全程深施肥对水稻产量形成及稻米品质的影响

以超级稻东农423为试验材料,设全程深施肥、全层施肥、表层施肥及无肥4个处理,研究水稻生长发育的动态变化,包括分蘖消长、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和干物质积累量动态变化,并对产量及其构成因素、稻米蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和味度值进行了比较。结果表明：1）全程深施肥方法能够促使水稻生育前期平稳生长,后期优势生长,延长有效分蘖期,增加有效分蘖数,提高叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和干物质积累量;2）各处理的产量和稻米蛋白质含量间均达极显著水平,并呈现全程深施＞全层施＞表施＞无肥的趋势;各处理的直链淀粉含量、味度值之间均达极显著水平,并呈现无肥＞表施＞全层施＞全程深施的趋势;3）全程深施肥能够提高水稻的产量、穗数、每穗粒数和蛋白质含量,却降低了结实率、千粒重、稻米直链淀粉含量及味度值。     

氮肥用量和栽插密度对杂交粳稻辽优5206生长与产量性状的影响

采用裂区设计,研究了氮肥用量和插植密度对杂交粳稻辽优5206生长和产量性状的影响,为北方粳稻高产高效栽培提供依据。结果表明,随着施氮量增加,水稻分蘖数、抽穗期干物质量、拔节期SPAD值、株高和穗长显著增加,有效穗数、穗粒数和产量虽增加但不显著;随着栽插密度的增加,水稻分蘖数、干物质量、有效穗数明显增加,灌浆期SPAD值、株高、穗长、穗粒数显著降低,抽穗期SPAD值、结实率和产量则先增后降;氮肥用量和密度在产量等多数性状上互作效应不显著;取得高产的最佳肥密组合是240 kg/hm²和16.7万丛/hm²。     

寒地水稻有效穗率与产量的关系探讨

以牡响1号和牡丹江32为试验材料,通过改变水稻施氮量、插秧密度及插秧株数,探讨寒地粳稻有效穗率与产量的关系。结果表明,有效穗率与产量有显著或极显著正相关的趋势,究其原因发现,单位面积穗数随有效穗率的增加而增加,有效穗率与每穗实粒数有极显著的抛物线关系。为达到水稻最高产量不同品种有不同的栽培措施,对于牡响1号这种多穗型品种应通过提高施氮量来增加产量,而对于牡丹江32这种大穗、大粒型品种则应通过适当降低栽培密度和施肥量来达到高产。     

Effect of Supplementing Inorganic Fertilizer with OrganicFertilizer on Growth and Yield of Rice-Cowpea Mixed Crop

Abstract

With the renewed interest in mixed cropping and the increasing awareness of environmental degradation arising from high chemical inputs, this experiment was conducted to assess the effect of supplementing inorganic with an organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of rice and cowpea under the mixed cropping system. Treatments comprised six sole crops and three mixed crops, each under 100% NPK (C), 50%NPK+ 50% cow dung (CCD) and cow dung alone (CD). The fertilizer treatments did not significantly affect cowpea performance. However, the number of panicles per hill and the number of spikelets per panicle of rice were higher under mixed cropping than under sole cropping. On the average, rice grain yield was significantly lower under the mixed cropping than under the sole cropping. The land equivalent ratios increased under all the fertilizer treatments indicating the efficiency of the mixed-cropping system. The results of the experiment suggest that rice– cowpea mixed cropping under CCD and CD is a viable production option.     

