Protein requirements of preschool children consuming rice-milk,rice-toasted mung bean,and rice diets

Rice-milk and rice-toasted mung bean diets, and a high-protein rice (IR58 milled rice) were evaluated as part of a study on the protein requirements of toddlers consuming rice-based diets following the multilevel N balance method. Milk or mung bean contributed 1/3 of dietary N. At a daily energy intake of 418 kJ/kg body weight, weight losses were observed for all diets. The safe level of protein intakes obtained allowing 10 mg N/kg body weight/day for miscellaneous integumental losses and 15 mg N/kg body weight/day for growth was 1.11 g/kg body weight/day for the rice-milk diet and 1.34 g for the rice-mung bean diet. Preliminary data on four children indicate a safe level of protein intake of 1.44 g/kg/day for the IR58 milled rice. The protein quality of the high-protein rice as determined by the very short term N balance index on three children was 79–80% relative to milk.     

Protein and energy utilization of boiled rice-legume diets and boiled cereals in growing rats

In growing rats, boiled milled rice-legume diets (2:1 N ratio) had lower energy digestigibility than boiled milled rice and equal if not better true digestibility, biological value, and net protein utilization (NPU). Rice-soybean diets showed better NPU than the other rice-legume diets. Boiled whole-grain corn and sorghum had lower digstible energy and NPU than boiled milled rice. NPU of the diets did not follow strictly the trend of the amino acid score of the diets; phenol (tannin) content reduced energy and protein digestibility of all diets, but sugars reduced energy and protein digestibilities of rice-legume diets only.     

Effect of high protein rice on nitrogen retention and growth of preschool children on a rice-based diet

The effect of high protein milled rices (IR480-5-9 and IR2153-338-3, 10% protein) on the nitrogen retention and growth of preschool Indian children was assessed in two feeding trials in a residential home. The children were offered, ad libitum, a rice-based diet in four meals daily without vitamin and mineral supplement. The children in the experimental group were given the high protein rice; those in the control group were given a local rice (7% protein). The groups had similar percent apparent digestibility and retention of dietary nitrogen. Statistically significant differences in increase in height and weight between the two groups were not consistently observed at the end of 4.5 to 5 months or 1 year. Possible factors contributing to these results are discussed.     

Distribution of proteins and amino acids in milled and brown rice as affected by nitrogen fertilization and genotype

A field experiment involving six japonica rice cultivars with contrasting agronomic traits and seven nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments was performed to determine the effects of N and genotype on distribution of four kinds of grain proteins and amino acids in milled and brown rice. For brown and milled rice, albumin and globulin were controlled more by genotype than N treatments, whereas prolamin and glutelin were largely determined by N. Substantial genotypic differences in response of milled/brown (M/B) ratios of proteins to N treatments were detected. In comparison with large panicle cultivars, small panicle cultivars such as Wuyujing3 had the lower ratio and exhibited more stability under contrasting N treatments. N had significant influence on amino acid composition of brown and milled rice, with contents of the 17 amino acids measured increasing with elevated N rate. However, cysteine and methionine in brown rice and lysine and methionine in milled rice were not significantly affected by N. In addition, N had little effect on ratios of M/B for most of the amino acids.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Genotype on Rice Grain Macronutrients and Micronutrients

High nitrogen(N)input features China’s intensive rice production system.To elucidate N and genotype effects on accumulation of macronutrients and micronutrients in grains of japonica rice,and to discuss its significance in rice production,a three-year field experiment involving six japonica rice varieties and seven N treatments were performed.Macronutrients(Ca,Mg,K,and Na)and micronutrients(Cu,Fe,Mn,and Zn)concentrations in brown and milled rice were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.For macronutrients,no consistently significant effect of N was detected in both brown and milled rice.For micronutrients,N showed significant effect,especially in lowering Zn accumulation in brown and milled rice.In addition,N tended to increase Fe concentration in milled rice.Genotype showed larger effect on distribution of minerals in milled rice than N.The high-yielding variety,Wuyunjing 7,accumulated larger proportion of Mg,K,and Zn in the milled rice as compared with the other five varieties,and could be of value for rice breeding programs aiming at high nutritional quality.The results demonstrated differences in response to N between macronutrients and micronutrients,and are of significance for coping with‘hidden hunger’both in humans and crops through agronomical practices.     

