萤光假单胞细菌根部定殖对水培系统中香石竹镰刀菌枯萎病的作用

 本文报道萤光假单胞菌(fluorescent Pseudomas spp.) WCSX 13.WCS 417andWCS 358在水培系统中香石竹根部的定殖及其对香石竹镰刀菌枯萎病的抑制作用。细菌处理两周后,WCS 417在感病品种Lena和中抗品种Pallas根部的定殖分别为8.8×10²cfu/cm和9.8×10²cfu/cm,而WCS 358分别为0.9×10²cfu/cm和0.13×10²cfu/cm。在通气的三角瓶中水培的Pallas品种,人工接种病原菌香竹石尖镰孢Fusarium oxyspotum f.sp.dianthi (Prill.&Del.) Snyd.&Hans.(Fod)6周后,用WCSX·13和WCS 417根部处理的病指分别为0.19和0.31,未细菌处理的对照为0.58,细菌处理植株的根部及茎内组织的病原菌种群密度低于对照。营养膜技术(NFT)栽培的Lena品种,WCS 417细菌处理的发病率比对照减少13%。     

抗枯萎病棉花品种氨基酸分析

 国内外多年的生产实践证明,陆地棉(Gossypium hisutum L.)不同棉花品种抗枯萎病(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp vasinfectum(AtK.) Snyd.et Hansen)的能力差异很大。     

冬瓜与节瓜枯萎病菌专化型鉴定

 节瓜(Benincasa hispida Coga. var. chieh-qua How.)是冬瓜(Benincasa hispida Coga.)的变种,两种瓜在华南地区普遍种植。近年来枯萎病为害严重,一股发病率为20%~30%,严重的达50%~80%而成为毁灭性病害。     

麻黄根腐病病原物的分离及鉴定

 2001年从宁夏麻黄基地采集麻黄根腐病病株样品10份,按照柯赫氏法则对其进行了病原物的分离、纯化、致病性测定及菌株鉴定。结果表明,发病部位分离物中主要优势菌群为镰孢属(Fusarium spp.)。分离物经致病性测定和复合接种试验发现,微胶镰孢Fusarium subglutinans致病性最强,接种后发病株率达60%以上,尖孢镰孢F. oxysporum、半裸镰孢F. semitectum、茄镰孢蓝色变种F. solani var. coeruleum和茄镰孢F. solani致病性弱,接种发病率为10%~20%,它们和微胶镰孢混合接种后的发病率均高于单独接种的发病率,其中微胶镰孢与含尖孢镰孢或半裸镰孢的组合接种发病率高于不含这2种镰孢的组合。病株上获得的其它分离物均无致病性。证实麻黄根腐病是以微胶镰孢为主要病原,并由尖孢镰孢、半裸镰孢和其它几种镰孢复合侵染导致的一种病害。     

江苏水稻旱育秧“黄枯”病原鉴定及致病力研究

 从江苏13个市采集肥床旱育秧"黄枯"标本1030份,分离后获784株菌。经鉴定和致病性测定,752株为致病菌,分属4属11种真菌:(1)镰孢属(Fusarium),占74.0%,有6个种,分别为禾谷镰孢(F.graminearum Schw.)、尖孢镰孢(F.oxysporum Schlecht.)、木贼镰孢[F.equiseti (Corda) Sacc.]、串珠镰孢(F.moniliforme Sheld.)、半裸镰孢(F.semitectum Berk.et Rav.)和雪腐镰孢[F.nivale (Fr.) Ces.],其中禾谷镰孢最多,占病菌总数的25.3%;其次是尖孢镰孢、木贼镰孢和串珠镰孢,分别占16.2%、13.3%和10.2%;而雪腐镰孢仅占1.1%。(2)丝核属(Rhizoctonia),有立枯丝核(R.solaniKühn),占14.6%。(3)平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris),占7.4%,主要是麦根腐平脐蠕孢[B.sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.],占7.0%,而稻平脐蠕孢[B.oryzae (Breda.de Haan) Shoem.]仅为0.4%。(4)腐霉属(Pythium),占4.0%,有瓜果腐霉[P.aphanidermatum (Eds.) Fitzp.]和链状腐霉(P.catenulatum Matth.)。病菌种类及其比例因地区和苗床土类型的不同存在一定差异。接种试验表明,不同病菌致病力和引起的症状类型差异较大。腐霉、禾谷镰孢、串珠镰孢和麦根腐平脐蠕孢引起的发病率均为100%,而半裸镰孢和雪腐镰孢仅40%左右。多数病菌能够引致稻苗的"黄枯",并且茎基部有褐色病斑。引起死苗的主要是腐霉、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和禾谷镰孢,而串珠镰孢往往引起稻苗的徒长或矮化。     

