中国小麦育成品种和农家种中慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18的分子检测

Lr34/Yr18是重要的慢叶锈和慢条锈基因, 携带该连锁基因的小麦品种被广泛种植于世界许多国家。利用STS标记csLV34对慢叶锈和慢条锈基因Lr34/Yr18进行分子检测的结果表明, 我国231份育成品种(系)中仅有14份材料携带Lr34/Yr18基因, 占6.1%。不同麦区分布频率不同, 其中北部冬麦区为零, 黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区、西南冬麦区和西北春麦区分别为3.0%、21.4%、16.7%和33.3%。在422份农家种中, 359份含有Lr34/Yr18基因, 占85.1%。Lr34/Yr18基因在不同麦区的分布频率也存在差异, 北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区、西南冬麦区、南部冬麦区和西北春麦区分别为89.6%、77.4%、93.1%、93.8%、96.6%和61.1%。csLV34标记扩增产物为150 bp和229 bp的片段, 能有效鉴别品种是否携带Lr34/Yr18基因, 是一个重复性好、准确率高的分子标记, 可用于小麦Lr34/Yr18基因的鉴定与选择。     

用STS标记检测春化基因Vrn-A1在中国小麦中的分布

在证实Vrn-A1春化基因的STS标记与CAPS标记结果一致的基础上,用STS标记检测了全国主要麦区历史上大面积推广和当前主栽的250份品种的春化基因Vrn-A1。结果表明,中国品种Vrn-A1基因平均分布频率为36.8%,不同麦区的分布频率不同,依次为东北春麦区=北部春麦区=西北春麦区（100%）＞新疆冬春麦区（42.9%）＞西南冬麦区（35.3%）＞黄淮冬麦区（19.8%）＞长江中下游冬麦区（17.4%）＞北部冬麦区（3.0%）,这与冬春特性有关。在长江中下游冬麦区和西南冬麦区品种中,Vrn-A1基因分布频率随着时间推移呈降低趋势;在黄淮冬麦区品种中,20世纪50到70年代呈上升趋势,随后呈下降趋势。在年最大推广面积大于66.7万hm²的58份品种中,Vrn-A1基因的频率为27.6%。这些信息有助于改良小麦品种的适应性和提高产量潜力。     

贵州小麦品种(系)中慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18的分子检测

小麦慢锈病是危害小麦生产的重要病害。为了鉴定258份贵州小麦品种(系)中慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18的组成,筛选含慢锈抗性基因Lr34/Yr18的种质资源,本研究利用STS标记csLV 34结合毛细管电泳技术对258份小麦品种(系)中慢锈抗性基因Lr34/Yr18的等位变异进行了分子检测。结果表明:毛细管电泳谱带清晰易读,可根据扩增片段分子量直接判断目标片段有无。STS标记csLV 34可在含有Lr34/Yr18基因的材料中扩增出150 bp片段,部分不含Lr34/Yrl8的材料则扩增出229 bp片段,余下大部分不含Lr34/Yrl8的材料没有扩增出150 bp和229 bp的片段;258份小麦品种(系)中有5份材料扩增出150 bp片段,可能含有Lr34/Yr18基因,占供试材料的1.9%。筛选的这些慢锈抗性种质资源可为今后贵州小麦的慢锈抗病品种选育提供参考。     

四川小麦品种(系)中慢锈基因Lr 34/Yr 18/Pm 38的分子检测

慢锈性基因Lr 34/Yr 18/Pm 38对小麦叶锈病和条锈病都具有广谱持久抗性,为明确该基因在四川小麦品种(系)中的分布,对90份四川小麦品种(系)进行慢锈病基因Lr 34/Yr 18/Pm 38的分子检测。利用与Lr 34/Yr 18/Pm 38基因位点紧密连锁的STS标记cs LV 34和基于该基因第11外显子(exon 11)等位变异开发的4对功能标记cssfr 1、cssfr 2、cssfr 3、cssfr 4检测90份四川小麦品种(系)。结果表明,所检测的90份四川小麦材料中都不含Lr 34/Yr 18/Pm 38位点,功能标记cssfr 1~cssfr 4检测结果与STS标记cs LV 34检测结果一致。结论:四川小麦品种(系)含有Lr 34/Yr 18/Pm 38基因位点的材料较少,在过去育种中,Lr 34/Yr 18/Pm 38基因不被人们重视,没有得到很好的利用。     