施氮量与栽插密度对粳稻稻米品质的影响

以杂交粳稻辽优5218和常规粳稻辽星1号为试材,研究施氮量和栽插密度对粳稻稻米品质的影响.结果表明,辽优5218的垩白粒率和垩白度显著高于辽星1号,施氮量和栽插密度对两品种的垩白粒率、垩白度和籽粒长宽比无显著影响;增施氮肥或降低密度可提高辽优5218和辽星1号籽粒的蛋白质含量,降低食味值;施氮量与栽插密度对辽优5218和辽星1号直链淀粉含量的影响因品种不同有所差异.适量少肥和适度密植可以改善杂交粳稻和常规粳稻的营养和食味品质,但杂交粳稻的高垩白粒率和高垩白度只能通过育种手段去改良,栽培措施对其影响小.     

水氮互作下直播稻结实期冠层小气候与米质的关系

[目的]结实期田间穗部冠层小气候是水稻生长发育最直接的微环境因子,水分和氮肥运筹通过影响水稻群体构建进而影响水稻田间冠层小气候,研究水氮互作对直播稻结实期冠层小气候及稻米品质的影响,可以丰富和完善直播稻水氮管理技术.[方法]以杂交稻F优498为试材,通过淹灌(W1)、干湿交替(W2)、旱种(W3)3种灌水方式及底肥:蘖...     

氮高效水稻主要源库性状的基本特点及其调控

【目的】本研究皆在阐明氮高效水稻源库性状的基本特点。【方法】在大田条件下,于2012-2014年设计了两个试验。2012年和2013年,以染色体单片段代换系遗传群体114个水稻株系为供试材料,依据成熟期吸氮量和产量两个性状将114个株系群体分为6种不同氮效率类型。2014年,在前2两年试验的基础上,以筛选出的氮高效株系(L68)和氮低效株系(L2)为供试材料,研究施氮量对两种氮效率水稻株系产量、源库性状的影响。【结果】1)114个株系群体成熟期吸氮量和产量差异均较大,吸氮量变幅为11.53~27.66 g/m~2,产量变幅为311.74~763.35 kg/666.7 m~2,随着吸氮量的增加,产量呈上升趋势。产量类型与吸氮量类型并不完全一致,高吸氮量是高产的重要基础,但产量还可能受到其他因素的影响;2)氮高效水稻抽穗期叶面积系数(包括有效叶面积、高效叶面积、总叶面积)、成熟期叶面积系数均显著大于氮低效水稻,叶面积构成因子中氮高效水稻绿叶质量明显高于氮低效水稻,但比叶重不同氮效率品种间差异较小;3)氮高效水稻单位面积库容量、单位面积颖花量显著高于氮低效水稻,氮高效水稻单位干质量、单位叶面积和单位氮素库容量大,库容形成能力强;4)氮高效水稻单位叶面积颖花数、单位叶面积籽粒产量大,结实期净同化率高,氮高效水稻"流"畅,叶片光合能力强;5)综合分析表明,库容量对氮素高效吸收影响较大。提高单位氮素库容量有助于提高单位面积库容量。不同施氮水平下,氮高效水稻叶面积系数、库容量、吸氮量和产量均明显高于氮低效水稻,叶面积系数在低氮水平下两者差异最大,其他3个指标以低、中氮差异较大。【结论】氮高效水稻源库指标均优于其他类型,且这一优势在不同施氮量亦是如此。     

Effect of treatment on composition and protein and energy utilization of rice and mung bean by rats

Yellow rice derived from stack-burned unthreshed grains had lower lysine content than white milled rice. Stack burning did not affect energy digestibility in growing rats but decreased true nitrogen digestibility and net protein utilization (NPU). Increasing parboiling time from 20 to 60 min had no adverse effect on energy and protein utilization of parboiled milled rice. Defatting of rice bran-polish with petroleum ether at 50°C had no effect on protein utilization but decreased energy content and utilization. Mechanical dehulling of mung bean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) reduced fiber content, increased energy and protein digestibility but decreased biological value (BV) and NPU. Toasting and winnowing the bean reduced lysine content, improved digestible energy but decreased BV and NPU. Cooking the bean preparations improved the biological value only in mechanically dehulled bean with resultant higher NPU than that of whole bean.     

