不同沟灌方式对马铃薯生长发育及品质的影响

为研究不同沟灌方式对马铃薯生长发育的影响。设置交替隔沟灌溉(AFI)、常规沟灌(CFI)、固定隔沟灌溉(FFI)3种灌水处理,研究不同灌水模式下马铃薯茎粗、株高及叶面积的膨大速率、产量及其内在品质的变化,且用隶属函数值法进行综合评价。马铃薯在出苗35 d后,AFI处理的植株增长速率显然高于CFI和FFI两个处理;AFI鲜薯比其他两个处理增产10.43%、40.24%,商品薯率增加30%、48.43%;AFI处理下马铃薯淀粉、蛋白质含量显著高于CFI、FFI处理。通过隶属函数值法分析,将3种灌水方式下马铃薯产量及品质的各项构成要素及茎粗、株高、叶面积等10个指标综合评价,表现优良的是交替隔沟灌溉。在同一土壤水分水平下,交替隔沟灌溉在促进马铃薯的茎粗、株高及叶面积生长时优势显著,并且显著提高其经济产量和商品薯率,亦可改善其品质。     

隔沟交替灌溉对土壤磷及其形态的影响

为阐明隔沟交替灌溉（AFI）对土壤磷质量分数及其形态的影响,以常规沟灌（CFI）为对照,研究了CFI、AFI二种灌溉方式下垄位、沟位土壤全磷、速效磷和有机磷、无机磷各组分的变化情况。AFI垄位全磷质量分数显著小于CFI,其垄位、沟位速效磷质量分数都分别显著低于CFI的垄位和沟位,分别降低了14．7％、23．1％。AFI...     

不同沟灌方式及沟向条件下地面光温分布规律

探讨不同沟灌方式及沟向下地面光温分布规律,通过地面不同点位处的太阳辐射和温度测定,研究南北沟向和东西沟向垄作玉米田在交替隔沟灌溉(AFI)和常规沟灌(CFI)方式下的光温变化.结果表明,东西沟向时地面太阳辐射量高于南北沟向23.05~122.48 W/m2;同一沟向条件下,AFI的地面平均太阳辐射量高于CFI约80.23 W/m2.地表温度的变化规律与地面太阳辐射一致,东西沟向时日平均地表温度比南北沟向提高了0.60~3.46℃;同一沟向条件下,交替隔沟灌溉的地表温度比常规沟灌提高了2.23℃左右.东西沟向和交替隔沟灌溉增加了地面光热资源,因此,可以通过栽培方式或灌溉方式的改变调节田间光热环境以适应不同作物的生长需求.     

交替隔沟灌溉条件下玉米群体水氮利用研究

为探索交替隔沟灌溉条件下玉米优化水氮供给模式,通过遮雨棚内微区试验,研究了沟灌方式、灌水量和施氮量对玉米群体水氮利用的影响.结果表明:交替隔沟灌溉中水低氮处理的籽粒产量最高,是交替隔沟灌溉高水高氮处理的1.06倍.在相同水分和氮肥条件下,交替隔沟灌溉的籽粒产量分别是常规沟灌和固定隔沟灌溉的1.05、1.16倍.各因素对全氮累积总量的影响从大到小依次为:沟灌方式、施氮量、灌水量;灌水量对全氮累积总量影响显著.     

交替隔沟灌溉下玉米根长密度分布及水分利用

为了探明交替隔沟灌溉和常规沟灌条件下玉米根长密度的分布规律及水分利用效率(WUE),研究了2种沟灌方式下玉米根长密度的空间分布和水分利用情况。结果表明,玉米根长密度在根区水平向和垂向呈指数分布。交替隔沟灌溉促进了玉米根系的水平向伸展和下扎深度,常规沟灌在垄位的大密度根系分布集中在20～60cm。交替隔沟灌溉增大了根系下扎深度,有利于根系吸收深层土壤水分,在非充分供水条件下提高了作物的水分利用效率,交替隔沟灌溉水分利用效率较常规沟灌提高5%以上。     

不同灌溉方式对制种玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

通过田间试验,研究了畦灌、常规沟灌、隔沟交替灌3种灌溉方式对制种玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,结果表明,不同灌溉方式下,制种玉米产量为8.73~10.87 t/hm~2,耗水量为349.7~625.0 mm,WUE为1.40~3.01kg/m~3。隔沟交替灌溉方式耗水量最低,畦灌方式最高,常规沟灌居中。相同灌溉定额条件下,隔沟交替灌制种玉米产量较常规沟灌增减幅度在-2.43%~10.24%。常规沟灌方式若能保证作物需水关键期的灌溉,适度减少灌水不会造成制种玉米减产。产量构成要素结果表明,行粒数、出籽率、穗长、穗粗、秃尖长、千粒重产量构成要素对产量的累积贡献率达85.54%。在甘肃河西地区,制种玉米全生育期灌水8次(苗期1次,拔节期2次,抽穗期1次,灌浆期2次,乳熟期2次),灌溉定额2 250 m~3/hm~2的隔沟交替灌溉方式(T6处理)能稳定提高产量和水分利用效率。     

