Nasal dermoid cyst extending through the frontal bone with no sinus tract in a Dalmatian

A Dalmatian was presented with a subcutaneous swelling in the dorsal midline between the eyes. No opening in the skin was identified at the dorsal nasal planum and there was no discharge. Positive contrast sinography showed contrast material filling a cyst that extended to the frontal bone. At surgery, the cyst had a tubular shape and was embedded in a fibrous dermal tissue strand running into the bony nasal septum. The nasal dermoid sinus cyst was surgically removed by limited dorsal rhinotomy, followed by excision of the remaining strand from a bony recess in the lamina perpendicularis ethmoidalis. It is proposed that this nasal dermoid cyst that extends through the frontal bone with no sinus tract is classified as a type V subtype c.     

Thoracic trauma and post operative lung injury in a neonatal foal

A 24‐hour‐old Standardbred filly was referred with an acute history of weakness, respiratory distress and subcutaneous emphysema. Radiographic evaluation revealed left sided rib fractures, unilateral pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. Serial arterial blood gas measurements pre‐ and post rib repair showed pulmonary dysfunction. Post operative radiographs revealed the presence of air bronchograms and a bronchointerstitial pattern, suggestive of alveolar parenchymal pathology consistent with pulmonary contusion, pulmonary oedema or ALI/ARDS. The filly was treated with intranasal oxygen and an active chest draining unit and recovered uneventfully.     

Subcutaneous emphysema from an axillary wound that resulted in pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothorax in a horse.

A 5-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was examined because of a small axillary wound sustained 5 days earlier and had resulted in extensive subcutaneous emphysema. Three days after admission, the horse's respiratory rate had increased to 72 breaths/min, and the horse appeared anxious and distressed. Thoracic radiography revealed pneumomediastinum and severe bilateral pneumothorax. Tube thoracostomy was performed on both hemithoraxes. The drains were connected to one-way suction valves and suction devices to decompress the thorax. A nasopharyngeal catheter was inserted, and oxygen insufflation was started. Cross ties were placed on the horse to limit movement, and the wound was packed. The horse improved within 30 minutes after initiating treatment. The horse was released 15 days after the development of pneumothorax, at which time the pneumothorax had resolved, the wound was no longer open, and the subcutaneous emphysema had greatly decreased. Although subcutaneous emphysema is usually regarded as a temporary cosmetic disfigurement, it can lead to serious complications such as pneumothorax. This case demonstrates that subcutaneous emphysema can lead to a life-threatening pneumothorax if the pressure is great enough to migrate through the mediastinum and into the pleural cavity. Horses with subcutaneous emphysema should be kept in confinement and monitored for the development of pneumothorax.     

A nasal dermoid sinus in an English bull terrier

A five-year-old, entire female English bull terrier was presented with a six-week history of intermittent facial swelling and nasal pain, following an incident of nasal trauma. A small opening was present at the mucocutaneous junction on the dorsal nasal planum. Examination under general anaesthesia allowed catheterisation of this opening and confirmed the presence of a tract passing caudally. Plain radiographic examination of the region was unremarkable. Positive contrast sinography demonstrated contrast material filling a midline tract that passed caudally and subcutaneously towards the nasal bone. This tract was surgically excised. Histopathological examination of the excised tissue, together with the clinical findings, led to the diagnosis of nasal dermoid sinus.     

Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pulmonary emphysema in a young schipperke

A 4-month-old, intact female schipperke was presented for evaluation and treatment of subcutaneous (SC) emphysema. Radiographs revealed pneumomediastinum and SC emphysema. Sequential radiographs confirmed a worsening of the SC emphysema. Extensive, nonsurgical evaluation failed to reveal the source of the air within the mediastinum. Exploratory thoracotomy revealed an emphysematous right middle lung lobe. Lobectomy of the right middle lung lobe resolved both the pneumomediastinum and SC emphysema. Histopathological evaluation confirmed pulmonary emphysema. A variation of congenital pulmonary emphysema was considered in this case.     