杂交中稻在不同地域和施氮水平下米质变异的影响因素及其预测模型

 以杂交中稻高产组合Ⅱ优7号和高产优质新组合渝香优203为材料,在西南稻区4省（市）的6个生态点采用相同的试验方案,解析了稻米品质的影响因素。结果表明,基因型是影响稻米品质的最重要因素,环境条件（生态条件和土壤基础肥力）次之,施氮的作用最小。基因型与地点的互作显著或极显著影响直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度,基因型与施氮水平的互作仅显著影响胶稠度,地点与施肥水平的互作仅显著影响整精米率。Ⅱ优7号在高海拔、低经度、土壤高有效钾和高有效氮条件下,渝香优203在高海拔、土壤高有效氮、低有机质和低全磷条件下,米质较好。并分别建立了Ⅱ优7号和渝香优203稻米的直链淀粉、胶稠度、整精米率、垩白度、长宽比与地理位置、土壤基础肥力及施氮水平关系的预测模型。     

不同氮素吸收类型粳稻品种吸氮能力的差异及原因分析

 2008-2009年,在群体水培条件下,以国内外不同年代育成的94个常规粳稻品种为供试材料,测定植株各器官干物质量和含氮率、产量及其构成因素等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按吸氮量的大小从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 等6类,以探明影响氮素高效吸收型粳稻品种吸氮能力的主要原因。结果吸收型品种抽穗前后吸氮量显著大于氮素低效吸收型品种,抽穗前吸氮量对总吸氮量影响显著大于抽穗后吸氮量;3）氮素高效吸收型品种单穗吸氮量显著大于氮素低效吸收型品种,但单位面积穗数无优势,单穗吸氮量对总吸氮量的影响显著大于单位面积穗数;4）氮素高效吸收型品种播抽历期、全生育期较长,群体与个体吸氮强度大,吸氮强度对吸氮量的影响显著大于生育期;5）氮素高效吸收型品种干物质生产量显著大于氮素低效吸收型品种,但植株含氮率无优势,干物质生产量对总吸氮量的影响显著大于植株含氮率,干物质生产量大是氮素高效吸收型品种吸氮能力强的一个重要因素;6）氮素高效吸收型品种各器官（根、茎鞘叶、穗）吸氮量均显著大于氮素低效吸收型品种,抽穗前茎鞘叶吸氮量大,抽穗后氮从茎鞘叶向穗部转移多,成熟期穗部吸氮量大,有利于提高氮高效吸收型品种氮素累积量。表明：1）供试品种间吸氮量的差异很大,总吸氮量最大品种为最小品种的2.44倍,氮素高效吸收型品种平均产量极显著高于氮素低效吸收型品种;2）氮素高效     

不同氮肥水平下优质高产软米粳稻的产量与品质差异

【目的】明确优质高产软米粳稻的产量和品质对氮肥的响应特征。【方法】在前期品种筛选的基础上，选择2个优质食味高产型软米品种为研究对象，设置60 kg/hm²(N1)、120 kg/hm²(N2)、180 kg/hm²(N3)、240 kg/hm²(N4)、300 kg/hm²(N5)与360 kg/hm²(N6) 6个氮肥(以纯氮计)水平，对其产量性状和品质指标进行了测定与分析。【结果】依赖于单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和群体颖花量的协同增加，软米产量在N5下最高，但与N4间无显著差异。随施氮量增加，米粒的外观、黏度、平衡度和食味值呈先增后减，而硬度则先减后增，并在N4或N5下出现峰值;出糙率、出精率和整精米率均随施氮量增加而提高，但垩白米率和垩白度呈先降后增，并在N5水平下最低。随施氮量的增加，直链淀粉含量和胶稠度下降，蛋白质含量升高。米粉峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度随施氮量的增加呈先增后减，在N4或N5下最高。【结论】因此，优质食味软米在240 kg/hm²和300 kg/hm²条件下取得产量和品质的协调，240 kg/hm²是品质、产量和效益兼顾的最佳施氮量。     

红壤性稻田紫云英与化肥减施对早稻品质与养分吸收的影响

【目的】阐明紫云英种植利用后减施化肥对早稻品质、养分吸收及土壤肥力的相互影响,为红壤稻田施肥提供科学依据。【方法】以红壤稻田为研究对象,2015年开始在江西高安大田定位研究种植利用紫云英对早稻生长发育及养分吸收利用的影响。设置6个试验处理：1)不施肥对照处理(CK);2)绿肥处理(G),即紫云英量22 500 kg/hm²;3)100%化肥处理(N₁₀₀);4)紫云英翻压22 500 kg/hm²+100%化肥处理(GN₁₀₀);5)紫云英翻压22 500 kg/hm²+80%化肥处理(GN₈₀);6)紫云英翻压22 500 kg/hm²+60%化肥处理(GN₆₀)。【结果】紫云英配施全量及减施适量(20%)化肥能提高水稻产量,保障水稻N、P营养,提高土壤有机质和碱解氮含量。紫云英配施化肥能提高早稻整精米率、垩白与胶稠度但降低蛋白质含量。早稻产量、糙米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、蛋白质与籽粒含N量呈显著正相关,与籽粒含Si量呈显著负相关;籽粒含Mg量与精米率呈显著正相关。籽粒P、Ca、Mg吸收量对碾米品质、蛋白质含量和垩白粒率是正效应,对胶稠度是负效应。土壤碱解氮对籽粒含N量是间接正效应,对籽粒含Si量是间接负效应;碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾对籽粒N、P、K吸收量是间接正效应;pH对籽粒Ca、P含量以及交换性Ca、Mg对籽粒P含量均为间接负效应。【结论】紫云英22 500 kg/hm²还田并减施20%化肥能提高水稻产量,提升稻米品质。     