1BL/1RS易位系在我国小麦育种中的应用

采用SDS-PAGE和SCAR标记对我国小麦主产区近30年来主要推广品种和新近育成的部分品系共179份进行了1BL/1RS鉴定,结果表明：我国20世纪80年代后育成的小麦品种中约38%为1BL/1RS品种,其中北方冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区频率较高,分别为59%和42%;长江中下游冬麦区和西南冬麦区频率较低,均为20%;东北春麦区未发现1BL/1RS品种。大多     

小麦4B染色体上LOX基因的等位变异及其区域分布

为了解中国不同麦区小麦种质资源籽粒脂肪氧化酶（lipoxygenase,LOX）活性相关基因TaLox-B1的差异和分布,利用小麦4B染色体上的功能标记LOX16和LOX18对7个麦区的436份种质资源进行分子检测。结果表明：在供试材料中共检测到3种TaLox-B1基因等位变异类型,分别为TaLox-B1a（与高LOX活性相关)、TaLox-B1b（与低LOX活性相关）和杂合型,其频率分别为19.0％、70.4％和10.6％。小麦LOX活性基因不同变异类型在各生态区的分布存在明显差异：基因型TaLox-B1a在黄淮冬麦区、北部冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,其比例分别为21.1%、19.8%和17.6%;基因型TaLox-B1b在西南冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,比例分别为87.9%、72.5%;杂合型仅存在于北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区与长江中下游冬麦区,比例分别为14.2%、12.4%和9.8%。利用标记LOX16和LOX18对53个自选高代品系进行分子检测,发现自选品系仅有TaLox-B1b与杂合型两种基因型,其中基因型TaLox-B1ab有32个,比例为60.4%。采用分子标记辅助选择,有利于快速鉴定小麦籽粒LOX活性,加速LOX的遗传改良和新品种选育。     

中国小麦品种穗发芽抗性差异的研究

利用收获时种子发芽率和面粉降落值法，于2000—2002年2个小麦种植年度，研究了黄淮、北部、长江中下游、西南冬麦区和东北春麦区1950年以来的781个主要推广品种和新品系的穗发芽抗性。结果表明，小麦穗发芽抗性测定值在年度间极显著或显著正相关，不同年代小麦品种的穗发芽抗性差异较大。1990年以来育成品种的穗发芽抗性与20世纪80年代相近，但明显弱于50、60以及70年代。黄淮、西南和春小麦3个麦区种子发芽率低于2%的高抗品种数分别占各自麦区供试总数的1.7%、4.5%和5.7%，而长江中下游和北部2个冬麦区的种子发芽率都在10%以上；东北春麦区品种的抗性较强，种子发芽率平均为11.2%。利用等电聚焦电泳从发芽率和降落值均偏低的品种中鉴定出异源2号、蜀万24、蜀万761、陕160、孟县4号、京411、京9428、鉴26、燕大1817、农大45、衡水6404、晋麦5号、8号、鄂麦14和克辉等15个携带迟熟α-淀粉酶基因的品种，分布在5个不同麦区。对这些品种及其亲本进行SSR分子标记分析，发现有些与其亲缘关系密切的品种，却不携带迟熟α-淀粉酶基因。上述结果说明，该基因在我国五大小麦产区均有分布，但具该基因的品种数量少，占供试品种数的1.9%，通过育种程序容易选择出不携带该基因的小麦品种。     

云南小麦品种（系）锈病和赤霉病抗性功能基因的KASP标记检测

利用5个锈病成株期抗性基因的KASP标记Sr2_ger9 3p、Lr34jagger、CSTM4_67G、Lr68-2、VPM_SNP和抗赤霉病基因Fhb1的KASP标记TaHRC-KASP,对云南省育成的42个小麦品种（系）进行检测,旨在筛选出含有目标基因的优异小麦种质,为云南省持久抗病小麦新品种（系）的选育提供材料。结果表明,4个材料含兼抗型成株抗锈病基因Lr34/Yr18/Sr57,频率为9.52%;6个品种（系）含兼抗型成株抗锈病基因Lr67/Yr46/Sr55,频率为14.29%;7个材料含抗慢叶锈病基因Lr68,频率为16.67%;含兼抗型成株抗锈病基因Sr2/Yr30和成株抗叶锈基因Lr37的材料各有1个,频率均为2.38%;未检测出含抗赤霉病基因Fhb1的品种（系）。云麦69、云麦75、云麦56、宜麦1号和宜麦3号等兼有2个成株期抗锈病基因,可作为今后云南持久抗锈病育种的抗源材料。     

