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1.
Whereas non-leguminous cover crops such as cereal rye (Secale cereale) or annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorium) are capable of reducing nitrogen (N) leaching during wet seasons, leguminous cover crops such as hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) improve soil N fertility for succeeding crops. With mixtures of grasses and legumes as cover crop, the goal of reducing
N leaching while increasing soil N availability for crop production could be attainable. This study examined net N mineralization
of soil treated with hairy vetch residues mixed with either cereal rye or annual ryegrass and the effect of these mixtures
on growth and N uptake by cereal rye. Both cereal rye and annual ryegrass contained low total N, but high water-soluble carbon
and carbohydrate, compared with hairy vetch. Decreasing the proportion of hairy vetch in the mixed residues decreased net
N mineralization, rye plant growth and N uptake, but increased the crossover time (the time when the amount of net N mineralized
in the residue-amended soil equalled that of the non-amended control) required for net N mineralization to occur. When the
hairy vetch content was decreased to 40% or lower, net N immobilization in the first week of incubation increased markedly.
Residue N was significantly correlated with rye biomass (r=0.81, P<0.01) and N uptake (r=0.83, P<0.001), although the correlation was much higher between residue N and the potential initial N mineralization rate for rye
biomass (r=0.93, P<0.001) and N uptake (r=0.99, P<0.001). Judging from the effects of the mixed residues on rye N Concentration and N uptake, the proportion of rye or annual
ryegrass when mixed with residues of hairy vetch should not exceed 60% if the residues are to increase N availability. Further
study is needed to examine the influence of various mixtures of hairy vetch and rye or annual ryegrass on N leaching in soil.
Received: 10 March 1997 相似文献
2.
Maintaining and/or conserving organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in the soil using management practices can improve its fertility and productivity and help to reduce global warming by sequestration of atmospheric CO2 and N2. We examined the influence of 6 years of tillage (no-till, NT; chisel plowing, CP; and moldboard plowing, MP), cover crop (hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) vs. winter weeds), and N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha−1) on soil organic C and N concentrations in a Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kandiudults) under tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and silage corn (Zea mays L.). In a second experiment, we compared the effects of 7 years of non-legume (rye (Secale cereale L.)) and legume (hairy vetch and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)) cover crops and N fertilization (HN (90 kg N ha−1 for tomato and 80 kg N ha−1 for eggplant)) and FN (180 kg N ha−1 for tomato and 160 kg N ha−1 for eggplant)) on soil organic C and N in a Greenville fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Rhodic Kandiudults) under tomato and eggplant (Solanum melogena L.). Both experiments were conducted from 1994 to 2000 in Fort Valley, GA. Carbon concentration in cover crops ranged from 704 kg ha−1 in hairy vetch to 3704 kg ha−1 in rye in 1999 and N concentration ranged from 77 kg ha−1 in rye in 1996 to 299 kg ha−1 in crimson clover in 1997. With or without N fertilization, concentrations of soil organic C and N were greater in NT with hairy vetch than in MP with or without hairy vetch (23.5–24.9 vs. 19.9–21.4 Mg ha−1 and 1.92–2.05 vs. 1.58–1.76 Mg ha−1, respectively). Concentrations of organic C and N were also greater with rye, hairy vetch, crimson clover, and FN than with the control without a cover crop or N fertilization (17.5–18.4 vs. 16.5 Mg ha−1 and 1.33–1.43 vs. 1.31 Mg ha−1, respectively). From 1994 to 1999, concentrations of soil organic C and N decreased by 8–16% in NT and 15–25% in CP and MP. From 1994 to 2000, concentrations of organic C and N decreased by 1% with hairy vetch and crimson clover, 2–6% with HN and FN, and 6–18% with the control. With rye, organic C and N increased by 3–4%. Soil organic C and N concentrations can be conserved and/or maintained by reducing their loss through mineralization and erosion, and by sequestering atmospheric CO2 and N2 in the soil using NT with cover crops and N fertilization. These changes in soil management improved soil quality and productivity. Non-legume (rye) was better than legumes (hairy vetch and crimson clover) and N fertilization in increasing concentrations of soil organic C and N. 相似文献
3.
