨基酸含量显著较低。对一个可能与液泡膜硝酸盐转运有关的氯离子通道蛋白基因（ZmCLC）的表达分析发现,478的ZmCLC表达显著强于W312。说明W312硝酸盐积累能力强主要是由于其较弱的氮同化能力,而不是硝酸盐向液泡的运输能力强。在砂培体系并持续缺氮条件下,W312叶绿素含量（SPAD值）显著高于478,表明植株体内较高硝酸盐累积有助于W312适应持续缺氮的土壤环境。