华中五味子锈病菌及其重寄生菌的鉴定

 五味子属植物是我国传统的中药材。五味子春孢锈菌(Aecidium schisandrae J. Y. Zhuang)引起华中五味子(Schisandra sphenanthera)锈病为国内外新报道。该病在四川省雅安市喇叭河自然保护区华中五味子生长地造成严重危害,其病株率91%,病叶率36%,造成叶片枯斑、脱落。华中五味子锈病的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌的自然重寄生率达35.5%,重寄生菌寄生在华中五味子锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子的释放。本文报道了华中五味子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及华中五味子锈菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌的形态特征。     

大叶白蜡树锈病及其重寄生菌研究

 小叶白蜡树锈孢锈菌(Aecidium fraxinibungeanae Diet.)引起大叶白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis var.rhynchophylla Hemsl)锈病为国内新记录。该锈病在我国重要白蜡产区乐山市严重发生,病株率和病叶率分别可达100%和56%,造成叶片病部坏死,病叶脱落,严重影响白蜡产量。大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌在乐山市及雅安市大叶白蜡树锈病菌上寄生很普遍,自然重寄生率达46.8%。重寄生菌寄生在大叶白蜡树锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子(锈孢子)的释放。本文还报道了大叶白蜡树锈病的危害、症状特点、病原形态特征及大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌形态特征。     

不同栽培方式对辣椒采后病害的影响

 比较了覆膜栽培与露地栽培对辣椒潜伏侵染病原菌种类及其在辣椒果实不同部位的分布,辣椒采后果实发病率,采后病害病原菌种类的影响。试验结果证明:覆膜栽培辣椒采前潜伏侵染带菌率比露地栽培降低了7.7倍;辣椒采前潜伏侵染菌在果柄、果蒂、果肉中均有分布,但以果蒂带菌率最高,发病率也以果蒂最高;辣椒贮前表面消毒可以显著降低辣椒采后病害的发生率;辣椒采后病害的病原菌有5种,即镰刀菌(Fusarium Link et Fr.)、交链孢菌(Alternaria alternata)、盘长孢状刺盘孢菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)、蔬菜软腐病菌(Erwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora)和黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus Link),其中主要病原菌为镰刀菌(Fusarium Link et Fr.)、盘长孢状刺盘孢菌(C.gloesporioides)和蔬菜软腐病菌(E.carotovora subsp.carotovora)。具有潜伏浸染特性的只有A.alternata、E.c.subsp.carotovora和C.gloeosporioides。     

水稻叶尖枯病病原种类研究

 从江苏13个县市采集病叶标本,经分离、纯化后获280株菌。据鉴定结果和接种试验,稻生叶点霉(Phyllosticta oryzicola Hara)为主要致病菌,占74.6%。此外,还分离到稻盘多毛孢(Pestalotia oryzae Hara)、链格孢(Alternaria alternata(Fr.) Keissl.)、稻喙孢(Rhynchosporium oryzae Hash.et York.)、苍白弯孢(Curvularia pallescens Boed.)、新月弯孢(C.lunata(Walk.) Boed.)、膝曲弯孢(C.geniculata(Tracy et Earle) Boed.)、镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)、平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris spp.)、稻黑孢(Nigrospora oryzae(Berk.et Br.) Perch)、球黑孢(N.sphaerica(Sacc.) Mason)等真菌。首次以透射电镜观察表明,稻生叶点霉产孢方式为全壁芽生单体式(hb-sol)。     

广州及其附近十字花科蔬菜花叶病毒的鉴定

 广州郊区、新会县荷塘乡及南海县等重要蔬菜栽培区域的无菁(Brassica juncea(L.) Coss.)、芥菜(B.juncea(L.) Coss.)、白菜(B.chinensis L.)、菜心(B.sp)、蘿卜(Raphanus sativus L.)和大白菜(土名绍菜)(B.pekinensis(Lour.) Rupr.)等十字花科蔬菜普遍而严重地感染一种花叶病。     

田七根腐病的病原菌鉴定

 田七根腐病是广东省田七产区一个最重要的病害。在广东韶关引种区都普遍发生,危害相当严重。经对病原菌的致病性测定、交配试验及形态特征观察结果证明,它由腐皮镰孢霉根生专化型(Fusatium solani f.sp.radicicola)为害所致。     

Integrated management of Meloidogyne incognita‐Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri wilt disease complex in chickpea

A field experiment was conducted to study the management of a root‐knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitw. (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)‐wilt inducing fungi, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyd & Hans. f. sp. ciceri (Padwick) Snyd. & Hans. (Moniliales: Tuberculariaceae) wilt disease complex in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). cv. Annegiri. The results indicated that integration of soil solarization (for 6 weeks), VA mycorrhizal fungus (VAM), Glomus fasciculatum inoculation (12g/hill) and seed treatment with carbosulfan (3% w/w) was highly effective in reducing population levels of both pathogens, root‐knotdisease and wilt incidence and in increasing chickpea grain yield significantly. However, seed treatment with carbendazim (0.25% w/w) together with carbosulfan (3% w/w) was not only effective in reducing the wilt disease complex but also economic with an incremental cost: benefit ratio of 1: 2.4.     