减氮密植模式下常规粳稻产量形成特征

以常规粳稻南粳9108和南粳5718为试材,探讨了减氮密植对常规粳稻产量形成特征的影响。结果表明,南粳9108和南粳5718在T1处理（较常规栽培减氮10%、增密15%）下的产量与CK（常规高产栽培）条件下基本持平,在T2（较常规栽培减氮20%、增密30%）和T3（较常规栽培减氮30%、增密45%）处理下的产量则较CK显著下降;T1处理下参试品种的有效穗数和每穗粒数与CK相当,T2和T3处理的有效穗数、每穗粒数、群体颖花量与CK相比显著下降,结实率和千粒重亦低于T1处理和CK。本研究表明,适宜减氮密植处理可以实现常规粳稻节氮、高产栽培。     

晚播晚栽机插水稻群体生长特征及其调控策略

目的 探究水稻机械化移栽应用中长期存在的晚播晚栽机插稻的特殊应用价值,方法 在苏南设置大田试验,分析了晚播晚栽机插水稻的产量表现及其群体生产特征,并设置密度和穗肥施用处理,解析栽培措施对晚播晚栽机插水稻群体发育和产量形成的影响。结果 机插水稻晚播晚栽产量出现一定程度的下降,主要原因是单位面积穗数和每穗粒数降低。晚播晚栽机插稻群体高峰苗出现时间相对前移,茎蘖成穗率则明显下降。同化物质积累和运转均受到一定影响,抽穗期茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物积累下降,茎鞘物质输出率和转换率也呈下降趋势。可见,晚播晚栽机插水稻存在物质生产和产量形成的必然劣势。增加栽植密度,单位面积穗数显著增加,干物质积累量上升,产量明显提高。在同一密度条件下,随着穗肥施氮量水平的提高,产量表现为先上升后下降的趋势,过多穗肥施用不利于晚播晚栽机插稻结实期的物质积累。较高密度配合适宜水平的穗肥施用,可提     

太湖地区优良食味高产软米粳稻品种特征研究

【目的】探明太湖地区优良食味高产软米粳稻品种特征。【方法】收集适合太湖地区种植的软米粳稻品种,根据软米粳稻品种生育期、产量和食味品质进行分类,比较研究了不同熟期不同产量与食味品质类型的软米粳稻产量和品质形成的差异。【结果】高产类型软米粳稻每穗粒数、群体颖花量显著高于中产类型。与味中类型相比,味优类型软米粳稻穗数、每穗粒数和结实率相当,而千粒重较小。与中产类型相比,高产类型软米粳稻生育中后期干物质积累量和氮素积累量较高,最终干物质量和总氮素积累量较大。与味中类型相比,味优软米粳稻的糙米率、精米率和整精米率有所增加,垩白粒率和垩白度显著提高,直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量减少,胶稠度变长,淀粉RVA特征值中峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度增加,米饭食味值显著提高。【结论】太湖地区优良食味高产软米粳稻品种特征为穗大粒多,粒重较小,生育中后期干物质与氮素积累能力强,加工品质趋好,外观品质差,蒸煮食味品质优。     

Effect of Top-dressing and Planting Density on the Number of Spikelets and Yield of Rice Cultivated with Nitrogen-free Basal Dressing

Abstract

The effects of nitrogen-free basal dressing (BNo) and top-dressing on the growth and yield of two rice varieties, Akitakomachi and Hitomebore, planted at a standard density (22.2 hills m^?2) and sparse density (16.7 hills m^?2) were examined. The maximum number of stems and the number of panicles per unit area were lower in both BNo plots with a standard planting density (BNo22) and sparse planting density (BNol7) than in the control plot with standard nitrogen dressing and standard planting density (CONT) in both varieties. The number of panicles and spikelets per unit area was lower in both BNo22 and BNo 17 than in CONT, but the number of spikelets per panicle in BNo 17 was significantly higher than that in CONT, although that in BNo22 was not. In BNo22, the percentage of ripened grains and 1,000 grain weight were significantly higher than those in CONT, but in BNo 17, 1,000 grain weight was similar to that in CONT, although the percentage of ripened grains was higher than that in CONT. Grain yield in both BNo22 and BNo 17 was not significantly different from that in CONT, and that in BNo 17 was 660 and 710 g m^?2 in Akitakomachi and Hitomebore, respectively. The leaf area index was lower and crop growth rate was higher in both BNo22 and BNol7 than in CONT at the grain-filling stage. The net assimilation rate and specific leaf weight were significantly higher in BNo22 and BNo 17 than in CONT at the panicle formation and grain-filling stages, respectively. Nitrogen top-dressing at the neck node differentiation stage was found to be very useful for the cultivation of these rice varieties under BNo with sparse planting density in the Tohoku district.     