小麦穗发芽抗性的4个分子标记有效性检验

为筛选出适宜黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区种植的抗穗发芽白粒小麦品种或种质资源,以36份黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区的主要品种（系）及地方品种为研究对象,对已报道的4个与穗发芽抗性相关的分子标记：Vp1B3、Xgwm155、Xgwm269和Xbarc170进行有效性验证。测定参试材料种子萌发指数（GI）,并用上述4种标记进行PCR扩增,对扩增条带进行统计分析。结果表明,GI值显示,红粒品种（GI均值为5.1%）明显较白粒品种（GI均值为28.0%）低;4种标记扩增出的带型中仅Vp1B3的845 bp片段能有效地区分36份小麦品种(系);GI值筛选出6份抗穗发芽品种（系）中,其中3份为Vp1B3标记鉴定,可作为黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区小麦穗发芽抗性育种中首选基因资源。     

122份小麦品种(系)抗叶锈病基因Lr26、Lr34、Lr38分子标记检测

运用抗叶锈病基因Lr 26、Lr 34、Lr 38的特异性分子标记,对122份小麦品种(系)进行了检测,以明确各品种(系)的抗叶锈性.结果表明:122份供试材料中,含有Lr 26的有33个,含有Lr 34的有3个,含有Lr 38的有37个;同时含有Lr 26和Lr 38的有30个,同时含有Lr 26、Lr 34和Lr 38的有3个.本研究结果可为小麦的抗叶锈育种提供理论参考.     

兼抗型成株抗性小麦品系的培育、鉴定与分子检测

小麦条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病是我国小麦的重要真菌病害,培育兼抗型成株抗性品种是控制病害最为经济有效和持久安全的方法。本研究选用由成株抗性育种方法培育的21份冬小麦高代品系和96份春小麦高代品系,在多个环境下进行这3种病害的成株期抗性鉴定,并利用紧密连锁的分子标记检测了兼抗型基因Lr34/Yr18/Pm38、Lr46/Yr29/Pm39和Sr2/Yr30的分布。田间鉴定表明,21份冬小麦品系中有17份兼抗3种病害,占80.9%;96份春小麦品系中有85份兼抗3种病害,占88.5%。分子标记检测发现,21份冬小麦品系均含QPm.caas-4DL,其中7份还含QPm.caas-2BS,9份还含QPm.caas-2BL;96份春小麦品系中,18份含Lr34/Yr18/Pm38,37份含Lr46/Yr29/Pm39,29份含Sr2/Yr30。以上结果表明,分子标记与常规育种相结合,可有效培育兼抗型成株抗性品种,为我国小麦抗病育种提供了新思路。     

Allelic variation for the rust resistance gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lr34</Emphasis>/<Emphasis Type="Italic">Yr18</Emphasis> in Canadian wheat cultivars

The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) gene Lr34/Yr18 conditions resistance to leaf rust, stripe rust, and stem rust, along with other diseases such as powdery mildew. This makes it one of the most important genes in wheat. In Canada, Lr34 has provided effective leaf rust resistance since it was first incorporated into the cultivar Glenlea, registered in 1972. Recently, molecular markers were discovered that are either closely linked to this locus, or contained within the gene. Canadian wheat cultivars released from 1900 to 2007, breeding lines and related parental lines, were tested for sequence based markers caSNP12, caIND11, caIND10, caSNP4, microsatellite markers wms1220, cam11, csLVMS1, swm10, csLV34, and insertion site based polymorphism marker caISBP1. Thirty different molecular marker haplotypes were found among the 375 lines tested; 5 haplotypes had the resistance allele for Lr34, and 25 haplotypes had a susceptibility allele at this locus. The numbers of lines in each haplotype group varied from 1 to 140. The largest group was represented by the leaf rust susceptible cultivar “Thatcher” and many lines derived from “Thatcher”. The 5 haplotypes that had the resistance allele for Lr34 were identical for the markers tested within the coding region of the gene but differed in the linked markers wms1220, caISBP1, cam11, and csLV34. The presence of the resistance or susceptibility allele at the Lr34 locus was tracked through the ancestries of the Canadian wheat classes, revealing that the resistance allele was present in many cultivars released since the 1970s, but not generally in the older cultivars.     