油稻稻秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对双季稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为明确油稻稻三熟制秸秆还田条件下双季水稻适宜的氮肥运筹方式,2018年在长江中游三熟制区(江西进贤)开展5个处理(秸秆不还田+氮肥3次施用、秸秆还田+氮肥3次施用、秸秆不还田+氮肥2次施用、秸秆还田+氮肥2次施用、秸秆还田+高量氮肥3次施用)的田间试验,探究该模式下氮肥运筹对双季稻产量与氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在油稻稻三熟制下,秸秆还田和氮肥运筹对水稻产量的影响在早稻季和晚稻季均存在显著的互作效应,而水稻基肥中增施20%氮肥对产量的影响不明显,氮肥2次施用(后氮前移)即可实现水稻高产和稳产。秸秆还田并配合氮肥2次施用(后氮前移)可以满足水稻生育期氮素需求,从而保证水稻正常生长,氮素吸收量能够达到甚至优于3次施氮处理水平,并明显提高氮肥利用率,增加氮肥用量则不利于氮肥偏生产力的提高。     

Response of Iron Content in Milled Rice to Nitrogen Levels and Its Genotypic Differences

To investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) level on iron (Fe) content in milled rice, a field experiment was carried out under three N application levels including 0, 150 and 300 kg/hm² by using 120 rice genotypes. In addition to the genotypic differences of iron content in milled rice, grain yield, 1000-grain weight and N content in grains under the same N level, there were also variations in the response of Fe content in milled rice to N levels. Based on the range and variation coefficient of Fe content in milled rice under the three N levels, the response of Fe content in milled rice to N levels could be classified into four types including highly insensitive, insensitive, sensitive and highly sensitive types. A significant quadratic correlation was found between the Fe content in milled rice and 1000-grain weight or the N content in grains. However, no significant correlation between the Fe content in milled rice and grain yield was detected. In conclusion, there are genotypic differences in the effects of N levels on Fe content in milled rice, which is favorable to breeding of Fe-rich rice under different N environments. Furthermore, high yield and Fe-rich rice could be grown through the regulation of nitrogen on Fe content in milled rice, 1000-grain weight and N content in milled rice.     

施氮处理对水稻精米中铁含量的影响及基因型差异

以120份国内外水稻基因型为材料,设置0、150、300kg/hm23个氮素水平,研究施氮处理对水稻精米中Fe含量的影响及其基因型差异。除相同氮素条件下水稻精米中的Fe含量、产量、千粒重及籽粒含氮量存在基因型差异外,精米中的Fe含量对氮素反应的敏感性也存在显著差异。以各基因型水稻在不同氮素条件下精米中Fe含量的极差和变异系数为指标,通过系统聚类的方法,可将上述120份水稻基因型对氮素反应的敏感性分为极钝感型、钝感型、敏感型和极敏感型共4种类型。同时,相关性分析表明,水稻精米中的Fe含量与产量的相关性不显著,而与粒重、籽粒含氮量呈显著或极显著的二次曲线关系。由此说明,施氮处理对水稻精米中Fe含量的影响具有基因型差异,充分利用这种差异一方面有利于对氮环境适应性强的富铁水稻的选育;另一方面,由于精米中的Fe含量与产量无必然联系,可通过氮肥对水稻(尤其是敏感和极敏感类型水稻)精米中的Fe含量和粒重、籽粒含氮量的调节,实现富铁、高产水稻的种植。     

Protein and energy utilization of rice milling fractions by rats

Brown rice (variety IR32), bran, and polish had higher protein content and lysine content in protein than milled rice. Nitrogen balance in growing rats showed that brown rice had lower true digestibility, but similar biological value and NPU as milled rice. Undermilled rice had similar true digestibility, but higher biological value and NPU than milled rice. Bran and polish had lower true digestibility, but higher biological value than brown and milled rice, but polish had higher NPU than bran and the three other milling fractions. The percentage of digestible energy in the rats was lowest for bran.     

