毛乌素沙地过渡地带土壤水分特征及其植物利用

毛乌素沙地过渡地带沙地生态系统土壤湿度状况随着地貌部位不同而变化。沙丘迎风坡基质流动、背风坡沙埋沙压和丘间低地潜水埋深等控制着沙地土壤水分分布规律 (土壤湿度模式 )和沙地植物利用土壤水分的特点 (沙生植物分布模式 )。沙生植物的水分利用的机制主要体现在如下两个方面 :地上部分的生理生态过程和生物量 :地下部分根系分布及其土壤水环境容量。在沙丘从流动变为固定的过程中 ,固沙林形成后的土壤水分动态和灌木林群落实际蒸腾蒸发规律的关系反映不同植被覆盖、不同密度、不同年份和不同季节水分平衡状况 ,藉以确定合理的土壤水分消耗模式 ,维持固沙林群落的稳定和良性演替。为了提高沙生植物水分利用效率 ,一是从沙生植物本身的生理、生态、遗传特性进行分析研究 ,筛选出耐旱和抗水分胁迫强的品种。乡土灌木树种能有效地使个体和群落恢复 ,但也应注重引种。另一方面则是利用各种抗旱保水新材料最大限度地保存和利用固沙林地的水分以满足植物特别是在春旱期间根系的恢复与生长需要 ,即以吸水剂、保水剂、水分表面活化剂、菌根剂和土壤生物制剂 (例如细菌肥料 )等为原材料的新型抗旱造林技术 ;三是依据沙地水环境容量 ,合理确定各种灌木林的造林密度及其与沙丘发育阶段相应的种群配置格式。     

民勤绿洲人工梭梭林群落结构及种群生态特征

采用野外样方调查方法,分别对生长于民勤绿洲盆地不同立地类型的人工梭梭群落内的物种重要值、多样性等生态特征进行分析,将其划分为3个类型：梭梭-一年生植物群聚、梭梭-一年生植物-灌木群聚和梭梭-灌木群落;分别分布于流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙地上,随着沙地固定程度的增加,人工梭梭群落由梭梭-一年生植物群聚（先锋群落,盖度23%、多样性指数0.26）演替到梭梭-一年生植物-灌木群聚（盖度30%、多样性指数0.34）再演替到梭梭-灌木群落（盖度40%,多样性指数0.60）;在人工梭梭群落演替过程中,人工梭梭种群在不同沙地类型上生长状况不同,沿着流动沙地→半固定沙地→固定沙地为衰退型,这种衰退与土壤水分的含量有关。     

Soil exchangeable base cations along a chronosequence of Caragana microphylla plantation in a semi-arid sandy land,China

As a pioneer leguminous shrub species for vegetation re-establishment,Caragana microphylla is widely distributed in the semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands of the Horqin region,North China.C.microphylla plantations modify organic carbon(SOC),nitrogen(N) and phosphorus dynamics,bulk density and water-holding capacity,and biological activities in soils,but little is known with regard to soil exchange properties.Variation in soil exchangeable base cations was examined under C.microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0,5,10,and 22 years in the Horqin Sandy Land,and at the depth of 0-10,10-20,and 20-30 cm,respectively.C.microphylla has been planted on the non-vegetated sand dunes with similar physical-chemical soil properties.The results showed that exchangeable calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),and potassium(K),and cation exchange capacity(CEC) were significantly increased,and Ca saturation tended to decrease,while Mg and K saturations were increased with the plantation years.No difference was observed for exchangeable sodium(Na) neither with plantation years nor at soil depths.Of all the base cations and soil layers,exchangeable K at the depth of 0-10 cm accumulated most quickly,and it increased by 1.76,3.16,and 4.25 times,respectively after C.microphylla was planted for 5,10,and 22 years.Exchangeable Ca,Mg,and K,and CEC were significantly(P<0.001) and positively correlated with SOC,total N,pH,and electrical conductivity(EC).Soil pH and SOC are regarded as the main factors influencing the variation in exchangeable cations,and the preferential absorption of cations by plants and different leaching rates of base cations that modify cation saturations under C.microphylla plantation.It is concluded that as a nitrogen-fixation species,C.microphylla plantation is beneficial to increasing exchangeable base cations and CEC in soils,and therefore can improve soil fertility and create favorable microenvironments for plants and creatures in the semi-arid sandy land ecosystems.     