78份四川小麦育成品种(系)条锈病抗性鉴定与抗条锈病基因分子检测

四川省是小麦条锈菌新小种产生的重要地区之一,了解2016年以来四川小麦育成品种(系)对当前流行的条锈菌生理小种和致病类型的抗性水平以及明确其抗条锈病基因的分布状况,可为四川育种防控小麦抗条锈病和品种布局提供理论依据。本研究选择2个小种CYR32和CYR34对78份四川小麦育成品种(系)进行苗期鉴定,利用当前小麦条锈菌优势小种CYR32、CYR33、CYR34,以及贵22-14、贵农致病类群等混合菌进行成株期人工接种鉴定,并利用19个抗条锈病QTL和基因QYr.nwafu-4BL、Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr36、Yr39、Yr41、Yr48、Yr65、Yr67、Yr78、Yr80和Yr81的分子标记对供试材料进行抗条锈病基因检测。结果表明,在78份供试材料的苗期鉴定中,对CYR32表现出抗性的有60份,占76.92%;对CYR34表现出抗性的有40份,占51.28%;同时对CYR32和CYR34表现抗性的有36份,占46.15%。78份小麦品种(系)在成株期均表现抗条锈病,其中绵麦835、蜀麦1743、蜀麦1829和蜀麦1868表现为免疫。苗期和成株期抗病性鉴定结果表明,成株期抗性材料有42份,占53.85%;全生育期抗性材料有36份,占46.15%。分子检测结果表明,可能携带QYr.nwafu-4BL、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr39、Yr41、Yr65、Yr67、Yr78、Yr80和Yr81的材料分别有5、5、45、2、30、5、30、39、3、2、22、8、23、6和24份。同时携带2~6个抗条锈病基因的聚合材料分别有24、22、11、14和3份,占94.87%。所有供试品种(系)均未检测到Yr5、Yr10、Yr36和Yr48,仅西科麦18未检测到上述19个抗条锈病基因,可能携带其他已知或新的条锈病抗性基因。本研究鉴定了78份四川小麦育成品种(系)对条锈病抗性水平整体较好,明确了其携带的抗条锈病基因,为利用其培育持久抗性小麦品种提供了科学依据。     

Molecular genetics of race non-specific rust resistance in wheat

Over 150 resistance genes that confer resistance to either leaf rust, stripe rust or stem rust have been catalogued in wheat or introgressed into wheat from related species. A few of these genes from the ‘slow-rusting’ adult plant resistance (APR) class confer partial resistance in a race non-specific manner to one or multiple rust diseases. The recent cloning of two of these genes, Lr34/Yr18, a dual APR for leaf rust and stripe rust, and Yr36, a stripe rust APR gene, showed that they differ from other classes of plant resistance genes. Currently, seven Lr34/Yr18 haplotypes have been identified from sequencing the encoding ATP Binding Cassette transporter gene from diverse wheat germplasm of which one haplotype is commonly associated with the resistance phenotype. The paucity of well characterised APR genes, particularly for stem rust, calls for a focused effort in developing critical genetic stocks to delineate quantitative trait loci, construct specific BAC libraries for targeted APR genes to facilitate robust marker development for breeding applications, and the eventual cloning of the encoding genes.     

Stripe rust resistance gene Yr18 and its suppressor gene in Chinese wheat landraces

The slow‐rusting and mildewing gene Yr18/Lr34/Pm38/Sr57 confers partial, durable resistance to multiple fungal pathogens and has its origins in China. A number of diagnostic markers were developed for this gene based on the gene sequence, but these markers do not always predict the presence of the resistant phenotype as some wheat varieties with the gene are susceptible to stripe rust in China. We hypothesized that these varieties have a suppressor of Yr18. This study was undertaken to determine the presence of Yr18, the suppressor and/or another resistance gene in 144 Chinese wheat landraces using molecular markers and stripe rust field data. Forty‐three landraces were predicted to have Yr18 based on the presence of the markers, but had final disease severities higher than 70%, indicating that this gene may be under the influence of a suppressor. Four of these landraces, ‘Sichuanyonggang 2’, ‘Baikemai’, ‘Youmai’ and ‘Zhangsihuang’, were chosen for genetic studies. Crosses were made between the lines and ‘Avocet S’, with further crosses of Sichuanyonggang 2 ×  ‘Huixianhong’ and Sichuanyonggang 2 ×  ‘Chinese Spring’. The F₁ plants of Sichuanyonggang 2/Chinese Spring was susceptible indicating the presence of a dominant suppressor gene. The results of genetic analyses of F_2:3 and BC₁F₂ families derived from these crosses indicated the presence of Yr18, a Yr18 suppressor and another additive resistance gene. The Yr18 region in Sichuanyonggang 2 was sequenced to ensure that it contained the functional allele. This is the first report of a suppressor of Yr18/Lr34/Pm38/Sr57 gene with respect to stripe rust response.