壳低聚糖聚合度分析及室内抑菌活性研究

室内用壳聚糖氧化降解法得到了壳低聚糖 ,并采用HPLC方法分析了壳低聚糖的聚合度。结果显示 ,其聚合度分别在 1～12范围内 ,其中单糖占 5.79% ,2～5糖占 38.64% ,6～8糖占 15.29%。采用离体平皿法将获得的壳低聚糖对 17种常见植物病原菌进行抑菌活性测定 ,结果表明 ,壳低聚糖对其中 16种病原菌都有抑制作用 ,且随着浓度提高作用增强。壳低聚糖对土传病害真菌表现出较好的抑制作用 ,其中壳低聚糖对芦笋茎枯病、棉花枯萎病、棉花黄萎病 3种土传病害病原菌的EC₅₀分别为626.78、393.16、854.19μg/mL。     

Foot rot ofCucurbita ficifolia,the rootstock of cucumber,caused byNectria haematococca var.Cucurbitae

In 1962 in the Netherlands a foot rot due toNectria haematococca Berk. & Br. var.cucurbitae (Snyd. & Hans.) Dingley occurred inCucurbita ficifolia, the rootstock of grafted cucumber grown in glasshouses. The Dutch isolates of the pathogen proved to be identical with ones isolated from abroad.C. ficifolia seedlings grown in infested soil showed a foot rot at the base of the hypocotyl when about two weeks, old, after, which the plants soon died off completely. Though the fungus could grow from the rootstock into the cucumber graft, it never showed systemic growth in still living stems. If soil-infestation was only slight,C. ficifolia plants became attacked at a later stage of development. This was in agreement with the dying off of mature cucumbers in the glasshouses at the commencement of cropping. All Cucurbitaceae which were grown in infested soil finally succumbed to the disease. No resistant substitute for theC. ficifolia rootstock was found. Other crops appeared to be resistant. The seed-borne character of the pathogen was demonstrated by injecting fruits with a spore suspension at different developmental stages. When the surviving fruits were harvested, only those inoculated when three to five weeks old contained viable seeds, some of which were infected superficially as well as internally The use of seeds from bruised and infected fruits might have introduced the pathogen into the greenhouses of holdings specializing in selling grafted plants and cucumber seedlings, thousands of which are daily sent all over the country, thus spreading the disease. In recent years this has been avoided by using only seeds from nondamaged fruits and by regularly steaming the soil in which the seedlings are grown.Samenvatting In 1962 en 1963 kwam in Nederland een voetziekte voor bij kaskomkommers, geënt opCucurbita ficifolia-onderstam. De ziekte werd veroorzaakt doorNectria haematococca Berk. & Br. var.cucurbitae (Snyd. & Hans.), Dingley (syn. metHypomyces solani Rke & Berth. emend. Snyd. & Hans. var.cucurbitae Snyd. & Hans.,Fusarium javanicum Koord. var.ensiforme (Wr. & Reinking) Wr. enFusarium solani f.cucurbitae Snyd. & Hans.). De schimmel bleek identiek te zijn met isolaties uit Cucurbitaceae, afkomstig uit andere landen (fig. 1). Zaailingen vanC. ficifolia, opgekweekt in besmette grond, vertoonden ongeveer twee weken na het zaaien een aantasting aan de voet van het hypocotyl, waarna de planten snel volledig afstierven (fig. 2). Ofschoon de schimmel via de entplaats in de komkommer-bovenstam kon doordringen, werd de levende stengel nooit systemisch doorgroeid. Als de grond slechts licht geïnfecteerd werd, bleken planten vanC. ficifolia nog of latere leeftijd aangetast te kunnen worden (tabel 1) Dit is in overeenstemming met het verschijnsel, van het afsterven van komkommers in kassen als de planten juist vrucht gaan dragen.Alle Cucurbitaceae die in besmette grond werden opgekweekt, stierven af. Er werd geen vervanger voor deC. ficifolia-onderstam gevonden die resistent was tegen dezeFusarium. Andere planten die in de kassen gekweekt worden zoals freesia's, bleken resistent te zijn.De schimmel bleek met zaad te kunnen overgaan, hetgeen o.a. aangetoond werd door een groot aantal vruchten van verschillende leeftijd te injiceren met een sporensuspensie (tabel 2). Alleen die welke drie tot vijf weken na de bloei geïnjiceerd waren, bevatten later kiemkrachtige zowel uitwendig als inwendig met de schimmel besmette zaden op die plaatsen waar het vruchtvlees weinig of niet was aangetast (fig. 3 en 4). Het is mogelijk, dat de scimmel door het gebruik van zaad uit gekneusde en besmette vruchten binnengekomen is in de kassen van gespecialiseerde entbedrijven, vanwaaruit dagelijks duizenden enten en zaailingen door het gehele land worden verzonden. Op deze wijze kan de snelle verspreiding van het pathogeen verklaard worden. In latere jaren kon de ziekte vermeden worden door slechts zaden uit gave vruchten voor het opkweken vanC. ficifolia-onderstammen te gebruiken en de grond in de, tabletten geregeld te ontsmetten.