Effect of cropping systems on nitrogen mineralization in soils 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Understanding the effect of cropping systems on N mineralization in soils is crucial for a better assessment of N fertilizer
requirements of crops in order to minimize nitrate contamination of surface and groundwater resources. The effects of crop
rotations and N fertilization on N mineralization were studied in soils from two long-term field experiments at the Northeast
Research Center and the Clarion-Webster Research Center in Iowa that were initiated in 1979 and 1954, respectively. Surface
soil samples were taken in 1996 from plots of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), oats (Avena sativa L.), or meadow (alfalfa) (Medicago sativa L.) that had received 0 or 180 kg N ha–1 before corn and an annual application of 20 kg P and 56 kg K ha–1. N mineralization was studied in leaching columns under aerobic conditions at 30 °C for 24 weeks. The results showed that
N mineralization was affected by cover crop at the time of sampling. Continuous soybean decreased, whereas inclusion of meadow
increased, the amount of cumulative N mineralized. The mineralizable N pool (N
o) varied considerably among the soil samples studied, ranging from 137 mg N kg–1 soil under continuous soybean to >500 mg N kg–1 soil under meadow-based rotations, sampled in meadow. The results suggest that the N
o and/or organic N in soils under meadow-based cropping systems contained a higher proportion of active N fractions.
Received: 10 February 1999 相似文献
4.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):1017-1041
Abstract Understanding seasonal soil nitrogen (N) availability patterns is necessary to assess corn (Zea mays L.) N needs following winter cover cropping. Therefore, a field study was initiated to track N availability for corn in conventional and no‐till systems and to determine the accuracy of several methods for assessing and predicting N availability for corn grown in cover crop systems. The experimental design was a systematic split‐split plot with fallow, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye+hairy vetch, and wheat+hairy vetch established as main plots and managed for conventional till and no‐till corn (split plots) to provide a range of soil N availability. The split‐split plot treatment was sidedressed with fertilizer N to give five N rates ranging from 0–300 kg N ha‐1 in 75 kg N ha‐1 increments. Soil and corn were sampled throughout the growing season in the 0 kg N ha‐1 check plots and corn grain yields were determined in all plots. Plant‐available N was greater following cover crops that contained hairy vetch, but tillage had no consistent affect on N availability. Corn grain yields were higher following hairy vetch with or without supplemental fertilizer N and averaged 11.6 Mg ha‐1 and 9.9 Mg ha‐1 following cover crops with and without hairy vetch, respectively. All cover crop by tillage treatment combinations responded to fertilizer N rate both years, but the presence of hairy vetch seldom reduced predicted fertilizer N need. Instead, hairy vetch in monoculture or biculture seemed to add to corn yield potential by an average of about 1.7 Mg ha‐1 (averaged over fertilizer N rates). Cover crop N contributions to corn varied considerably, likely due to cover crop N content and C:N ratio, residue management, climate, soil type, and the method used to assess and assign an N credit. The pre‐sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) accurately predicted fertilizer N responsive and N nonresponsive cover crop‐corn systems, but inorganic soil N concentrations within the PSNT critical inorganic soil N concentration range were not detected in this study. 相似文献
5.