陕北毛乌素沙地土壤水分时空变异规律研究

对陕北毛乌素沙地流动、固定、半固定沙丘的土壤水分进行的长期动态观测结果表明,含水量排序为流动沙丘(8.47%)＞半固定沙丘(8.40%)＞固定沙丘(8.39%).沙地含水量随土壤深度的变化存在着分布上的差异,随着深度的增加呈现先增加再减少的趋势,在0～60 cm土层,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘土壤水分含量分别为8.08%、8.00%和8.03%,差异不显著;在60～200 cm土层,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘土壤水分含量分别为8.65%、8.57%和8.53%,差异显著(P>0.05),其中60～140 cm层,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘土壤水分含量分别为8.76%、8.62%和8.54%,差异极显著(P>0.01).固定沙丘、半固定沙丘大部分背风面的土壤含水量高于迎风面的含水量,但在流动沙丘上迎风面的土壤含水量却明显比背风面的高.在沙丘的不同部位含水量也存在差异,土壤含水量坡顶部＜坡中部＜坡底部,在沙丘下部的丘间土壤含水量明显高于丘顶部.另外,沙地水分还受季节变化的影响,具有明显的季节变异性.     

Scale dependence of plant species richness and vegetation-environment relationship along a gradient of dune stabilization in Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China

Ecological patterns and processes in dune ecosystems have been a research focus in recent years, however the information on how dune stabilization influences the spatial scale dependence of plant diversity is still lacking. In this study, we measured the plant species richness, soil properties and altitude across four spatial scales(1, 10, 100 and 1,000 m2) at three different dune stabilization stages(mobile dune, semi-fixed dune and fixed dune) in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China. We also examined the relationships between plant species richness, community composition and environmental factors along the gradient of dune stabilization. Our results showed that plant species richness increased with the increase of spatial scales in each dune stabilization stage, as well as with the increase of dune stabilization degrees. Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) showed that plant distribu- tions in the processes of dune stabilization were determined by the combined environmental gradient in relation to soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN), carbon/nitrogen(C/N), pH, electrical conductivity(EC), soil water content(SWC), fine sand(FS), very fine sand(VFS), silt and clay(SC), and altitude. Plant species richness was significantly and positively correlated to SOC and TN in mobile dune, and significantly and positively correlated to SOC, TN, C/N, VFS and SC in semi-fixed dune. However, no significant correlation between plant species richness and environmental factors was observed in fixed dune. In addition, plant species richness in different dune stabili- zation stages was also determined by the combined gradient of soil properties and altitude. These results suggest that plant species richness has obvious scale dependence along the gradient of dune stabilization. Soil resources depending on dune habitats and environmental gradients caused by dune stabilization are important factors to de- termine the scale dependence of species diversity in sand dune ecosystems.     

辽西北风沙地不同植物群落土壤入渗特性

采用野外双环入渗试验和室内土壤物理性质分析相结合的方法,研究辽西北风沙地不同植物群落(乔木林地、灌木林地、人工草地、荒草地)土壤入渗特征及影响因素。结果表明:不同植物群落的土壤初始入渗率、16min入渗率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量等土壤入渗特征值均表现为荒草地人工草地灌木林地乔木林地;土壤入渗特征值与毛管孔隙度呈显著负相关,与饱和含水量、粉粒含量呈负相关,与土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、砂粒、粘粒含量呈正相关,但未达显著水平。不同植物群落下土壤入渗过程的拟合优度存在差异,Horton模型、G-P综合模型、Philip模型、Kastiakov模型的平均拟合优度依次为0.948、0.896、0.893、0.868,Horton模型相对误差为15.71%~68.61%,可作为辽西北风沙地不同植物群落土壤入渗过程的预测模型;主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序为荒草地人工草地灌木林地乔木林地,初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、16 min入渗率和累积入渗量的主成分方差累积贡献率为99.628%,较好地表达了土壤入渗能力。     