Axillary wounds in horses and the development of subcutaneous emphysema,pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax

Equine axillary wounds are common in horses. Severe and potentially life‐threatening complications that can result from axillary wounds include subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. This report describes the occurrence of these complications and appropriate treatment. Case records of 7 horses after sustaining an axillary wound are reviewed. Of these cases, all 7 developed subcutaneous emphysema, 5 developed a pneumomediastinum and 4 developed a pneumothorax. The time between the wound occurrence and the development of subcutaneous emphysema was able to be determined in 5 of the 7 cases. The mean ± s.d. time for the development of subcutaneous emphysema following initial injury was 3.2 ± 0.84 days (range 2–4 days). Resolution of subcutaneous emphysema was not achieved until the treatment included packing the wound to stop it from acting as a one‐way valve. Horses with a pneumothorax in respiratory distress were managed with thoracocentesis or placement of thoracic drains. Horses with a pneumothorax but without respiratory distress were treated with conservative management. All horses survived to discharge.     

Recurrence analysis of intraoperative acridine orange-photodynamic therapy for dogs with intranasal tumors

Intraoperative acridine orange-photodynamic therapy (AO-PDT) and cribriform plate irradiation are used to treat canine intranasal tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of AO-PDT on intranasal tumors and the recurrence rate of tumors after this treatment. Treatments with AO-PDT were performed on 38 dogs through a narrow window of the dorsal nasal cavity. The median progression-free interval was 12 mo and recurrence was detected in 21 dogs. Based on computed tomography, recurrence in 16 dogs was biased to the following areas: lateral (n = 10), medial (n = 2), ventral (n = 0), rostral (n = 0), and caudal (n = 8). Side effects were mild and included subcutaneous emphysema and rhinitis. The median survival time was 24 mo. Although AO-PDT with cribriform irradiation is an effective treatment for intranasal tumors, AO-PDT techniques should be improved to treat the nasal cavity more uniformly and thoroughly.     

Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema in a cat associated with necrotizing bronchopneumonia caused by feline herpesvirus-1

This report describes a 1-year-old cat with acute dyspnea. Thoracic radiography revealed a pneumomediastinum and severe subcutaneous emphysema. Lower airway surgical exploration was unable to determine the cause. At postmortem examination, acute necrotizing bronchopneumonia and fibrinonecrotic tracheitis due to feline herpesvirus-1 were diagnosed.     

Outcome of accelerated radiotherapy alone or accelerated radiotherapy followed by exenteration of the nasal cavity in dogs with intranasal neoplasia: 53 cases (1990-2002)

OBJECTIVE: To compare long-term results of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy followed by exenteration of the nasal cavity in dogs with malignant intranasal neoplasia. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 53 dogs with malignant intranasal neoplasia. PROCEDURE: All dogs underwent radiotherapy consisting of administration of 10 fractions of 4.2 Gy each on consecutive weekdays. For dogs in the surgery group (n=13), follow-up computed tomography was performed, and dogs were scheduled for surgery if persistent or recurrent tumor was seen. RESULTS: Perioperative complications for dogs that underwent surgery included hemorrhage requiring transfusion (2 dogs) and subcutaneous emphysema (8). Rhinitis and osteomyelitis-osteonecrosis occurred significantly more frequently in dogs in the radiotherapy and surgery group (9 and 4 dogs, respectively) than in dogs in the radiotherapy-only group (4 and 3 dogs, respectively). Two- and 3-year survival rates were 44% and 24%, respectively, for dogs in the radiotherapy group and 69% and 58%, respectively, for dogs in the surgery group. Overall median survival time for dogs in the radiotherapy and surgery group (477 months) was significantly longer than time for dogs in the radiotherapy-only group (19.7 months). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that exenteration of the nasal cavity significantly prolongs survival time in dogs with intranasal neoplasia that have undergone radiotherapy. Exenteration after radiotherapy may increase the risk of chronic complications.     

Lesions induced in the respiratory tract of chickens by encapsulated or nonencapsulated variants of Haemophilus paragallinarum

Lesions induced in chickens by an encapsulated or nonencapsulated strain of Haemophilus paragallinarum were investigated. In terms of lesion severity, major differences in pathogenicity were observed between the encapsulated and nonencapsulated variants. The principal lesion manifested by the encapsulated variant was an acute catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, mainly of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Infiltration of a large number of mast cells into the lamina propria of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity was also characteristic. Numerous organisms were found on the cilia or on the surface of the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa. Chickens with these histologic lesions had severe clinical signs of coryza, and organisms were recovered in high numbers from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. In contrast, chickens that were given the nonencapsulated variant did not have clinical signs of coryza, and the organisms were recovered in low numbers from the inoculated sites; slight histopathologic lesions were observed in the nasal mucosa at postinoculation day 1. Mast cell infiltration in the chickens inoculated with the encapsulated variant indicated that mast cells may be responsible for producing clinical signs of coryza via the activation of pharmacologic mediators. Adherence to and colonization of the encapsulated variant on the nasal mucosa seems to be a first step of the infection.     