P. Houngnandan N. Sanginga P. Woomer B. Vanlauwe O. Van Cleemput 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,30(5-6):558-565
Leguminous cover crops such as Mucuna pruriens (mucuna) have the potential to contribute to soil N and increase the yields of subsequent or associated cereal crops through
symbiotic N fixation. It has often been assumed that mucuna will freely nodulate, fix N2 and therefore contribute to soil N. However, results of recent work have indicated mucuna's failure to nodulate in some farmers'
fields in the derived savanna in Benin. One of the management practices that can help to improve mucuna establishment and
growth is the use of rhizobial inocula to ensure compatibility between the symbiotic partners. Experiments were conducted
in 1995 and 1996 on 15 farmers' fields located in three different villages (Eglimé, Zouzouvou and Tchi) in the derived savanna
in Benin. The aim was to determine the response of mucuna to inoculation and examine the factors affecting it when grown in
relay cropping with maize. The actual amount of N2 fixed by mucuna in the farmers' fields at 20 weeks after planting (WAP) averaged 60 kg N ha–1 (range: 41–76 kg N ha–1) representing 55% (range: 49–58%) of the plant total N. The result suggested that mucuna in these farmers' fields could not
meet its total N demand for growth and seed production only by N2 fixation. It was estimated that after grain removal mucuna led to a net N contribution ranging from –37 to 30 kg N ha–1. Shoot dry weight at 20 WAP varied between 1.5 and 8.7 t ha–1 and N accumulation ranged from 22 to 193 kg N ha–1. Inoculation increased shoot dry matter by an average of 28% above the uninoculated treatments, but the increase depended
on the field, location and year. For the combinations of inoculated treatments and farmers' fields, the response frequency
was higher in Eglimé and Tchi than in Zouzouvou. The response to inoculated treatments was dependent on the field and inversely
related to the numbers of rhizobia in the soil. Soil rhizobial populations ranged from 0 to >188 cells g–1 soil, and response to inoculation often occurred when numbers of indigenous rhizobia were <5 cells g–1 soil. In two farmers' fields at Zouzouvou where extractable P was below 10 μg g–1 soil, mucuna did not respond to rhizobial inoculation despite a higher population of rhizobia. Significant relationships
between mycorrhizal colonization, growth and nodulation of mucuna were observed, and inoculated plants with rhizobia had a
higher rate of colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (%AMF) than uninoculated ones. Therefore, it was shown that mucuna
will establish and fix N2 effectively in those fields where farmer's management practices such as good crop rotation and rhizobial inoculation allow
a build up of AMF spores that might lead to a high degree of AMF infection and alleviate P deficiency.
Received: 14 June 1999 相似文献
6.
Arylsulfatase activity of microbial biomass in soils as affected by cropping systems 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The impacts of crop rotations and N fertilization on different pools of arylsulfatase activity (total, intracellular, and
extracellular) were studied in soils of two long-term field experiments in Iowa to assess the contibution of the microbial
biomass to the activity of this enzyme. Surface-soil samples were taken in 1996 and 1997 in corn, soybeans, oats, or meadow
(alfalfa) plots that received 0 or 180 kg N ha–1 before corn, and an annual application of 20 kg P ha–1 and 56 kg K ha–1. The arylsulfatase activity in the soils was assayed at optimal pH (acetate buffer, pH 5.8) before and after chloroform fumigation;
microbial biomass C (Cmic) and N (Nmic) were determined by chloroform-fumigation methods. All pools of arylsulfatase activity in soils were significantly affected
by crop rotation and plant cover at sampling time, but not by N fertilization. Generally, the highest total, intracellular,
and extracellular arylsulfatase activities were obtained in soils under cereal-meadow rotations, taken under oats or meadow,
and the lowest under continuous cropping systems.Total, intracellular, and extracellular arylsulfatase activities were significantly
correlated with Cmic (r>0.41, P<0.01) and Nmic (r>0.38, P<0.01) in soils. The averages of specific activity values, i.e., of arylsulfatase activity of the microbial biomass, expressed
per milligram Cmic, ranged from 315 to 407 μg p-nitrophenol h–1. The total arylsulfatase activity was significantly correlated with the intracellular activity, with r values >0.79 (P<0.001). In general, about 45% of the total arylsulfatase activity was extracellular, and 55% was associated with the microbial
biomass in soils, indicating the importance of the microflora as an enzyme source in soils.
Received: 23 April 1998 相似文献
7.