Succession of soil bacterial and fungal communities of Caragana korshinskii plantation in a typical agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China over a 50-a period

Bacterial and fungal communities play critical roles in reestablishing vegetation structure, function and biodiversity in ecosystem restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. However, the long-term successional changes in bacterial and fungal communities that occur with artificial vegetation development are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the successional changes in bacterial and fungal communities in Caragana korshinskii Kom. plantation over a period of 50 a (6, 12, 18, 40 and 50 a) and their relationships with key soil environmental factors in a typical agro-pastoral ecotone, northern China. The results showed that bacterial and fungal diversities (α- and β-diversity) were significantly affected by plantation age; moreover, the change in fungal community was more evident than that in bacterial community. Soil samples from 12 a plantation had the highest (P<0.05) bacterial and fungal α-diversity (i.e., abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and Chao1 index) at 0-10 cm depth compared with other samples. However, soil samples from plantation at the late recovery stage (40-50 a) had the highest α-diversity at 10-20 cm depth. Soil bacterial community was not significantly affected by plantation age at the genus level; but, soil fungal community was significantly affected at the genus level. Overall, Mortierella and Chaetomium were the dominant genera at natural recovery stage (0 a); Inocybe was the dominant genus at the early recovery stage (6-12 a); Inocybe and Mortierella were the dominant genera at the mid-recovery stage (12-40 a); And Mortierella, Cladosporium and Humicola were the dominant genera at the late recovery stage (40-50 a). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that β-glucosidase activity, total nitrogen and soil organic carbon were closely associated with bacterial community composition, while alkaline phosphatase, urease activity and total nitrogen were associated with fungal community composition, indicating that changes in enzyme activity and soil nutrients were the most important determinants of dominant genera. Furthermore, pathogenic microorganisms (Cladosporium and Humicola) were dominant in soils from 40-50 a plantation, which may affect plant growth, resulting in the decline of C. korshinskii plantation. Overall, the findings of this study improve the understanding of ecological patterns of bacterial and fungal communities in artificial vegetation and provide an important scientific basis for comprehensive ecological restoration management in arid and semi-arid areas.     

Changes in diversity,composition and assembly processes of soil microbial communities during Robinia pseudoacacia L. restoration on the Loess Plateau,China

Robinia pseudoacacia L. (RP) restoration has increased vegetation cover in semi-arid regions on the Loess Plateau of China, but ecological problems have also occurred due to RP restoration, such as reduced soil moisture. Further, it is still uncertain how microbial diversity, composition and assembly processes change with RP restoration in semi-arid regions. Therefore, amplicon sequencing of small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genes was performed to study soil bacterial and fungal diversity, composition and assembly processes at four study sites with different stand ages of RP plantations (Y10, RP plantation with stand ages less than 10 a; Y15, RP plantation with stand ages approximately 15 a; Y25, RP plantation with stand ages approximately 25 a; and Y40, RP plantation with stand ages approximately 40 a) along a 40-a chronosequence on the Loess Plateau. The diversity of soil bacteria and fungi increased significantly during the restoration period from 10 to 15 a (P<0.05). However, compared with Y15, bacterial diversity was lower at Y25 and Y40, and fungal diversity remained stable during the restoration period between 25 and 40 a. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Ascomycota increased during the restoration period from 10 to 15 a. Conversely, after 15 a of restoration, they both decreased, whereas the relative abundances of Actinomycetes, Acidobacteria and Basidiomycota gradually increased. The variations in soil bacterial communities were mainly related to changes in soil total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and moisture contents, while soil fungal communities were mainly shaped by soil organic carbon and nitrate nitrogen contents. Bacterial communities were structured by the heterogeneous selection and stochastic process, while fungal communities were structured primarily by the stochastic process. The RP restoration induced an increase in the relative importance of heterogeneous selection on bacterial communities. Overall, this study reveals the changes in microbial diversity, community composition and assembly processes with RP restoration on the Loess Plateau and provides a new perspective on the effects of vegetation restoration on soil microbial communities in semi-arid regions.     