不同灌溉方式对大豆性状、产量及品质的影响

为了探讨辽宁中部地区大豆节水优质灌溉模式,在有滑动遮雨棚的测坑中进行田间试验,研究了常规沟灌、固定沟灌和交替沟灌3种灌溉模式对大豆的性状、产量及品质的影响。研究结果表明,交替沟灌比常规沟灌、固定沟灌更能促进大豆的根和茎粗的生长;其水分利用效率比常规沟灌和固定沟灌分别提高了25．4％和13．3％,产量提高了13．0％和7...     

交替隔沟灌溉对温室黄瓜生长及水分利用效率的影响

日光温室黄瓜生产中一直存在灌水量大，水分浪费严重等现象，针对这一问题，该试验以津育5号黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L）为试材，就交替隔沟灌溉和交替隔沟亏缺灌溉对日光温室黄瓜生长、灌溉水去向、水分利用效率和节水效果等的影响进行了研究。结果表明，交替隔沟灌溉减少了土壤水分的深层渗漏、土壤表面水分蒸发，植株蒸腾速率也略有下降，而植株光合作用没有受到明显影响，使同化产物有利于向果实分配，产量与对照持平，果实商品性和营养品质也有所提高。交替隔沟灌溉可节水37%～48%，作物水分利用效率提高47%～82%。此法简便易行，控漏减蒸效果明显，节水显著，在目前日光温室生产条件下极具推广应用价值。     

沟灌方式与灌水量对温室番茄生长指标的影响

采用温室内田间试验,设置常规沟灌(CFI)和交替隔沟灌溉(AFI)两种沟灌方式,依据Φ20cm标准蒸发皿的水面蒸发量,通过选取0.6(K1)、0.8(K2)、1.0(K3)、1.2(K4)4个作物-皿系数Kcp,设置4个灌水量梯度,共8个处理,比较不同处理对番茄株高、茎粗、叶面积指数和根冠比的影响。结果表明,AFI相较于CFI会抑制番茄植株的株高,但会增加茎粗;灌水量对株高呈显著的正效应,CFI、AFI下拉秧前的最大株高(148.40、144.80cm)均在最大灌水量(K4)下获得;茎粗随灌水量的增加呈先增后减的趋势,在K2灌水量下CFI、AFI处理分别获得拉秧前的最大茎粗13.93和14.74mm;沟灌方式和灌水量的耦合效应对株高、茎粗的影响始终不显著(P0.05)。叶面积指数(LAI)受沟灌方式的影响不显著,但是会随着灌水量的提高而明显增大,两种沟灌方式均在最大灌水量(K4)下取得最大LAI。根冠比在AFI处理下明显大于相同灌水量下的CFI处理,随灌水量的增加呈先增后减的趋势,CFI下在K3灌水量时达到最大值0.070 6,AFI下在K2灌水量下达到最大值0.073 4。通过综合分析沟灌方式和灌水量对番茄株高、茎粗、叶面积指数以及根冠比的影响表明,交替隔沟灌溉相较于常规沟灌更有利于番茄植株的生长;过高(Kcp取1.2)或过低(Kcp取0.6)的灌水量均不利于番茄植株的生长,适中的灌水量(Kcp取0.8或1.0)不仅会使番茄植株健壮,同时也会使LAI处于一个较为合理的大小。     

沙漠绿洲区不同灌水方式条件下玉米灌溉制度研究

在石羊河流域干旱缺水的民勤县连续进行了 4年田间试验 ,研究了大田地膜玉米畦灌、常规沟灌、交替隔沟灌溉和宽垄沟灌 4种灌水方式下的灌溉定额及其对产量和水分利用的影响 ,拟定了不同灌水方式下的灌溉制度 ,得出交替隔沟灌溉方式下灌水 7次 ,次灌水定额为 30 0 m3/hm2 ,灌水时间为拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期、抽穗期、灌浆始、灌浆中、乳熟期的灌溉制度为该地区推荐采用的最优方案。     

Yield and water use efficiency of wheat and cotton under alternate furrow and check-basin irrigation with canal and tube well water in Punjab, India