G. Amanuel R. F. Kühne D. G. Tanner P. L. G. Vlek 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,32(5):353-359
N2 fixation by leguminous crops is a relatively low-cost alternative to N fertilizer for small-holder farmers in developing
countries. N2 fixation in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as affected by P fertilization (0 and 20 kg P ha–1) and inoculation (uninoculated and inoculated) with Rhizobium leguminosarium biovar viciae (strain S-18) was studied using the 15N isotope dilution method in the southeastern Ethiopian highlands at three sites differing in soil conditions and length of
growing period. Nodulation at the late flowering stage was significantly influenced by P and inoculation only at the location
exhibiting the lowest soil P and pH levels. The percentage of N derived from the atmosphere ranged from 66 to 74%, 58 to 74%
and 62 to 73% with a corresponding total amount of N2 fixed ranging from 169 to 210 kg N ha–1, 139 to 184 kg N ha–1 and 147 to 174 kg N ha–1 at Bekoji, Kulumsa and Asasa, respectively. The total N2 fixed was not significantly affected by P fertilizer or inoculation across all locations, and there was no interaction between
the factors. However, at all three locations, N2 fixation was highly positively correlated with the dry matter production and total N yield of faba bean. Soil N balances
after faba bean were positive (12–58 kg N ha–1) relative to the highly negative N balances (–9–44 kg N ha–1) following wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), highlighting the importance of rotation with faba bean in the cereal-based cropping systems of Ethiopia.
Received: 13 January 2000 相似文献
8.
The short-term cover crops increase soil labile organic carbon in southeastern Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Xiaoqi Zhou Chengrong Chen Shunbao Lu Yichao Rui Hanwen Wu Zhihong Xu 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2012,48(2):239-244
Little information is available about the effects of cover crops on soil labile organic carbon (C), especially in Australia.
In this study, two cover crop species, i.e., wheat and Saia oat, were broadcast-seeded in May 2009 and then crop biomass was
crimp-rolled onto the soil surface at anthesis in October 2009 in southeastern Australia. Soil and crop residue samples were
taken in December 2009 to investigate the short-term effects of cover crops on soil pH, moisture, NH4+–N, NO3−–N, soluble organic C and nitrogen (N), total organic C and N, and C mineralization in comparison with a nil-crop control
(CK). The soil is a Chromic Luvisol according to the FAO classification with 48.4 ± 2.2% sand, 19.5 ± 2.1% silt, and 32.1 ± 2.1%
clay. An exponential model fitting was employed to assess soil potentially labile organic C (C
0) and easily decomposable organic C for all treatments based on 46-day incubations. The results showed that crop residue biomass
significantly decreased over the course of 2-month decomposition. The cover crop treatments had significantly higher soil
pH, soluble organic C and N, cumulative CO2–C, C
0, and easily decomposable organic C, but significantly lower NO3−–N than the CK. However, no significant differences were found in soil moisture, NH4+–N, and total organic C and N contents among the treatments. Our results indicated that the short-term cover crops increased
soil labile organic C pools, which might have implications for local agricultural ecosystem managements in this region. 相似文献
9.
The impacts of crop rotations and N fertilization on different pools of urease activity were studied in soils of two long-term
field experiments in Iowa; at the Northeast Research Center (NERC) and the Clarion-Webster Research Center (CWRC). Surface
soil samples (0–15 cm) were taken in 1996 and 1997 in corn, soybeans, oats, or meadow (alfalfa) plots that received 0 or 180 kg
N ha–1, applied as urea before corn and an annual application of 20 kg P and 56 kg K ha–1. The urease activity in the soils was assayed at optimal pH (THAM buffer, pH 9.0), with and without toluene treatment, in
a chloroform-fumigated sample and its nonfumigated counterpart. The microbial biomass C (Cmic) and N (Nmic) were determined by chloroform fumigation methods. The total, intracellular, extracellular and specific urease activities
in the soils of the NERC site were significantly affected by crop rotation, but not by N fertilization. Generally, the highest
total urease activities were obtained in soils under 4-year oats–meadow rotations and the lowest under continuous corn. The
higher total activities under multicropping systems were caused by a higher activity of both the intracellular and extracellular
urease fractions. In contrast, the highest values for the specific urease activity, i.e. of urease activity of the microbial
biomass, were found in soils under continuous soybean and the least under the 4-year rotations. Total and extracellular urease
activities were significantly correlated with Cmic (r>0.30* and >0.40**) and Nmic (r>0.39** and >0.44**) in soils of the NERC and CWRC sites, respectively. Total urease activity was significantly correlated
with the intracellular activity (r>0.73***). About 46% of the total urease activity of the soils was associated with the microbial biomass, and 54% was extracellular
in nature.