乌兰布和沙漠天然灌丛防风阻沙效益研究

对乌兰布和沙漠封沙育草带内的天然灌丛周围风速及输沙量的野外观测结果表明,天然白刺灌丛沙堆对风沙流具有阻滞作用,风沙流在迎风面受阻堆积,在背风面风速下降40.3~42.1%,并形成低速区,引起沙粒堆积;沙蒿灌丛对2m高处风速没有影响,但可引起灌丛背风面近地表0.5m处风速下降20.5%。灌丛的迎风面存在一个减速区,灌丛顶部及两侧为加速区,灌丛背风面存在一个静风区和一个尾流区。灌丛侧面的输沙量最大,背风面输沙量最小,迎风面2H处输沙量大于1H处,这与各点的风速变化是一致的。对不同盖度沙地的输沙量进行的观测表明,输沙能力随植被盖度的增加而减小,流动沙地输沙量最大,在5.6~9.4m/s风速范围内输沙量为2.25~21.75g,半固定沙地的输沙量次之,为0.32~13.58g,固定沙地最小,为0.06~2.29g。     

绿洲荒漠化及其评价指标体系的初步探讨

针对目前荒漠化评价指标体系中存在的问题，在大量前人工作的基础上，选取位于极端干旱区的民勤绿洲作为研究样区，在对绿洲荒漠化特点及其发生的自然与人为原因分析的基础上，对绿洲沙质荒漠化发生的边界范围，荒漠化评价指标选取原则等问题进行了探讨，最后从灌丛沙堆发育程度，土壤、植被、人为因素，地貌形态及其发育程度等5个方面，提出了一套以地面工作为基础的绿洲沙质荒漠化评价指标体系。     

全新世科尔沁沙地环境演变的初步研究

本文通过科尔沁沙地沙丘剖面及孢粉组合特征的分析研究,建立了该地区风沙活动期和风沙稳定期节律,恢复了风沙稳定期原始自然景观为疏林草原。     

科尔沁沙地几种灌木对根际微生物的影响

通过对科尔沁沙地五种典型灌木(小叶锦鸡儿、小红柳、差巴嘎蒿、达乌里胡枝子和冷蒿)根际与非根际土壤微生物的研究表明,根际土壤微生物数量远高于非根际土壤,差异显著。五种灌木根际细菌和放线菌数量表现为:差巴嘎蒿>小红柳>小叶锦鸡儿>冷蒿>达乌里胡枝子;真菌为:小叶锦鸡儿>小红柳>差巴嘎蒿>达乌里胡枝子>冷蒿。灌木根际细菌所占微生物总数的比例高于非根际,放线菌所占比例较低。五种灌木微生物根际效应R/S:小红柳>冷蒿>差巴嘎蒿>达乌里胡枝子>小叶锦鸡儿。根际效应R/S是比根际微生物数量更好的反映沙地灌木对根际微生物影响的指标,它从根际与非根际两方面综合对土壤进行评价,具有更深刻的研究意义。     

Effects of different plantation types on soil properties after vegetation restoration in an alpine sandy land on the Tibetan Plateau,China