Tracheal rupture in a dog

A two-year-old male Retriever-crossbred dog was presented with progressive subcutaneous emphysema and pronounced dyspnoea following a cervical impact injury sustained ten days previously. Radiography revealed an almost complete transection of the cervical trachea and an associated pneumomediastinum and unilateral pneumothorax. The damaged tracheal segment was resected and anastomosis performed following drainage of the pneumothorax. The dog made an uneventful recovery with no evidence of stenosis detectable at the site of the repair six months post-operatively.     

Primary sinonasal malignant melanoma with systemic metastasis in a non-gray horse

A 27-y-old Anglo-Arabian gelding with bay coat color was presented with a swelling of the left maxillary region. Fenestration on the left maxilla revealed that the left maxillary sinus was filled with black-red tissue. A portion of the tissue was excised and diagnosed histologically as malignant melanoma. Genotyping of the STX17 gene for gray coat color revealed that the horse did not have the “gray” factor. The horse was euthanized ~3 mo after first presentation. During autopsy, a black-to-gray mass extended from the left nasal cavity to the surrounding paranasal sinus and invaded the hard palate, cribriform plate, and the cranial portion of the left olfactory bulb. Moreover, identical black nodules were present in lymph nodes from the mandible to the larynx, and in the spleen, liver, kidney, and adrenal glands. However, masses were not found in the skin, perineal region, or pelvic cavity. All of the black-to-gray nodules were malignant melanomas that were histologically identical to the initial biopsy; tumor emboli were also found in the kidney. Sinonasal mucosal melanoma is a rare disease in horses.     

Intranasal hemangiosarcoma in a dog

Magnetic resonance (MR) was conducted for an 8-year-old, intact male Spitz with sneezing, serous discharge and epistaxis from the left nasal cavity. MR imaging showed a nasal cavity-occupied mass of iso-intensity on T1WI , high-intensity on T2WI and markedly enhanced on contrast-enhanced T1WI at parts of rostal to medial ocular angle in the left cavity. After Surgery and intraoperative radiation, the mass was diagnosed intranasal hemangiosarcoma by histopathology. Although the dog showed the finding, which suggested recurrence after the treatment ending, about 30 months later, it maintained good conditions without evidence of metastasis.     

牛磺脱氧胆酸钠和CpGDNA对灭活H9N2禽流感病毒鼻腔免疫鸭的呼吸道抗体分泌细胞的影响

运用牛磺脱氧胆酸钠和CpG DNA配合鸭源禽流感H9N2灭活病毒滴鼻免疫雏鸭,通过检测鸭呼吸道各组织中IgA和IgG抗体分泌细胞面积的变化对免疫效果进行评价.结果发现:应用牛磺脱氧胆酸钠和CpG DNA配合H9N2灭活病毒鼻腔免疫后3、5和7周,鼻腔、气管和气管叉组织中的IgA和IgG分泌细胞面积显著或极显著(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)高于单独H9N2灭活病毒免疫后的水平;应用CpG DNA配合H9N2灭活病毒鼻腔免疫后鼻腔和气管组织中IgA和IgG分泌细胞的面积有部分提高(P＜0.05);而单独运用H9N2灭活病毒鼻腔免疫后IgA和IgG分泌细胞面积同对照组相比没有显著差异.结果表明:在牛磺脱氧胆酸钠和CpG DNA的配合下,禽流感H9N2灭活病毒鼻腔免疫能够提高雏鸭呼吸道组织中IgA分泌细胞和IgG分泌细胞的面积,有效地增强呼吸道局部的免疫应答水平.     

