水稻“3414”肥料效应田间试验效果分析

为研究氮、磷、钾肥对水稻(粤优938)产量和经济效益的影响,在通山县大路乡新桥冯村开展了水稻"3414"肥料效应试验研究。结果表明:缺氮相对产量为68.97%,缺磷相对产量为86.03%,缺钾相对产量为82.94%;施纯氮13.45kg/667m~2,纯磷7.03kg/667m~2,纯钾8.71kg/667m~2时能获得最高产量669.07 kg/667m~2,并参照市场价,得出施纯氮12.51kg/667m~2,纯磷5.74kg/667m~2,纯钾7.61kg/667m~2时,能获得最佳产投比。     

不同氮、磷、钾用量对黔花生一号性状和产量影响

通过对黔花生一号不同氮、磷、钾用量及配比对性状和产量的影响研究结果表明：在中等肥力的黄泥土上，施用尿素10-15kg/667m^2，普钙20kg/667m^2，氯化钾7.5kg/667m^2，为理想的施肥方案，过多或过少对花生生长不利。氮是影响花生产量的主要因素，施氮（尿素）与花生产量有显著的二次曲线关系，施肥对种植花生的投入/产出达1：7.37-6.41，合理施用氮、磷、钾数量和比例，能改善花生经济性状，提高产量，增加效益。     

黔东南低山盆坝地区冬种马铃薯肥料利用率分析

为完善黔东南低山盆坝地区马铃薯施肥指标,探索肥料利用率,特进行冬种马铃薯氮、磷、钾施肥试验。结果表明,试验中氮、磷、钾纯施用量分别为16kg/667m~2、8kg/667m~2、21kg/667m~2的优化施肥条件下,植株生长表现较好、产量最高,产量比缺素施肥处理增产19.4%~23.6%,比空白施肥处理增产204.6%~298.7%,差异均达极显著水平。马铃薯优化施肥100kg经济产量吸收N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分指标分别为2.56kg、0.93kg和4.64kg;肥料利用率N为52.7%,P_2O_5为28.3%,K_2O为57.4%。优化施肥氮、磷、钾纯施用量分别为16kg/667m~2、8kg/667m~2、21kg/667m~2的配比方式较为合理,营养元素缺失或不施肥会造成严重减产。     

昭阳区玉米测土配方肥增产效应分析

通过对云南省昭通市昭阳区有代表性地块进行氮、磷、钾肥料"3 4 1 4"试验,确定了玉米种植合理的肥料配比,建议昭阳区玉米种植中N、P、K适宜的施肥配比为N 33.35~35kg/667m~2,P_2O_524.0~33.3kg/667m~2,K_2O 8.10~11kg/667m~2。     

低氮、中磷、高钾和中微量元素对辣椒产量的影响

为探索适宜辣椒的施肥量,以"遵椒4号"为材料,采用四因素(微量元素、氮、磷和钾)五水平二次正交旋转组合设计,按标准试验布置小区,36处理,以小区产量Y为因变量,微量元素(X1)、氮(X2)、磷(X3)、钾(X4)四元素为自变量,进行多元分析和主效应分析。结果表明四因素对小区产量的大小为氮钾磷微量元素,二次项:钾氮磷微量元素,说明钾是提高辣椒产量的重要因素,氮和磷对产量也有较大影响。据此推导最优施肥方案为,N:4.14~5.98 kg/667m2;P2O5:6.4~9.6 kg/667m2;K2O:18.6~21.6 kg/667m2;微量元素:1.5~2.5 kg/667m2。     

河套黄灌区油用向日葵氮磷钾肥料效应分析

为了明确内蒙古河套黄灌区油用向日葵氮、磷、钾肥料效应,采用三因素二次通用旋转设计法,对油用向日葵在内蒙古河套灌区进行氮、磷、钾施肥试验研究。结果表明,河套灌区施用氮、磷、钾均对油用向日葵产量有显著的增产效果,并能用三元二次多项式进行模拟表达。最高理论产量可达307.2 kg/667 m2。氮、磷、钾的最佳配比为1.38∶1.37∶1。     

鲜食大豆不同肥料配比技术研究

通过对鲜食大豆萧垦8901氮、磷、钾三元素不同施用配比的研究，结果表明，实行氮、磷、钾三要素配合施用，能明显改善大豆经济性状，提高鲜英外观品质、商品性以及鲜英产量、氮、磷、钾三种肥料的最佳配比用量为纯N 10．2，P2O54．2，K2O5．6kg/667m^2。     