Large areas of Artemisia ordosica Krasch., Caragana korshinskii Kom., and Caragana intermedia Kuang and H. C. Fu plantations were established on moving sand dunes in the Gonghe Basin(northeastern Tibetan Plateau) for vegetation restoration. Elevating our understanding of the changes in soil characteristics after the establishment of different plantation types can be useful in the context of combating desertification. To assess the effects of these plantation types on the restoration of sandy land, we measured soil physical-chemical properties at four depths(0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–50 cm) in each of the three plantation types and also in non-vegetated moving sand dunes(as control sites). Generally, the establishment of A. ordosica, C. korshinskii and C. intermedia plantations on sand dunes has greatly ameliorated soil quality in the Gonghe Basin. Specifically, relative to the moving sand dunes, shrub plantation has increased the silt and clay contents, total porosity and water holding capacity, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents. The calculated soil quality index suggested that in the Gonghe Basin, C. intermedia is the best choice for soil amelioration. In all the three plantation types, soil amelioration mainly occurred in the shallow depths.     

科尔沁沙地不同植物群落土壤呼吸及环境因素分析

对科尔沁沙地固定、半固定和流动沙丘土壤呼吸的日进程、季节变化及其环境因素进行了测定分析.结果表明:1)土壤呼吸速率与植物群落生物量、土壤有机碳、全氮及粘粉粒含量之间存在显著的正相关关系;固定沙丘日平均土壤呼吸速率分别是半固定和流动沙丘的1.18和2.02倍.2)从固定、半固定到流动沙丘,土壤温度及近地表空气温度呈现增加...     

土壤温度和水分对不同类型沙丘土壤呼吸的影响

通过实验室土壤培养试验,测定了不同土壤温度(8,18,28,38℃)和含水量对科尔沁退化沙质草地不同生境(流动沙丘,半固定沙丘和固定沙丘)土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,在8~38℃范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关。在含水量为田间持水量(WFC)的5%~65%范围内,3种类型的土壤呼吸速率随含水量的增加而升高,当超过该范围时,流动沙丘的土壤呼吸速率仍呈上升趋势,而38℃培养条件下的半固定沙丘和18~38℃下的固定沙丘的土壤呼吸速率呈下降趋势。土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互效应,不同类型沙化土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异。温度系数Q10值随含水量的变化为:流动沙丘1.90~2.15,半固定沙丘1.80~2.13,固定沙丘1.82~2.16。     

科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程中植被与土壤退化特征的研究

选择科尔沁沙地沙漠化严重地区相邻地段的固定沙丘、半固定沙丘、半流动沙丘和流动沙丘为对象,对土地沙漠化过程中植物种类消长、物种多样性、生活型结构及土壤理化性质和生物活性的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:沙漠化过程是一个物种多样性衰减的过程,沙漠化导致大多数原生性物种消失。从生活型来看,地面芽植物受沙漠化影响最大。沙漠化过程中土壤养分严重丧失,土壤微生物量C、N、P,以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸单酯酶、脱氢酶和硝酸还原酶的活性均随沙漠化程度的加剧而大幅度下降。土壤生物活性对土壤沙漠化比较敏感,在固定沙丘到半固定沙丘的转化过程中土壤生物活性和物种多样性下降最快。     

Diversity of soil bacteria and fungi communities in artificial forests of the sandy-hilly region of Northwest China

Soil erosion is a serious issue in the sandy-hilly region of Shanxi Province, Northwest China. There has been gradual improvement due to vegetation restoration, but soil microbial community characteristics in different vegetation plantation types have not been widely investigated. To address this, we analyzed soil bacterial and fungal community structures, diversity, and microbial and soil environmental factors in Caragana korshinskii Kom., Populus tomentosa Carr., Populus simonii Carr., Salix matsudana Koidz, and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forests. There were no significant differences in the dominant bacterial community compositions among the five forest types. The alpha diversity of the bacteria and fungi communities showed that ACE (abundance-based coverage estimator), Chao1, and Shannon indices in C. korshinskii forest were significantly higher than those in the other four forest types (P<0.05). Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and urease had a greater impact on bacterial community composition, while total nitrogen, β-glucosidase, and urease had a greater impact on fungal community composition. The relative abundance of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms was similar across all forest types. Based on microbial community composition, diversity, and soil fertility, we ranked the plantations from most to least suitable as follows: C. korshinskii, S. matsudana, P. tabulaeformis, P. tomentosa, and P. simonii.     