Received: 25 May 1999 相似文献
10.
Chathuri S Weerasekara Ranjith P Udawatta Clark J Gantzer Shibu Jose Kristen S Veum 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(17):2074-2082
Cover crops improve soil quality properties and thus land productivity. We compared soil chemical and biological changes influenced by hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and cereal rye (Secale cereal) cover crops grown in Menfro silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs), Mexico silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Epiaqualfs), or sand in the greenhouse. Cover crop biomass, soil β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase activities, and soil chemical properties were measured at six, nine, and twelve weeks after planting. Cover crop biomass increased with highest (p < 0.0001) yields for hairy vetch and cereal rye in Menfro and Mexico soils, respectively. β-glucosaminidase, FDA, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and total phosphorus (P) contents significantly decreased in all soils for both cover crops. However, β-glucosidase activity significantly increased (p < 0.0001). Long-term field studies are needed to evaluate soil quality improvement under cover crops, especially for soils with marginal organic matter and fertility. 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(8):1106-1119
Nitrogen (N) release from roll-killed legume cover crops was determined for hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and a hairy vetch + rye (Secale cereale L.) biculture in an organic corn production system in North Carolina, USA. Cover crops were planted at two locations in fall 2008 and 2009, roll-killed in May, and no-till planted with corn (Zea mays L.). Inorganic soil N and mineral N flux were determined using potassium chloride (KCl) extractions and ion-exchange resin (Plant Root Simulator, PRS) probes at 2-week intervals for 12 weeks and compared to fertilized controls of 0 and 168 kg N ha?1. In 2009, greater plant available N under hairy vetch than under either 0 N control or crimson clover was found, with peak soil N occurring between 4 and 6 weeks after roll kill. Available soil N under crimson clover mulches was less than or equal to 0 N, suggesting net immobilization. 相似文献
12.
E.-A. Kaiser K. Kohrs M. Kücke E. Schnug J. C. Munch O. Heinemeyer 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1998,28(1):36-43
N2O emission rates from a sandy loam soil were measured in a field experiment with 2 years of perennial forage crops (ryegrass,
ryegrass-red clover, red clover) and 1 year of spring barley cultivation. Spring barley was sown after the incorporation of
the forage crop residues. All spring barley plots received 40 kg N ha–1 N fertiliser. Ryegrass, ryegrass-red clover and red clover plots were fertilised with 350 kg N ha–1, 175 kg N ha–1 and 0 kg N ha–1, respectively. From June 1994 to February 1997, N2O fluxes were continuously estimated using very large, closed soil cover boxes (5.76 m2). In order to compare the growing crops, the 33 months of investigation were separated into three vegetation periods (March–September)
and three winter periods (October–February). All agronomic treatments (fertilisation, harvest and tillage) were carried out
during the vegetation period. Large temporal changes were found in the N2O emission rates. The data were approximately log-normally distributed. Forty-seven percent of the annual N2O losses were observed to occur during winter, and mainly resulted from N2O production during daily thawing and freezing cycles. No relationship was found between the N2O emissions during the winter and the vegetation period. During the vegetation period, N2O losses and yields were significantly different between the three forage crops. The unfertilised clover plot produced the
highest yields and the lowest N2O losses on this soil compared to the highly fertilised ryegrass plot. Total N2O losses from soil under spring barley were higher than those from soil under the forage crops; this was mainly a consequence
of N2O emissions after the incorporation of the forage crop residues.
Received: 31 October 1997 相似文献
13.