黔花生一号高产施肥技术研究浅析

为探讨花生新品种——黔花生一号在遵义市的高产栽培技术，通过对氮、磷、钾的7种配比试验研究结果表明：在净作土壤上，施尿素10-15kg/667m^2，普钙10-20kg/667m^2，钾肥3-9kg/667m^2，可使花生产量达到314.5-320.1kg/667m^2，其净产值可达783.4-791.2元/667m^2，投产比为1:5.86-5.89，效益十分显著。     

硫酸镁不同用量对马铃薯产量及性状的影响

为探寻马铃薯镁肥适宜用量,在氮、磷、钾配方施肥基础上,用硫酸镁作为镁肥原料,设计了0kg/667m~2(CK)、10kg/667m~2、15kg/667m~2、20kg/667m~2、25kg/667m~2不同等次镁肥实物用量的田间试验。结果表明:马铃薯施用镁肥所有处理与不施比较性状指标增加,产量显著提高,其中以施用20kg/667m~2处理增产最高,增幅达34.6%,其次是施用15kg/667m~2、10kg/667m~2和25kg/667m~2处理,增幅分别达到25.4%、23%和22.3%,但随着镁肥施用量的不断增加,出现了产量增幅减少的现象,建议在试验相似气候土壤条件下的地区马铃薯栽培中,硫酸镁施用10kg/667m~2至20kg/667m~2(折合Mg O纯量1.6~3.2kg/667m~2)比较适宜。     

高土壤肥力条件下平衡施肥对马铃薯产量的影响

本试验采用农业部"3414"试验设计,研究不同因素施肥组合对马铃薯产量及施肥效益的影响,提出氮、磷、钾的最佳用量和配肥比例,结果表明:在喀什地区高土壤肥力条件下施氮、磷、钾肥对马铃薯的增产效果依次为NKP,最佳施N量为41.42 kg/667 m~2、P2O5为31.95 kg/667 m~2、K_2O为26.26 kg/667 m~2,最佳经济产量为2 848.5kg/667 m~2,N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O比例为1∶0.34∶0.63。     

科普须防“失真”，“失声”，“失效”

为了提高对科普工作的重视程度,依靠动员科学家推动科普事业,加强科普资源建设,创新科普活动,针对科普工作和活动经常出现“权威性不够”,“针对性不足”,“实效性不强”等问题。根据长期从事农业科普工作的实践,对科普“失真”,“失声”,“失效”现象产生的原因进行了深入思考,提出了解决这些问题的主要对策建议。     

Transformation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campanula</Emphasis> by wild type <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium rhizogenes</Emphasis>

Compact growth is an important quality criterion in horticulture. Many Campanula species and cultivars exhibit elongated growth which is suppressed by chemical retardation and cultural practice during production to accommodate to the consumer’s desire. The production of compact plants via transformation with wild type Agrobacterium rhizogenes is an approach with great potential to produce plants that are non-GMO. Efficient transformation and regeneration procedures vary widely among both plant genera and species. Here we present a transformation protocol for Campanula. Hairy roots were produced on 26–90% of the petioles that were used for transformation of C. portenschlagiana (Cp), a C. takesimana × C. punctata hybrid (Chybr) and C. glomerata (Cg). Isolated hairy roots grew autonomously and vigorously without added hormones. The Cg hairy roots produced chlorophyll and generated plantlets in response to treatments with cytokinin (42 µM 2iP) and auxin (0.67 µM NAA). In contrast, regeneration attempts of transformed Cp and Chybr roots lead neither to the production of chlorophyll nor to the regeneration of shoots. Agropine A. rhizogenes strains integrate split T-DNA in T_L- and T_R-DNA fragments into the plant genome. In this study, regenerated plants of Cg did not contain T_R-DNA, indicating that a selective pressure against this T-DNA fragment may exist in Campanula.     

Obtainment of an intergeneric hybrid between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Forsythia</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abeliophyllum</Emphasis>