N and P resorption in a pioneer shrub （Artemisia halodendron） inhabiting severely desertified lands of Northern China

Nutrient resorption is an important conservation mechanism for plants to overcome nutrient limitation in the less fertile area of desertified land.In the semi-arid Horqin Sandy Land of Northern China,the shrub Artemisia halodendron usually colonizes into the bare ground of severely desertified land as a pioneer species.It is,therefore,expected that A.halodendron will be less dependent on current nutrient uptake through efficient and proficient resorption of nutrients.In this study,we found that averaged nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)concentrations in senesced leaves significantly varied from 12.3 and 1.2 mg/g in the shifting sand dune to 15.9 and 1.9 mg/g in the fixed sand dune,respectively,suggesting that foliar N and P resorption of A.halodendron were more proficient in the shifting sand dune.In particular,positive relationships between nutrient concentrations in senesced leaves and soil nutrient availability indicate that A.halodendron in infertile habitats is more likely to manage with a low level of nutrients in senesced leaves,giving this species an advantage in infertile soil.Moreover,foliar N-and P-resorption efficiencies and proficiencies showed limited inter-annual variability although annual precipitation varied greatly among 2007–2009.However,N and P resorption of A.halodendron were not more efficient and proficient than those previously reported for other shrubs,indicating that the pioneer shrub in sand dune environments does not rely more heavily than other plants on the process of resorption to conserve nutrients.Incomplete resorption of nutrients in A.halodendron suggests that senesced-leaf fall would return litter with high quality to the soil,and thereby would indirectly improve soil nutrient availability.The restoration of desertified land,therefore,may be accelerated after A.halodendron pioneers into shifting sand dunes.     

河西走廊荒漠化区域景观动态及变化机理分析

应用马尔科夫模型法 ,对河西走廊荒漠化区域景观动态及变化机理进行分析研究 ,结果表明 :河西走廊的景观基质以沙漠和戈壁为主 ,在过去近半个世纪里没有发生根本性变化 ;各景观要素的斑块大小及变化特点是戈壁、流动沙地和半固定沙地等类型的平均斑块面积较大 ,且呈增大态势。而林地、固定沙地、水域和耕地等类型的平均斑块面积较小 ,并且呈减小态势 ;1 949～ 1 995年 ,景观要素转化速率较高的类型主要为耕地、草地、林地、固定沙地和半固定沙地 ,主要的转化形式有流动沙地与固定沙地、半固定沙地间的相互转化 ,盐碱地、耕地、草地、固定沙地、水域等向半固定沙地的转化 ,草地和水域向固定沙地的转化 ,各种不同土地类型向潜在沙化土地转化 ,以及耕地、林地、草地三者之间的相互转化。景观动态表明 ,该区域土地退化极易发生 ,而生态恢复则相对困难 ,区域景观格局总体上呈现向荒漠化方向发展态势。     

大青山不同植被土壤物理特征及有效水的研究

在2007年,本文采用环刀法和烘干恒重法对大青山不同植被类型土壤物理特性和旱、雨季土壤含水量进行了研究。结果表明:林地土壤物理特性明显好于荒草坡,白桦天然次生林要好于人工林;土壤旱雨季的含水量的变化与各时期内土壤有效水的排序有很大的不同,旱季土壤含水量大小排序为落叶松人工林、白桦天然次生林、灌木林、油松人工林、荒草坡,而土壤水分的有效性排序为落叶松人工林、荒草坡、白桦天然次生林、油松人工林、灌木林。在雨季的时候有林地的贮水能力要好于荒草坡和灌木林,雨季土壤含水量于其土壤理化性质排序一致,并且有显著的相关性,在土壤有效水和含水量方面降雨对油松和荒草坡的水分变化影响最大。