A 4-year field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid area to evaluate the response of each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation in wheat-cotton system using irrigation waters of different qualities in a calcareous soil. Irrigation was applied to each and alternate furrow of bed-planted wheat followed by ridge-planted cotton for comparison with standard check-basin method of irrigation to both the crops. These methods of irrigation were evaluated under three water qualities namely good quality canal water (CW), poor quality tube well water (TW) and pre-sowing irrigation to each crop with CW and all subsequent irrigations with TW (CWpsi + TW). The pooled results over 4 years revealed that wheat grain yield was not affected significantly with quality of irrigation water, but significant yield reduction was observed in alternate bed irrigation under canal water and tube well water irrigations. In cotton, poor quality tube well water significantly reduced the seed cotton yield in all the three methods of planting. The pre-sowing irrigation with canal water and all subsequent irrigations with tube well water improved the seed cotton yield when compared with tube well water alone. However, this yield increase was significant only in alternate furrow irrigation, and the yield obtained was on a par with yield under alternate furrow in CW. When compared to check-basin irrigation, each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation resulted in a saving of 30 and 49% of irrigation water in bed-planted wheat, whereas the corresponding savings in ridge-planted cotton were 20 and 42%, respectively. Reduced use of irrigation water under alternate furrow, without any significant reduction in yield, resulted in 28.1, 23.9 and 43.2% higher water use efficiency in wheat under CW, TW and CWpsi + TW, respectively. The corresponding increase under cotton was 8.2, 2.1 and 19.5%. The implementation of alternate furrow irrigation improved the water use efficiency without any loss in yield, thus reduced use of irrigation water especially under poor quality irrigation water with pre-sowing irrigation with canal water reduced the deteriorating effects on yield and soil under these calcareous soils.     

葡萄生长对交替滴灌的响应

针对极端干旱区水资源匮乏的现状,以大田葡萄为研究对象,采取根系分区交替滴灌方式研究葡萄生理指标和根区土壤水分分布的变化影响.结果表明:葡萄新枝生长量和叶面积指数随时间的变化过程均可用Logistic模型进行描述,且通过单因素方差分析得出,交替滴灌和常规滴灌的叶面积指数差异不具有统计学意义,说明交替滴灌对植物光合作用主要器官--叶片的生长无明显影响;在棵间蒸发、植物根系吸收以及重力势和水势梯度的共同作用下,交替滴灌条件下沟、垄土壤含水率交替上升,且土壤含水率变化范围主要集中在0~60 cm土层,交替滴灌的耗水量和棵间蒸发量均小于常规滴灌,从而可以提高作物的水分利用效率.该研究为极度干旱区作物节水灌溉提供了一定的科学依据.     

Soil water distribution, uniformity and water-use efficiency under alternate furrow irrigation in arid areas

Soil water distribution, irrigation water advance and uniformity, yield production and water-use efficiency (WUE) were tested with a new irrigation method for irrigated maize in an arid area with seasonal rainfall of 77.5–88.0 mm for 2 years (1997 and 1998). Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways: alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). AFI means that one of the two neighboring furrows was alternately irrigated during consecutive watering. FFI means that irrigation was fixed to one of the two neighboring furrows. CFI was the conventional method where every furrow was irrigated during each watering. Each irrigation method was further divided into three treatments using different irrigation amounts: i.e. 45, 30, and 22.5 mm water for each watering. Results showed that the soil water contents in the two neighboring furrows of AFI remained different until the next irrigation with a higher water content in the previously irrigated furrow. Infiltration in CFI was deeper than that in AFI and FFI. The time of water advance did not differ between AFI, FFI and CFI at all distances monitored, and water advanced at a similar rate in all the treatments. The Christiansen uniformity coefficient of water content in the soil (CU_s) was used to evaluate the uniformity of irrigated water distribution and showed no decrease in AFI and FFI, although irrigation water use was smaller than in CFI. Root development was significantly enhanced by AFI treatment. Primary root numbers, total root dry weight and root density were all higher in AFI than in the FFI and CFI treatments. Less irrigation significantly reduced the total root dry weight and plant height in both the FFI and CFI treatments but this was less substantial with AFI treatments. The most surprising result was that AFI maintained high grain yield with up to a 50% reduction in irrigation amount, while the FFI and CFI treatments all showed a substantial decrease of yield with reduced irrigation. As a result, WUE for irrigated water was substantially increased. We conclude that AFI is an effective water-saving irrigation method in arid areas where maize production relies heavily on repeated irrigation. Received: 16 October 1999     