Forsythia suspensa and F. ‘Courtaneur’ were used as female parents to cross with Abeliophyllum distichum in 2011 and an intergeneric hybrid of F. suspensa × A. distichum was obtained, though with very low seed set. The morphological characteristics, flower fragrance and volatile organic compounds of flowers were analysed. The intergeneric hybrid had intermediate morphological characteristics of both parents and flower fragrance and was confirmed as a true intergeneric hybrid by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Compared with its mother parent (F. suspensa), flowers of the intergeneric hybrid are pale yellow with delicate fragrance. Volatile organic compounds of flowers were retrieved by purge-and-trap techniques, and determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main volatile organic components of F. suspensa were isoprenoids, while the main volatile organic components of A. distichum and the hybrid of F. suspensa × A. distichum were aliphatics. To determine the time and the site of intergeneric hybridizing barriers occured, the pollen tubes’ behavior after pollination was observed under fluorescence microscopy. It was found that significant pre-fertilization incompatibility existed in intergeneric crossing combinations [F. ‘Courtaneur’ (Pin) × A. distichum (Thrum) and F. suspensa (Pin) × A. distichum (Thrum)], and only a few pollen tubes of A. distichum penetrated into the ovaries of Forsythia. In our research, an intergeneric hybrid between Forsythia and Abeliophyllum was obtained for the first time, which will provide a solid foundation for expanding the flower color range of Forsythia and breeding fragrant-flowered cultivars.     

AFLP–SSR maps of maize × teosinte and maize × maize: comparison of map length and segregation distortion

Two genetic linkage maps of Zea mays were constructed: one population comprised 94 F₂ individuals of a dent ‘B64’ × teosinte (Z. mays ssp. huehuetenangensis) cross while the second consisted of 94 F₂ individuals of a ‘B64’ × Caribbean flint ‘Na4’ cross. The level of polymorphism was higher in the ‘B64’ × teosinte combination than the ‘B64’ × ‘Na4’ combination. In the ‘B64’ × teosinte cross, a total of 338 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and 75 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were mapped to 10 chromosomes, which covered 1402.4 cM. In the ‘B64’ × ‘Na4’ cross, a total of 340 AFLP and 97 SSR markers were mapped to 10 chromosomes, covering 1662.8 cM. Segregation distortion regions were found on chromosomes 4, 5 and 8 in the ‘B64’ × teosinte cross and on chromosome 9 in the ‘B64’ × ‘Na4’ cross. Comparison of the two maps revealed that the maize × teosinte map was 11.5% shorter than the maize × maize map. The maps generated in this study may be useful to identify genes controlling flooding tolerance.     

Effects of introgressions from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Festuca pratensis</Emphasis> on winter hardiness of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lolium perenne</Emphasis>

Previous studies reported that some genotypes with introgressed Festuca chromosome segment(s) in Lolium genome showed enhanced winter hardiness compared to Lolium. The aim of this study was to search comprehensively for the Festuca pratensis chromosome regions affecting winter hardiness-related traits when introgressed into the Lolium perenne genome. Association between F. pratensis introgression and winter hardiness-related traits (fall and winter hardiness indexes, early-spring dry matter yield, and freezing tolerance) were screened in the diploid introgression populations (n = 203) that had some F. pratensis chromosome segments introgressed. Eighty-four intron markers corresponding to unique rice genes randomly distributed across the genome were used for genotyping. Winter hardiness of almost all plants in the introgression populations was lower than that of the F. pratensis and triploid hybrid parents, but the average was higher than that of L. perenne. A significant positive effect of F. pratensis introgression on early-spring dry matter yield was detected on chromosome 7. This quantitative trait locus (QTL) was confirmed by linkage analysis using a backcross population with F. pratensis introgression in the target region of chromosome 7. However, the contribution of the newly identified QTL was rather small (6.7–9.6%), suggesting that superior winter hardiness of F. pratensis compared to L. perenne is conferred by multiple small-effect QTLs. We also detected a previously unreported negative effect of Festuca introgression on winter hardiness. Newly obtained QTL information in this study would contribute to the design of Festuca/Lolium hybrid breeding.     

亲水性液相色谱串联质谱法测定红甜菜中甜菜碱含量

为了建立红甜菜中甜菜碱的定量分析方法，采用改进的QuEChERS方法结合液相色谱串联质谱技术，样品经快速溶剂萃取仪以甲醇为溶剂提取，经固相萃取柱净化，采用正向亲水性液相色谱柱(Hilic)，梯度洗脱，通过质谱的多反应监测(multiple reactions monitoring，MRM)正离子模式扫描进行测定，外标法定量。结果表明：甜菜碱在本方法的线性范围为0.05~5 ug/mL，添加水平为4~16 mg/g时，回收率为87.7%~95.7%，方法RSD值为3.69%~8.4%，检出限为0.01 mg/L，定量限为0.04 mg/L，与传统的分析方法相比，具有检出限低、灵敏度高的优点，完全可以适用于甜菜中甜菜碱的分析。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> propagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichosanthus dioica</Emphasis> Roxb. for nutritional security

The pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) is an important cucurbit reported for its medicinal value, therapeutic potential, and as a popular delicacy (especially in Indian cuisine). Being nutritive and desirous, it has potential to feed the nations and addresses their nutritional security and economic prosperity. The plant is usually vegetatively propagated and cultivated for fruits during summer and rainy seasons. The limited supply of planting material, limits cultivation and production. The present study was in anticipation for direct organogenesis, callus induction, and somatic embryo formation from leaf and node explants of T. dioica Roxb. In this study, the MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D was found to be most efficient for callus induction, followed by 0.5 mg/L Kn and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. The embryogenic callus was developed by sub-culturing of node callus in the same media. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed the presence of embryogenic cell clusters having globular embryos, which were found irresponsive to develop further. Through direct organogenesis, the node explants have responded to produce true-to-type plants for propagation. It was observed that MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA was efficient for shoot proliferation, and 0.5 mg/L IAA was found more efficient for root development. Notably, the plant remains unexplored in its potential for improvement involving molecular breeding and tissue culture. These results may be effective to produce genetically stable plants on a large scale and aid the genetic improvement of pointed gourds.     

Sources of resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora</Emphasis> root rot within the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beta</Emphasis>

Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker is one of the most devastating sugar beet diseases in tropical areas. To identify genetic resources resistant to this disease, an aggressive isolate of P. drechsleri was selected. Then, a screening method was optimized based on the standard scoring scales of 1–9 (1: no symptoms, 9: complete plant death). Finally, 19 sugar beet lines, three cultivars, and 14 accessions of the wild species Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima, B. macrocarpa, B. procumbens, and B. webbiana were evaluated for resistance to the most aggressive isolate of P. drechsleri by using the optimized method (inoculum included 20 g of rice seed together with superficial wound creation). The isolates of P. drechsleri had significant variation in aggressiveness, and Kv10 was the most aggressive isolate on the susceptible variety Rasoul. The lines O.T.201-15, SP85303-0 (resistant check), and S2-24.P.107 had the lowest disease index with scores of 3.09, 3.13, and 3.27 respectively; they were categorized into the resistant group. The interaction between isolates and genotypes was not significant, which indicated the same response of each genotype to different isolates. Investigating the resistance of different generations of sugar beet revealed that progeny selection would be an effective method for increasing the resistance level of breeding materials to P. drechsleri. Among the wild species, the accession 9402 belonging to B. macrocarpa and the accession 7234 of B. vulgaris subsp. maritima had the lowest disease index (2.29 and 2.60, respectively) and were categorized into the resistant group.     

Haplotype analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Viviparous</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">1</Emphasis> gene in CIMMYT elite bread wheat germplasm

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) greatly reduces the quality and economic value of wheat grain. In this study, a total of 168 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) wheat germplasm lines were examined to characterize the haplotypes of Vp-1A, Vp-1B and Vp-1D, which are located on the long arms of chromosomes 3A, 3B and 3D, respectively. Among them, five new alleles of Vp-1Aa (the wild allele) were identified on chromosome 3A, and designated as Vp-1Ab, Vp-1Ac, Vp-1Ad, Vp-1Ae and Vp-1Af, respectively. The main difference between Vp-1Aa and the newly identified alleles was in the numbers of CTT repeats located in the third intron, but Vp-1Af also had 6 and 2 bp deletions at positions 2860–2865 bp and 2880–2881 bp, and possessed five SNPs within the same intron region. In the Vp-1B locus, several alleles (Vp-1Ba, Vp-1Bb, Vp-1Bc, Vp-1Bd, Vp-1Be and Vp-1Bf) have already been identified. In the present material only two, the already known allele Vp-1Bc, and a new one, designated as Vp-1Bg, were detected. Compared with Vp-Ba, Vp-1Bg had additional insertion of TCC at position 2372 bp and a 9 bp change from CTGCATC AC to GCATCAGTG at 2417–2425 bp. However, no polymorphism was detected in Vp-1D. The frequencies of Vp-1Aa Vp-1Ab, Vp-1Ac, Vp-1Ad, Vp-1Ae, and Vp-1Af were 65, 10, 11, 4, 5 and 5%, respectively. For Vp-1B, 155 out of the 168 lines were Vp-1Bc; the remaining 13 were Vp-1Bg. Analyses of the germination index (GI) and abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity showed that genotypes with Vp-1Ab or Vp-1Af showed higher PHS resistance than the ones with other alleles, suggesting that they might be valuable for CIMMYT breeding program or germplasm introduction. The results presented here will underpin the introduction of germplasm from CIMMYT and the improvement of PHS resistance, both in CIMMYT and elsewhere.