Endosurgical treatment of a retrobulbar abscess in a rabbit

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. CLINICAL FINDINGS: The rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. Physical examination revealed generalized muscle atrophy, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, and severe left-sided exophthalmia. Diagnostic investigation revealed anemia, neutrophilia, severe dental disease, a superficial corneal ulcer of the left eye, and a retrobulbar abscess. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Stomatoscopy-aided dental trimming, tooth removal, and abscess debridement were performed. Antimicrobials were flushed into the tooth abscess cavity, and antimicrobial treatment was initiated on the basis of cytologic findings and results of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. Two months after the initial surgery, minimal exophthalmia was evident and no further physical, radiographic, or ultrasonographic changes were evident. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Stomatoscopy is a valuable technique that can facilitate diagnosis, treatment, and serial reevaluation of rabbits with dental disease.     

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in the racing Greyhound

This paper describes the clinical and radiological features of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in three racing Greyhounds. The clinical signs were characterized by dyspnoea, subcutaneous emphysema and increased bronchial tones. The diagnosis was confirmed by thoracic radiographs. The major structures of the anterior mediastinum which are normally not visible in thoracic radiographs, are easily seen with the presence of large quantities of air in the mediastinum. No definite cause of pneumomediastinum was found in these dogs but all of them recovered after 5 days' kennel confinement and a 4 week break from training.     

Sinonasal plasmacytoma in a cat.

A 13-year-old female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat presented with a history of right-sided mucopurulent nasal discharge for 18 months. Computed tomography revealed a mass within the right nasal cavity and the right frontal sinus. The animal was euthanized, and a postmortem examination was performed. On macroscopic examination, the right nasal cavity and the right frontal sinus were partially occluded by a soft whitish mass. Microscopically, the mass was composed of well-differentiated plasma cells that were immunopositive for immunoglobulin G and lambda light chains. These findings were consistent with a mature-type sinonasal plasmacytoma. In addition, there was right-sided mucopurulent rhinitis and sinusitis caused by a Pasteurella infection, which probably developed secondary to the sinonasal plasmacytoma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a sinonasal plasmacytoma in a cat. The present communication shows that feline sinonasal plasmacytomas should be included in the differential diagnosis for tumors located in the upper respiratory tract of cats.     

Computed tomographic findings in a Bluetick Coonhound with a longitudinal thoracic tracheal tear

A 9‐year‐old intact male Bluetick Coonhound presented for progressive subcutaneous emphysema of 5 days’ duration due to a suspected tracheal tear. Cervical computed tomography (CT) and thoracic CT were performed after failure to identify the tracheal tear with tracheoscopy. A longitudinal tracheal tear was identified starting 4.3 cm cranial to the tracheal bifurcation and extending caudally over a distance of 3.6 cm. Severe pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and retroperitoneal gas were also present. A follow‐up CT 7 days postoperatively confirmed the successful repair of the tear with partial resolution of the presurgical secondary pathology and the patient recovered uneventfully.     

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 35 DOGS WITH NASAL ASPERGILLOSIS

The purpose of this study was to describe the computed tomographic (CT) features of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. Initial (n = 35) and follow-up (n = 12) CT images were available from 35 dogs. The most commonly encountered CT findings were (1) moderate to severe cavitary destruction of the turbinates with presence of a variable amount of abnormal soft tissue in the nasal passages, (2) non-specific thickening of the mucosa adjacent to the inner surface of bones of the frontal sinus, maxillary recess and nasal cavity and, (3) thickened reactive bone. The findings were consistent with a disease initially affecting one nasal cavity then progressing into the ipsilateral frontal sinus, the contralateral nasal cavity and the contralateral frontal sinus. Two dogs with associated nasal foreign body had a more localized invasion of the nasal cavity. Attenuation values and contrast enhancement were not specific. With follow-up examinations, a reduction in the amount of abnormal soft tissue was observed in all dogs except one, but this reduction could not be quantified.     

Surgical and Localized Radiation Therapy for an Intranasal Adenocarcinoma in a Rabbit

An 8-year-old spayed female Netherland Dwarf rabbit presented with a two-month history of dyspnea and snoring. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the head revealed mass lesions in the right nasal cavity. Surgical exenteration of the lesions was performed, and the histopathological diagnosis was an intranasal adenocarcinoma. On the basis of this diagnosis, radiotherapy was planned and consisted of eight fractions of 6 Gy administered once a week. After the completion of radiation therapy, the soft tissue density in the right nasal cavity, as detected by CT, significantly decreased. The prognosis has remained good for over 3 years after treatment. This paper is the first to describe the clinical and pathological features of an intranasal tumor in a rabbit.