---

Een voetziekte vanCucurbita ficifolia, de onderstam van komkommers, veroorzaakt doorNectria haematococca var.cucurbitae

---

In cooperation withH. A. van der Aa, P. Ketner andW. F. Prud'homme van Reine.     

小杆线虫(Rhabditis sp.)对温室黄瓜根际植物寄生线虫的抑制作用

近年来，随着我国温室黄瓜复种指数的增大，线虫病害日趋严重。植物线虫不仅本身直接危害植物根系，导致黄瓜减产20％～50％，还常诱发一些病菌的侵害。根结线虫（Meloidogyne spp．）是温室黄瓜发生较严重的一种植物线虫，在常规栽培管理条件下，矮化线虫（Tylenchorhynchus spp．）也具有相当高的种群密度。     

香石竹脉斑驳病毒的研究——Ⅰ.病毒的生物学、病理学变化及血清学

 香石竹脉斑驳病毒的寄主范围比较狭窄,只能侵染石竹科、藜科、苋科等几个科中的少数几种植物。昆诺藜和美国石竹是该病毒理想的鉴别寄主和繁殖寄主。病毒粒体为微弯曲的线条状,长790nm,宽12nm,能为国外提供的香石竹脉斑驳病毒抗血清均一包被。该病毒能被桃蚜以非持久性的方式传播,传播效率可达58%。本文还对病组织的超薄切片、病毒侵染组织中的双链RNA、病毒的体外抗性进行了研究。     

AM真菌与西瓜枯萎病关系初探

 在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌Gigaspora rosea Nicol.& Schenck、Glomusmosseae(Nicol.& Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe和Glomus versiforme(Karsten) Berch与西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. niveum)的关系。结果表明,接种AM真菌能促进西瓜植株的生长发育,增加植株干重;显著减少根内和根围土壤中镰刀菌群体数量及其对根系的侵染率;降低枯萎病发病率和病情指数,从而减轻西瓜枯萎病的危害。接种F.oxysporum f. sp. niveum能降低AM真菌对西瓜的侵染率,并且AM真菌与镰刀菌的不同接种时间和顺序影响西瓜枯萎病的发生发展,证实AM真菌与镰刀菌存在竞争关系。另外,AM真菌对西瓜高感枯萎病品种的防治效果优于抗病品种,说明高感品种对菌根的依赖性较大。     

Editorial

Abstract

The major pulse crops in India are gram, pigeon pea, black gram, green gram, lentil and peas. Gram, pigeon pea and pea are attacked by several diseases some of which cause considerable crop damage. Gram is affected mainly by wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.ciceri Matuo and Sato), blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes B. and Blox) and rust (Uromyces ciceris-arietinii (Grogn.) Jacz. &; Boy.). The main diseases of pigeon pea are wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.udum (Butler) Snyd. and Hans.), and sterility mosaic. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC) and rust (Uromyces vicia-fabae (Pers.) Schroet.) are the most important pea diseases. Some diseases of minor importance are described. Details are given of the symptoms, distribution and control of the diseases with particular reference to those of economic importance. Several minor diseases of lentil, green gram and black gram are included.     

杨梅衰弱病根际土壤真菌的定量检测与分析

 杨梅衰弱病在杨梅主产区发生严重,但其成因尚未明确。为明确根际土壤真菌与衰弱病的相关性,本研究以来自仙居、临海和兰溪3个不同地区的健康植株和衰弱植株的根际土壤为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对14种与连作障碍相关的土壤真菌进行了定量检测与分析。结果表明:杨梅根际真菌群体的含量比较丰富;被孢霉属(Mortierella spp.)和轮枝孢属(Verticillium spp.)在发病植株根际的含量均显著高于健康植株,与杨梅衰弱病呈正相关关系;青霉菌属(Penicillium spp.)在发病植株根际的含量显著低于健康植株,与杨梅衰弱病呈负相关关系。本研究建立了杨梅根际土壤真菌的快速检测体系,明确了健康株和衰弱株根际真菌菌群的差异,为杨梅衰弱病的研究和病害防控提供参考。