Krishna P. Woli Jose L. Pantoja John E. Sawyer 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(22):2558-2572
A soil incubation study was conducted to evaluate the effect of winter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop (CC) biomass and fertilizer nitrogen (N) addition on soil inorganic-N. Rye aboveground biomass was collected following corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and incubated at equivalent field temperatures for 105 d at rates of 1120, 2240, and 3360 kg dry matter (DM) ha?1. Despite N addition from the rye biomass at any rate, there was no real effect on ammonium (NH4)-N, and only from 63 d to 105 d a limited net increase in nitrate (NO3)-N and inorganic-N was observed compared to no-rye. Nitrate-N and inorganic-N concentrations change per heat unit (HU) accumulation was negative with rye addition through 7 d, but was positive consistently across the remaining incubation period with or without rye. Overall, the rye CC biomass had only a neutral to small positive effect on soil inorganic-N. 相似文献
14.
Emission of N2O from rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The possibility of an additional N2O emission pathway via plants was investigated in a soil-rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.) system. The N2O emission rate of the system varied between 0.8 and 13.3 mg N2O-N m–2 day–1. Comparing the N2O emission rate of the system before and immediately after cutting the rye grass allowed us to calculate the contribution
of the rye grass to the N2O emission from the soil-plant system. It was found that, depending on the type of fertilization and the growing period of
the plants, the N2O released from the rye grass varied between 0 and 2.8 mg N2O-N m–2 day–1. N
2
O emission mediated by the rye grass increased towards the end of the growing period. An exponential correlation [R2=0.93, y=(8×10–6 x
2
)–(2×10–5 x)+0.21] was observed between the N2O emission (y) from the rye grass and its NO3
––N content (x). However, it was not clear whether N2O was produced by the plants themselves or whether the rye grass served as a conduit for N2O produced in the soil.
Received: 18 March 1998 相似文献
15.
A 15N isotope dilution technique was applied to quantify the extent of N2 fixation in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars as influenced by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains in a field experiment in Pakistan. The experiment was conducted on a soil with a very small indigenous rhizobial population
and where N was a limiting factor for crop production. Significant variations in number of nodules, dry weight of nodules,
biomass yield, grain yield, total N yield, proportion of plant N derived from N2 fixation (Pfix) and amount of N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) were observed among combined treatments of four rhizobial strains and six lentil varieties. In a field previously labelled
with 15N, to which a basal dose of 75 kg P2O5 ha–1 was applied as single super phosphate, Ndfa ranged from 15 to 24 kg N ha–1 when calculated according to rhizobial strain and from 4 to 38 kg N ha–1 when calculated according to lentil variety. Lc 26 was the most effective strain and fixed 243% more N than the indigenous
population in the uninoculated control. In treatments with the lentil variety PL-406, Ndfa was 38 kg N ha–1, which was 850% higher than with the lentil variety Precoz/F6-20-1×M-85. Generally, the varieties with greater Pfix produced a higher dry matter yield.
Received: 26 May 1999 相似文献
16.
Cover crop effects on nitrogen mineralization and availability in conservation tillage cotton 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Understanding cover crop influences on N availability is important for developing N management strategies in conservation tillage systems. Two cover crops, cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), were evaluated for effects on N availability to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in a Typic Kanhapludult soil at Watkinsville, Ga. Seed cotton yields following clover and rye were 882 kg ha–1 and 1,205 kg ha–1, respectively, in 1997 and were 1,561 kg ha–1 and 2,352 kg ha–1, respectively, in 1998. In 1997, cotton biomass, leaf area index, and N were greater on some dates following crimson clover than following rye but not in 1998. During 1997, net soil N mineralized increased with time in both systems, but a similar response was not observed in 1998. Net soil N mineralization rates following crimson clover and rye averaged, respectively, 0.58 kg and 0.34 kg N ha–1 day–1 in 1997 and 0.58 kg and 0.23 kg N ha–1 day–1 in 1998. Total soil N mineralized during the cotton growing season ranged from 60 kg ha–1 to 80 kg ha–1 following crimson clover and from 30 kg ha–1 to 50 kg ha–1 following rye. Soil N mineralization correlated positively with heat units and cumulative heat units. Net soil N mineralization rates were 0.023 kg ha–1 heat unit–1 once net mineralization began. Soil heat units appeared to be a useful tool for evaluating N mineralization potential. Nearly 40% of the rye and 60% of the clover biomass decomposed during the 6 weeks prior to cotton planting, with nearly 35 kg N ha–1 mineralized from clover. 相似文献
17.