吉林省西部盐碱地老水田栽培技术初探

两年试验结果表明:钵体育苗每孔播3粒时比6粒和9粒分别增产3.1%和10%;每穴插秧苗数2～4株时产量最高,比1株和5株高11.1%和9.7%;插秧密小于30 cm×20 cm或大于30 cm×26.7 cm时,减产幅度都显著。所以水稻开发多年的盐碱地水稻田应该改变密植、主穗增产的栽培方法,采取稀植、促进分蘖、大穗增产的栽培技术。     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Time on Caryopsis Development and Grain Quality of Rice Variety Yangdao 6

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen application time(during the tillering or the booting stages)with the same nitrogen rates on the caryopsis development and grain quality of rice variety Yangdao 6.The increased nitrogen fertilizer(urea),especially applied during the booting stage,could evidently increase the milled rice rate,head rice rate and protein content in rice grains compared with the control(no nitrogen application),and decrease chalky grain rate and amylose content.Moreover,the increased nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected the caryopsis development and enhanced the grain weight when nitrogen applied during the tillering and the booting stages,especially during the booting stage.During caryopsis development the increased nitrogen fertilizer applied during the tillering and booting stages could obviously decrease the total starch and amylose contents,but not obviously for the amylopectin content in rice grain.Increased topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer,especially applied during the booting stage,had significant effect on the development and structures of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts.That is,it could change the distribution,number and shape of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts in the endosperm cells especially in grain abdomen.Compared with the control the arrangements of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts were closer,with more numbers,higher density and less interspaces each ohter.Furthermore,most amyloplasts showed polyhedron under the increased nitrogen fertilizer level.     

Yield and growth characteristics of erect panicle type rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar,Shennong265 under various crop management practices in Western Japan

Erect panicle rice cultivars utilize solar energy effectively and have improved ecological growing conditions. Among such cultivars, Shennong265 has been grown successfully throughout Northern China. Nevertheless, no studies have yet examined the relationships between crop dry matter productivity, weather conditions, and nitrogen uptake of the erect panicle type rice cultivar in Japan. The objective of our study was to evaluate the productivity of erect panicle rice Shennong265 in Western Japan under varied conditions. Three rice cultivars, Shennong265, Nipponbare, and Takanari were grown in the field under different fertilizer and plant density conditions in Western Japan; using this information, we compared yield and growth characteristics of Shennong265 with those of Nipponbare and Takanari. Although Shennong265 had radiation use efficiency similar to that of the high yielding cultivar (Takanari) and much higher leaf nitrogen content than Takanari and Nipponbare, the average grain yield of Shennong265 grown under normal fertilizer and plant density conditions was approximately 6.9 t ha^?1 as against 6.2 t ha^?1 for Nipponbare and 9.6 t ha^?1 for Takanari. These results suggest that, while Shennong265 has a high yield potential, the environmental conditions including climate, fertilizer, and planting period provided in this study were not suitable for achieving its maximum yield. The reduced performance of Shennong265 may be caused by insufficient fertilizer after heading and by shorter growth periods, as well as by the climate of Western Japan. Additional fertilizer application during the heading stage and earlier transplanting may be needed to obtain higher Shennong265 yields in Western Japan.     

