应用小白鼠代替鸡对禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检的研究

为寻找其他有效的禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗的效检方法,应用小白鼠代替本动物鸡对禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检.结果表明,小白鼠免疫时体重15～18 g,疫苗免疫剂量0.3 mL/只,免疫10 d后攻毒,攻毒时体重20～25 g,攻毒剂量5～9 CFU/只时,可代替本动物鸡对禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检,判定标准为免疫组8/10以上保护,对照组5/5死亡为合格.本效检方法可缩短检验期限7 d,降低检验成本,具有敏感、特异、客观、简便等特点.     

禽霍乱与大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶二联灭活疫苗的研究

为研制绿色环保型的禽霍乱与大肠杆菌病多价二联灭活疫苗,本研究以禽多杀性巴氏杆菌强毒株G48-1、G48-2和禽致病性大肠杆菌常见血清型01/0154、02/086、078、018、08/093等为制苗菌株,分别以改良马丁琼脂和马丁肉汤进行固体表面培养和高密度发酵培养制备抗原,将灭活的抗原铺以具有广谱生物学活性的天然物质-蜂胶为免疫增强剂,已拥有完全自主知识产权的纳米蜂胶疫苗制造工艺技术平台制备禽霍乱与大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶二联灭活疫苗.试验结果表明,疫苗安全可靠,无明显的干扰现象,免疫后5～7 d产生坚强保护力,对禽霍乱和鸡大肠杆菌病的近期保护率均为100%.以实验动物小鼠代替本动物进行二联疫苗效检取得成功,本效检方法可缩短检验期限7 d,降低检验成本,具有更敏感、更特异、更客观、更简便等特点.禽霍乱采用攻毒法,大肠杆菌采用改良微量凝集试验测定抗体效价法测定禽-大二联疫苗的免疫期与保存期.结果表明,该疫苗的免疫期为6个月以上,-10℃保存期为18个月;4℃～8℃为12个月;15℃～30℃为6个月.田间免疫试验表明,疫苗安全可靠,现场应用已逾2亿羽份,效果良好.     

鸡大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶灭活疫苗研究(I报)——疫苗制备及免疫效力试验

要研究以鸡大肠杆菌常见致病性血清型O_1、O_2、O_(78)3个血清型菌株制备成鸡大肠杆菌多价蜂胶灭活疫苗,以1ml/只免疫1月龄鸡,3周后攻毒保护车100%;每ml含10~(10)菌,10mg蜂胶佐剂的疫苗外观呈深褐,颗粒微小均匀,流动性好,使用方便;固体培养可获得大量抗原,简化浓缩工艺,其免疫效果明显好于液体培养菌疫苗.     

鸡大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶灭活疫苗的研制

导致鸡大肠杆菌病的大肠杆菌血清型复杂,而商品化的鸡大肠杆菌疫苗与各地流行血清型不符,往往造成免疫失败。实践证明,应用流行菌株制备的疫苗,免疫效果更好。本试验以许昌地区流行的具有致病性的O5、O54和O783种优势血清型菌株为制苗菌株,以蜂胶为佐剂,研制了现地多价蜂胶灭活疫苗。经实验室检测,免疫过的鸡群能有效抵抗致病性大肠杆菌的攻击,生长状况良好,蛋鸡产蛋率无影响,大肠杆菌病得到控制,其他疾病的发生率也明显降低。     

鸡大肠杆菌中草药佐剂多价灭活疫苗最小免疫量试验

取10日龄SPF雏鸡,分为两组。通过免疫攻毒试验检测了3个批次的鸡大肠杆菌中草药佐剂多价灭活疫苗的最小免疫量。结果证明,该灭活疫苗的最小免疫量为1/10个预设剂量。     

鸡大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶灭活疫苗研究(Ⅱ报)——疫苗免疫持续期、安全性、保存期试验

以鸡大肠杆菌常见致病性血清型O_1、O_2、O_(78)3个血清型菌株制备5批鸡大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶灭活疫苗,并对其进行免疫持续期、安全性及保存期试验。免疫试验效果表明,5批疫苗近期保护率87.5％～100％,6个月保护率75％～87.5％;成年产蛋鸡在产蛋前2周于始免疫,免疫后3个月和6个月抽样攻毒,3个月保护率100％,6个月保护率87.5％以上。安全性试验证明,14日龄肉鸡0.5ml,40日龄蛋鸡注射1ml/只无临床反应,2ml/只,3ml/只剂量组注射后2～4h,产生临床上一过性反应,不引起鸡死亡。该疫苗在10～20℃条件下保存6个月,4～8℃保存18个月,免疫保护效果80％以上,疫苗久置有沉淀,用时需要充分摇匀。     

鸡大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶灭活疫苗研究（Ⅰ报）——疫苗制备及免疫效力试验

要研究以鸡大肠杆菌常见致病性血清型Ｏ１,Ｏ２,Ｏ７８ ３个血清型菌株制备成鸡大肠杆菌多价蜂胶灭活疫苗,以１ｍｌ／只免疫１月龄鸡,３周后攻毒保护率１００％,每ｍｌ含１０＾１０菌,１０ｍｇ蜂胶佐剂的疫苗外观呈深褐,颗粒微小均匀,流动性好,使用方便;固体培养可获得大量抗原,简化浓缩工艺,其免疫效果明显好于液体培养菌疫苗。     

鸡大肠杆菌多价灭活苗的制备及其效果观察

为了研究大肠杆菌多价灭活苗的制备及其对鸡大肠杆菌病的防治效果,试验以本实验室分离鉴定的海安县6种优势血清型大肠杆菌为苗种,制成多价灭活苗,并应用于临床。结果表明,该苗安全性好,攻毒保护率达100%,免疫保护期达120 d;雏鸡注射0.3 mL/只,成鸡注射0.5 mL/只,可使雏鸡的发病率和死亡率分别降低9.61%和3.08%,成鸡的发病率和死亡率分别降低6.24%和3.01%。     

蛋鸡大肠杆菌多价灭活苗的制备与初步应用

为了研究自制大肠杆菌灭活疫苗的免疫效果,试验对2个蛋鸡场病死鸡病料进行分离鉴定及血清型鉴定,确定为致病性大肠杆菌,血清为O78、O1、O26,用其制备多价油佐剂灭活疫苗,经各项检验合格,以0.5 mL/只的剂量对2个鸡场的成年鸡进行田间试验。结果表明:该疫苗安全可靠,对蛋鸡的产蛋性能无不良影响,免疫后2个鸡场大肠杆菌病死亡率由对照组的2.9%和2.6%分别降至1.2%和1.1%。说明利用分离到的致病性大肠杆菌菌株制备的多价灭活苗安全有效。     

禽霍乱、大肠杆菌病和克雷伯菌病多价蜂胶三联灭活疫苗的研制

利用禽巴氏杆菌C48-1、C48-2强毒株、禽大肠杆菌O78和O1血清型强毒株及克雷伯菌临床分离株制苗,通过疫苗对鸡的免疫效力试验、疫苗最小免疫剂量试验、疫苗产生坚强免疫力时间的测定、疫苗免疫期的测定和疫苗保存期的测定等,研制出禽霍乱、大肠杆菌病和克雷伯菌病多价蜂胶三联灭活疫苗.结果该三联灭活疫苗安全可靠,免疫原性良好,最小免疫剂量为0.5 mL/只,免疫7 d后产生坚强保护力,疫苗对上述疾病的保护率为100%,免疫期为6个月,4 ℃条件下保存期为9个月.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.