The impacts of crop rotations and N fertilization on microbial biomass C (Cmic) and N (Nmic) were studied in soils of two long-term field experiments initiated in 1978 at the Northeast Research Center (NERC) and in
1954 at the Clarion-Webster Research Center (CWRC), both in Iowa. Surface soil samples were taken in 1996 and 1997 from plots
of corn (Zea mays L.), soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), oats (Avena sativa L.), or meadow (alfalfa) (Medicago sativa L.) that had received 0 or 180 kg N ha–1 before corn and an annual application of 20 kg P and 56 kg K ha–1. The Cmic and Nmic values were determined by the chloroform-fumigation-extraction method and the chloroform-fumigation-incubation method, respectively.
The Cmic and Nmic values were significantly affected (P<0.05) by crop rotation and plant cover at time of sampling, but not by N fertilization. In general, the highest Cmic and Nmic contents were found in the multicropping systems (4-year rotations) taken in oats or meadow plots, and the lowest values
were found in continuous corn and soybean systems. On average, Cmic made up about 1.0% of the organic C (Corg), and Nmic contributed about 2.4% of the total N (Ntot) in soils at both sites and years of sampling. The Cmic values were significantly correlated with Corg contents (r≥0.41**), whereas the relationship between Cmic and Ntot was significant (r≤0.53***) only for the samples taken in 1996 at the NERC site. The Cmic : Nmic ratios were, on average, 4.3 and 6.4 in 1996, and 7.6 and 11.4 in 1997 at the NERC and CWRC sites, respectively. Crop rotation
significantly (P<0.05) affected this ratio only at the NERC site, and N fertilization showed no effect at either site. In general, multicropping
systems resulted in greater Cmic : Corg (1.1%) and Nmic : Ntot (2.6%) ratios than monocropping systems (0.8% and 2.1%, respectively).
Received: 9 February 1999 相似文献
18.
Influence of nitrogen on cellulose and lignin mineralization in blackwater and redwater forested wetland soils 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J. A. Entry 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,31(5):436-440
Microcosms were used to determine the influence of N additions on active bacterial and active fungal biomass, cellulose degradation
and lignin degradation at 5, 10 and 15 weeks in soils from blackwater and redwater wetlands in the northern Florida panhandle.
Blackwater streams contain a high dissolved organic C concentration which imparts a dark color to the water and contain low
concentrations of nutrients. Redwater streams contain high concentrations of suspended clays and inorganic nutrients, such
as N and P, compared to blackwater streams. Active bacterial and fungal biomass was determined by direct microscopy; cellulose
and lignin degradation were measured radiometrically. The experimental design was a randomized block. Treatments were: soil
type (blackwater or redwater forested wetlands) and N additions (soils amended with the equivalent of 0, 200 or 400 kg N ha–1 as NH4NO3). Redwater soils contained higher concentrations of C, total N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, B and Zn than blackwater soils. After N
addition and 15 weeks of incubation, the active bacterial biomass in redwater soils was lower than in blackwater soils; the
active bacterial biomass in blackwater soils was lower when 400 kg N ha–1, but not when 200 kg N ha–1, was added. The active fungal biomass in blackwater soils was higher when 400 kg N ha–1, but not when 200 kg N ha–1, was added. The active fungal biomass in redwater wetland soils was lower when 200 kg N ha–1, but not when 400 kg N ha–1, was added. Cellulose and lignin degradation was higher in redwater than in blackwater soils. After 10 and 15 weeks of incubation,
the addition of 200 or 400 kg N as NH4NO3 ha–1 decreased cellulose and lignin degradation in both wetland soils to similar levels. This study indicated that the addition
of N may slow organic matter degradation and nutrient mineralization, thereby creating deficiencies of other plant-essential
nutrients in wetland forest soils.
Received: 7 April 1999 相似文献
19.