长期有机肥无机肥配施对水稻氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响

基于25年定位试验,设置6个大田试验处理（CK,不施肥;NPK,常规施用化肥;1/4M+3/4NPK,25%有机肥替代化肥;1/2M+1/2NPK, 50%有机肥替代化肥;M,100%有机肥替代化肥;MNPK, 100%化肥+100%有机肥）,研究了长期有机肥无机肥配施对水稻氮素吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,水稻地上部N素总积累量与产量大小均表现为MNPK>1/4M+3/4NPK> NPK>1/2M+1/2NPK>M>CK,与NPK处理相比,MNPK和1/4M+3/4NPK处理的地上部氮素总积累量增加20.11%~27.86%、产量增加2.04%~12.42%。各处理花前N素转运量对籽粒贡献率（69.54%~84.60%）显著高于花后积累量对籽粒贡献率（15.40%~30.46%）,花前N素积累是水稻植株N素的主要来源。1/4M+3/4NPK处理的氮肥偏生产力及氮收获指数均高于NPK处理,分别提高16.42%、10.29%。有机无机肥配施比单施化肥处理显著改善了稻米品质,提高了籽粒氨基酸含量,其中,非必需氨基酸含量是必需氨基酸含量的2倍左右。长期施肥条件下,25%有机肥替代化肥处理在化肥减施基础上,可以提高肥料利用率、促进水稻养分吸收,是黄壤性水稻土地区实现水稻增产、品质提升的最佳施肥措施。     

卷叶基因Rl（t）对杂交稻稻米品质性状的影响

 以3对卷叶近等基因系杂交组合为研究对象，设置两种施肥水平处理，研究Rl(t)卷叶基因对杂交稻稻米品质性状的影响。在正常肥力水平下，卷叶组合的精米率显著或极显著高于其对应组合，整精米率高于其对应组合，垩白率和垩白度均低于其对应组合。稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值中，卷叶组合的最高粘度、热浆粘度和崩解值均大于其对应组合，其他性状指标值在对应组合间的差异表现趋势不一致。增施穗肥，除汕优63外，各组合的糙米率、精米率和整精米率都有提高的趋势，各组合最高粘度、热浆粘度和崩解值均降低，消减值均增大，其他性状指标值变化趋势因组合而异。增施穗肥，卷叶组合的精米率和整精米率都高于其对应组合，其中卷叶汕优559与汕优559的整精米率差异达显著水平，其他性状指标值在对应组合间的差异没有明显的规律性，说明Rl(t)基因在一定条件下有利于提高稻米品质。     

麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥管理对直播杂交稻氮素利用特征的影响

【目的】探明秸秆还田和氮肥管理对麦/油后直播杂交稻氮素积累、转运、氮肥利用效率及籽粒产量的影响。【方法】选用优质三系杂交稻宜香优2115，采用二因素裂区设计，麦、油茬田同步开展试验，处理完全一致。主区为麦/油秸秆全量翻埋还田(M1)和秸秆不还田(对照，M0)，副区设4个氮肥管理，即不施氮对照(N0)、m基肥∶m分蘖肥∶m促花肥∶m保花肥比例分别为1∶0∶0∶0(N1)、3∶3∶2∶2(N2)、2∶2∶3∶3(N3)，测定了直播杂交稻主要生育时期各器官的氮素积累量及籽粒产量。【结果】结果表明，两种轮作方式下，氮肥管理对直播杂交稻主要生育时期的氮素积累、齐穗后茎鞘、叶片的氮素转运及稻株氮素利用效率均存在显著或极显著的调控效应。秸秆还田显著提高麦/油茬杂交稻中后期的氮素积累量、茎鞘和叶片的氮素转运量以及氮肥利用效率，其中，氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥表观利用率较秸秆不还田分别提高了34.96%/28.76%、2.52%/2.61%和31.91%/22.30%。同时，油菜秸秆还田下直播杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累和产量较麦秆还田表现更好，籽粒产量提高481 kg/hm2(5.22%)。M1N2处理、M0N3处理下，直播杂交稻各阶段的氮素积累速率明显加大，促进结实期茎鞘和叶片的氮素向穗部转运，成熟期稻株氮素积累量优势明显且有较高的氮素利用效率(麦/油茬稻氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率分别达17.87 kg?kg–1/17.85 kg?kg–1、67.27 kg?kg–1/71.28 kg?kg–1、74.93%/75.05%)，最终实现高产。【结论】在麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆全量还田，配合N2氮肥管理，可有效提高直播杂交稻氮素吸收、利用效率，增加籽粒产量，尤以油菜秸杆还田的效果更好。