辽宁省主栽水稻品种高产群体形成规律研究

为构建东北平原南部水稻高产群体,揭示其产量形成规律,以辽宁省主栽高产水稻品种辽粳401和辽粳212为试材,进行了不同栽培密度试验。结果表明,高密度处理（行株距20.0 cm×13.3 cm）单位面积有效穗数显著增加,从而获得较高的产量水平,但与低密度处理（行株距30.0 cm×20.0 cm）的产量差异不显著。在低密度处理下,虽然有效穗数少,但每穗粒数增加,因此也具有相对较高的产量水平。高密度行株距配置可构建依靠增加群体分蘖数量和较多物质积累而获得高产的多穗型群体,低密度行株距配置可构建促进物质转移转化、提高收获指数形成大穗大粒而获得高产的大粒型群体。可见,通过平衡有效穗数和穗粒数二者之间的关系,保证群体颖花量,同时确保较高的结实率和千粒重,可获得稳定高产群体。     

插秧量与行距配置对北方杂交稻和常规稻产量及其构成因子的影响

比较了在不同插秧量和行距配置方式下杂交稻和常规稻的产量及其构成因素。杂交稻穗大、粒多、千粒重大、经济系数高、灌浆持续期长、同化物向籽粒转移比率高。杂交稻比常规稻平均增产7．27％。但不同类型品种适宜的栽培方式不同：杂交稻适宜插单苗，而常规稻适宜插3苗；不论是杂交稻还是常规稻，直立穗型和半直立穗型品种适宜等行距栽培以减少群体漏光，弯曲穗型品种适宜宽窄行栽培以改善中下层叶片的光照条件。     

施硅量对粳稻品种武育粳3号产量和品质的影响

以迟熟中粳稻武育粳3号为材料,研究了不同硅肥水平对粳稻产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,大田基施硅肥0~450 kg/hm2范围内,随着施硅量的增加,穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重、产量先增后降,精米率、回复值有增加的趋势,整精米率显著增加,RVA谱曲线降低,直链淀粉含量、峰值黏度、热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、到达峰值黏度时间呈下降的趋势,消减值则先下降然后上升。施硅对出糙率、透明度无明显影响。适量施硅可以降低垩白米率、垩白大小和垩白度,改善稻米的外观品质。施硅能提高稻米胶稠度、崩解值,有提高稻米蛋白质含量的趋势。综合产量和品质性状,以施硅肥225 kg/hm2的处理较好。     

促芽肥用量和留茬方式对赣东北地区再生稻产量和再生能力的影响

赣东北地区光热充足,非常适宜发展再生稻。为明确合理的促芽肥施用时期和留茬高度,本研究于2011年在江西省余江县设置了不同的促芽肥用量(170 N kg/hm2和125 N kg/hm2以及不施肥)、收割方式和留茬高度(留茬高度为60 cm和30 cm),探讨了不同处理对再生稻籽粒产量和产量构成、再生芽萌发能力的影响。结果表明,与不施促芽肥相比,施促芽肥的再生稻产量显著提高,平均增幅为48.9%和36.9%;其再生稻的每丛穗数、每穗粒数也显著提高。与机械收割相比,人工收割处理的产量显著提高,其再生芽萌发率、每丛穗数和每穗粒数比机械收割分别增加7.7%、27.9%和11.6%。在人工收割方式下,留高茬处理的再生稻产量、再生芽萌发率、每丛穗数和每穗粒数均明显高于留低茬处理。这说明,在赣东北地区,要保障再生稻高产,施促芽肥170 N kg/hm2、人工收割、留高茬是较好的再生稻管理模式。     

水稻本田氮磷钾优化施肥模式研究

同等施肥量下,不同的施肥模式或将导致不同的施肥效应,形成不同的产量水平。本项研究针对水稻的基肥、蘖肥、穗肥、粒肥等环节,设置了四种氮磷钾的施用方案,相对应的产量构成因素--穗数/穴、成粒/穗、千粒重＂各有千秋、此消彼长＂。试验结果显示,处理2的施肥模式为最佳,获得了最高的产量。     