Partial rootzone irrigation increases water use efficiency, maintains yield and enhances economic profit of cotton in arid area

Partial rootzone irrigation (PRI) can substantially reduce irrigation amount and has been demonstrated as a promising irrigation method for crops in arid or semiarid areas. Many earlier researches have shown that PRI reduces leaf transpiration by narrowing stomatal opening. In this study we verified the hypothesis that PRI can also save irrigation water by substantially reducing soil evaporation. Field experiment was conducted in an arid area where cotton production almost completely relies on irrigation. Water was applied to furrows in the cotton field either alternatively (AFI, alternative furrow irrigation), or evenly to all the furrows (CFI, conventional furrow irrigation), or to one fixed furrow in every two (FFI, fixed furrow irrigation). Our results show that surface evaporation constitutes a large fraction of the irrigation water loss from cropped field (more than 20%), and with the two PRI treatments nearly 40% of the evaporative water loss is saved. Transpiration accounted for 48%, 58% and 57% of the total amount of irrigation respectively for the CFI, AFI and FFI treatments. This result suggests that PRI increases the proportion of applied water that is transpired, and therefore leads to a higher water use efficiency than regular irrigation. Overall, when irrigation was reduced by 30%, the average final yield loss of AFI was only 4.44%, a non-significant reduction statistically. The FFI had a significant reduction in yield of 12.01% in comparison to CFI. Moreover, PRI brings in earlier flowering and a higher economical return due to early harvested cotton. This indicates that the final economical output could compensate for the loss of cotton yield due to water-saving. With very little extra cost to implementation, PRI proves a very promising method in cotton production in arid zone.     

不同灌溉方法对盐渍土壤中水、盐、热分布的影响

通过温室盐渍土壤中的种植试验,对常规灌溉、固定灌溉、交替灌溉3种灌水方式下水分、盐分、温度的变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,交替灌溉水分利用效率优于常规灌溉和固定灌溉;相同时间内交替灌溉的干燥沟升温幅度大于湿润沟,随着土壤深度的增加温度呈逐渐减小的趋势;常规灌溉土壤返盐最多,固定灌溉返盐最少。土壤水溶性盐、Cl-、Na+在土壤表层积聚现象明显。     

不同沟灌方式对玉米光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响

交替隔沟灌溉和固定隔沟灌溉玉米的蒸腾速率较常规灌溉明显下降,光合速率有降低但降幅不大。交替隔沟灌溉玉米的叶片水分利用效率最高。随着土壤含水率的增大,不同处理玉米的光合速率和蒸腾速率都趋于增大。交替方式和固定方式玉米的光合速率增幅比常规灌溉大,叶片水分利用效率大于常规灌溉。     

不同沟灌条件下土壤入渗参数的估算

土壤入渗特性是决定沟灌灌水性能的重要参数之一。根据田间实测资料,采用水量平衡原理,利用In filt v5软件,对夏玉米田常规沟灌、固定隔沟灌和交替隔沟灌溉条件下田间土壤入渗参数的简易试验估算方法进行了研究。结果证明,用提出的方法估算不同沟灌方式下的土壤入渗参数简易可行,估算得到的水流推进曲线与利用实测资料拟合的曲线几乎完全重合;不同沟灌方式之间由于表层土壤干燥度及水平方向上的吸力梯度存在差异,估算得到的土壤入渗参数亦有所不同,表明沟灌方式不同对土壤入渗参数的确定会产生一定的影响。     

Effect of improved cultural practices on crop yield and soil salinity under relatively saline groundwater applications

The salinity in the root zone increases with the application of relatively saline groundwater. Therefore, a limited water supply coupled with high pumping cost and salinity hazards, makes it more important than ever that irrigation water be used efficiently and judiciously. In the present study, farmer's practices of irrigation application methods (Field 1) were compared with the water saving techniques (Field 2) for crop yield and salinization for two years with maize–wheat–dhanicha cropping pattern. For maize crop, regular furrow method of irrigation was used in Field 1 and alternate furrow method of irrigation was used in Field 2. For wheat experiments, basin irrigation method of water application was compared with bed and furrow method. For dhanicha, basin irrigation was applied in both the fields. The results showed that about 36% water was saved by applying irrigation water in alternate furrows in each season without compromising the maize crop yield. The salt accumulation in root zone in alternate furrow field was less than that in regular furrow field. The salinity level near the surface increased substantially in both the fields. The water saving in wheat crop under bed and furrow was 9–12% in both seasons. The salinization process in both fields during wheat crop was almost same except redistribution of salts throughout the root zone in basin field of wheat. The salinity developed in root zone during two major growing seasons was leached in monsoon.