Influence of nitrogen on atrazine and 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid mineralization in blackwater and redwater forested wetland soils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. A. Entry 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1999,29(4):348-353
Microcosms were used to determine the influence of N additions on active bacterial and fungal biomass, atrazine and dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D) mineralization at 5, 10 and 15 weeks in soils from blackwater and redwater wetland forest ecosystems in the northern
Florida Panhandle. Active bacterial and fungal biomass was determined by staining techniques combined with direct microscopy.
Atrazine and 2,4-D mineralization were measured radiometrically. Treatments were: soil type, (blackwater or redwater forested
wetland soils) and N additions (soils amended with the equivalent of 0, 200 or 400 kg N ha–1 as NH4NO3). Redwater soils contained higher concentrations of C, total N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, B and Zn than blackwater soils. After N
addition and 15 weeks of incubation, active bacterial biomass in redwater soils was lower when N was added. Active bacterial
biomass in blackwater soils was lower when 400 kg N ha–1, but not when 200 kg N ha–1, was added. Active fungal biomass in blackwater soils was higher when 400 kg N ha–1, but not when 200 kg N ha–1, was added. Active fungal biomass in redwater soils was lower when 200 kg N ha–1, but not when 400 kg N ha–1, was added. After 15 weeks of incubation 2,4-D degradation was higher in redwater wetland soils than in blackwater soils.
After 10 and 15 weeks of incubation the addition of 200 or 400 kg N ha–1 decreased both atrazine and 2,4-D degradation in redwater soils. The addition of 400 kg N ha–1 decreased 2,4-D degradation but not atrazine degradation in blackwater soils after 10 and 15 weeks of incubation. High concentrations
of N in surface runoff and groundwater resulting from agricultural operations may have resulted in the accumulation of N in
many wetland soils. Large amounts of N accumulating in wetlands may decrease mineralization of toxic agricultural pesticides.
Received: 26 June 1998 相似文献
20.
Crop residues and fertilizer nitrogen influence residue decomposition and nitrous oxide emission from a Vertisol 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Wisal Muhammad Sarah M. Vaughan Ram C. Dalal Neal W. Menzies 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(1):15-23
Crop residues with high C/N ratio immobilize N released during decomposition in soil, thus reducing N losses through leaching,
denitrification, and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted for 84 days under controlled conditions (24°C and moisture content
55% of water-holding capacity) to study the influence of sugarcane, maize, sorghum, cotton and lucerne residues, and mineral
N addition, on N mineralization–immobilization and N2O emission. Residues were added at the rate of 3 t C ha−1 to soil with, and without, 150 kg urea N ha−1. The addition of sugarcane, maize, and sorghum residues without N fertilizer resulted in a significant immobilization of
soil N. Amended soil had significantly (P < 0.05) lower NO3−–N, which reached minimum values of 2.8 mg N kg−1 for sugarcane (at day 28), 10.3 mg N kg−1 for maize (day 7), and 5.9 mg N kg−1 for sorghum (day 7), compared to 22.7 mg N kg−1 for the unamended soil (day 7). During 84 days of incubation, the total mineral N in the residues + N treatments were decreased
by 45 mg N kg−1 in sugarcane, 34 mg kg−1 in maize, 29 mg kg−1 in sorghum, and 16 mg kg−1 in cotton amended soil compared to soil + N fertilizer, although soil NO3−–N increased by 7 mg kg−1 in lucerne amended soil. The addition of residues also significantly increased amended soil microbial biomass C and N. Maximum
emissions of N2O from crop residue amended soils occurred in the first 4–5 days of incubation. Overall, after 84 days of incubation, the
cumulative N2O emission was 25% lower with cotton + N fertilizer, compared to soil + N fertilizer. The cumulative N2O emission was significantly and positively correlated with NO3−–N (r = 0.92, P < 0.01) and total mineral N (r = 0.93, P < 0.01) after 84 days of incubation, and had a weak but significant positive correlation with cumulative CO2 in the first 3 and 5 days of incubation (r = 0.59, P < 0.05). 相似文献