氮肥施用对优质晚粳稻浙禾香2号产量和品质的影响

通过不同基蘖肥及穗肥施用量试验,研究在高产、品质及高产品质均衡条件下浙禾香2号的叶片含氮量、籽粒外观品质、营养品质及产量表现。结果表明,浙禾香2号倒4叶叶片含氮量随着基蘖肥用量提高而提高,倒1叶叶片含氮量随穗肥用量变化而变化;同样施氮量,穗肥用量对叶片含氮量影响更大;基蘖肥低氮条件下,不同处理营养品质及外观品质没有显著性差异,基蘖肥纯氮0.12 t/hm²以上,减施穗肥可以降低垩白粒率和蛋白质含量,提高直链淀粉含量;氮肥（纯N）0~0.24 t/hm²范围内,产量随施肥量的增加而提高,穗肥的施用对产量的影响较大,但减施穗肥能明显提高食味值。综合考虑品质与产量,浙禾香2号穗肥施用量以0.045 t/hm²为宜。     

施氮时期对扬稻6号颖果发育及稻米品质的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了相同施氮量下不同施氮时期（分蘖期和孕穗期）对扬稻6号颖果发育及稻米品质的影响。与对照相比,增施氮肥（尿素）特别是孕穗肥能显著提高稻米精米率、整精米率、蛋白质含量,降低垩白粒率和直链淀粉含量;在分蘖期和孕穗期施氮肥能明显影响颖果发育,提高粒重,而后者的效果更为明显;在颖果发育过程中不同时期增施氮肥能显著降低颖果的总淀粉和直链淀粉含量,但对支链淀粉含量影响较小;不同时期增施氮肥特别是孕穗肥对淀粉体和蛋白质体的发育及结构均有显著影响,能显著改变籽粒中不同部位特别是腹部淀粉体和蛋白质的分布、数目和形状。与对照相比,淀粉体和蛋白质体的排列更紧密、相互间空隙较少、数量增加、密度增大,淀粉体形状多数呈晶状体。     

稻麦周年不同秸秆还田方式对水稻产量及品质的影响

为探明淮北地区稻麦周年不同秸秆还田方式与模式对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响,通过大田大区试验,比较分析了在正常水肥管理下不同秸秆还田方式（旋耕、耕翻）与模式（双季秸秆均不还田、双季秸秆均还田、稻季秸秸秆还田、麦季秸秆还田）处理组合下优香粳的产量和品质。两年结果均显示,耕翻不还田处理下产量最低,在耕翻条件下,秸秆还田增产效应较为显著。产量构成分析表明,多数指标在秸秆还田方式与模式间均存在显著和极显著水平互作, 2020年试验穗质量、穗长、每穗粒数、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数等指标在不同还田模式之间达到显著或极显著差异,均表现出秸秆还田处理优于不还田处理的趋势,耕翻条件下结实率明显高于旋耕处理。2020年不同处理间在垩白粒率、碱消值、直链淀粉含量、透明度以及RVA值间均存在显著或极显著差异。耕翻条件下垩白粒率明显低于旋耕。耕翻条件下直链淀粉含量稻还田、麦还田处理明显高于不还田处理,说明秸秆还田在一定程度上增加了直链淀粉含量,使得米饭不至过于软黏。RVA数据显示,旋耕不还田和耕翻麦还田处理下数值最优。说明还田模式的不同可能会影响到稻米的食味品质。     

施氮量和栽插密度对超高产水稻中早22产量和品质的影响

以超高产水稻中早22为材料,研究不同氮肥用量（纯N 0、105、150、195 kg/hm2）和栽插密度（24万、30万、36万穴/hm2）对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明：1）栽插密度对结实率、千粒重、有效穗数和每穗粒数影响较小,各栽插密度下,产量差异未达显著水平;2）氮肥用量对每穗粒数影响较小,对有效穗数、结实率和千粒重影响较大,纯N用量为195 kg/hm2时,增穗作用不明显,反而显著降低结实率和千粒重,导致减产;3）不同栽插密度对中早22稻米品质影响不明显,蛋白质含量随栽插密度提高略有增加;4）氮肥用量的增加利于提高稻米的碾磨和外观品质,蛋白质含量也随之增加。