复合涂膜结合紫外处理对鲜切木瓜冷藏品质的影响

为了延长鲜切木瓜的保鲜时间,利用尼辛、那他霉素、薄荷油、氯化钙、香兰素、壳聚糖制成复合保鲜涂膜液,考察涂膜及紫外线处理对木瓜鲜切块贮藏品质(包括色泽、可溶性固形物含量、失水率、维生素C含量、可滴定酸、霉菌酵母数、菌落总数)的影响。由均匀设计试验优化涂膜液配方以及紫外线处理参数。研究结果表明:涂膜及紫外线处理可较好地保持鲜切木瓜的色泽,抑制褐变,保持较高的可溶性固形物含量,减少贮藏过程中的水分损失,抑制霉菌、酵母菌和细菌的增长。采用SAS软件建立各参数与菌落总数关系的回归方程。利用非线性规划法得到较佳的复合涂膜配方与紫外线处理参数为:壳聚糖质量分数1.0%,氯化钙质量分数0.6%,Nisin0.10g/kg,那他霉素14.0mg/kg,香兰素质量分数0.3%,薄荷油1.5mL/L,紫外照射时间22min,紫外照射距离范围44～66cm。此复合涂膜配方与紫外线处理可使货架期至少达到6天,为鲜切木瓜保鲜提供技术参考。     

杀菌方式对石榴浊汁微生物和色泽的影响

为探讨不同杀菌方式对石榴浊汁在4℃冷藏期间微生物和色泽品质的影响,本研究采用超高压技术(HPP,450 MPa/1 min、450 MPa/5 min、550 MPa/1 min、550 MPa/5 min)、巴氏杀菌技术(PT,85℃/30 s)和高温短时杀菌技术(HTST,110℃/8.6 s)对石榴浊汁进行杀菌处理,并重点研究了抗坏血酸和色泽参数变化的动力学特征。结果表明,冷藏期间,HPP和HTST处理石榴浊汁微生物在标准范围内。HPP处理能较好地保留石榴浊汁中脱氢抗坏血酸(DHAA)的含量,而PT和HTST处理后DHAA含量较未处理样品(第0天)分别降低了21%和35%;冷藏期间不同杀菌方式处理后DHAA含量均呈下降趋势;经一级动力学模型拟合发现,HPP处理组DHAA的降解速率常数k值高于PT和HTST处理组。与热处理(PT和HTST)相比,冷藏前期,HPP处理能保持石榴浊汁较高的L^*、a^*、b^*值和较低的ΔE值,保持较优的色泽品质;采用一级分数转换动力学模型对L^*、a^*和ΔE值进行拟合,发现HPP处理样品色泽参数在冷藏过程中的k值同样高于热处理样品,即随着冷藏时间的延长,HPP处理组色泽品质逐渐降低。综上所述,HPP处理能在保证石榴浊汁冷藏期间微生物安全的同时,较好地保持其色泽品质。本研究为石榴浊汁工业化生产中杀菌方式的选择提供了理论依据。     

响应面优化鲜切猕猴桃片微波处理工艺

为探究微波处理鲜切猕猴桃片的最佳工艺条件,本研究以猕猴桃片的失重率、硬度、色差(△E)、可滴定酸(TA)含量、抗坏血酸(Vc)含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性固形物(TSS)含量、糖酸比、总酚含量、叶绿素含量及菌落总数为响应值,考察微波功率、微波时间、切片厚度3个因素及其交互作用对猕猴桃片品质的影响,通过主成分分析法和Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化鲜切猕猴桃片微波处理工艺并进行验证。结果表明,微波处理鲜切猕猴桃片的最佳工艺参数:微波功率294 W、微波时间25 s、切片厚度8 mm,在此工艺条件下,鲜切猕猴桃片在4℃条件下贮藏10 d后的糖酸比为5.65,△E值为3.53,硬度为25.78 g,菌落总数为2.68×10⁴ CFU·g^-1。鲜切猕猴桃片品质的评价特征指标为糖酸比、△E、硬度,由此建立的二项式回归方程均显著(P<0.05),可用于分析和预测微波处理参数对糖酸比、△E、硬度及菌落总数的影响。本研究为鲜切猕猴桃片的加工生产提供了一定的理论依据和技术指导。     

不同成熟度油橄榄果实表观与内在品质变化及相关性分析

为了明确不同成熟度油橄榄果实表观性状与内在品质的变化规律和相关性,以豆果、皮瓜尔、鄂植8号、莱星6个成熟度的果实为试验材料,对果实大小、颜色等8个表观指标以及含油率、脂肪酸组分、还原糖、总酚、总黄酮含量等内在品质指标进行测定,并对各指标间进行相关性分析。结果表明,4个品种油橄榄果实各指标随着成熟度的增加,呈现一定的变化规律,其中随着成熟度的增加,亮度值(L^*值)、红绿值(a^*值)、黄蓝值(b^*值)均先增大后减小,横径增大,纵径变化不显著,横径增长速度大于纵径,果形指数变小,含油率升高,表明果实外观逐渐变圆;还原糖含量先降低后升高,总酚、总黄酮含量在第Ⅰ成熟度时显著高于其他5个成熟度,豆果、皮瓜尔、鄂植8号的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)与多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比值越来越接近1∶1∶1。不同成熟度油橄榄的含油率与脂肪酸比值、还原糖、总酚含量、果形指数以及果实横径存在相关关系,且与a^*值、总黄酮含量呈极显著相关,相关系数最高分别为0.73、-0.84;a^*值与还原糖含量呈显著负相关,与总酚、总黄酮含量极显著负相关;总黄酮含量与SFA、PUFA呈显著负相关,与总酚含量、MUFA、还原糖含量、果形指数、L^*值、b^*值呈显著正相关。综合变化规律和相关性分析结果认为,油橄榄果实a^*值和总黄酮含量可以代表大部分指标用于进行果实品质检测。本研究结果可为后续机械采收识别系统采集指标数据提供理论依据。     

臭氧水浓度对鲜切菠萝品质的影响

为研究臭氧水浓度对鲜切菠萝的保鲜效果,分别采用0 mg/L、0.87 mg/L、1.1 mg/L、1.4 mg/L、1.8 mg/L的臭氧水浸泡处理鲜切菠萝2 min,装在塑料托盘中并用聚乙烯保鲜膜包裹,在冷藏（5℃）过程中每3 d测定鲜切的菌落总数、抗坏血酸、失重率、可溶性固形物和色泽。结果表明：经0 mg/L、0....     

热激处理对黄瓜片保鲜效果的影响

为了探索延长鲜切黄瓜货架期,提高其贮藏品质及食用安全性的有效方法,该文研究了热激处理（热水）对鲜切黄瓜贮藏过程中品质及微生物的影响。结果表明,热激处理能够有效减缓鲜切黄瓜贮藏过程中脆度、含水率、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量的降低,推迟腐烂的发生,使产品在贮藏过程中保持优良品质。48～49℃热激处理10 min效果较好,处理后的鲜切黄瓜5℃下贮藏9 d仍具有商品价值。鲜切黄瓜在5℃贮藏过程中,菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌及酵母菌的数量会逐渐增加,而金黄色葡萄球菌自始至终不存在。48～49℃,10min的热激处理有效地减少了鲜切黄瓜中大肠菌群、霉菌及酵母菌的数量,并对其后来的增殖起到了明显的抑制作用。初步研究表明,热激处理可诱导鲜切黄瓜对微生物的抗性,进而延缓贮藏期间微生物的增长。     

复合护色剂的配制及对鲜切马铃薯片保鲜效果

筛选符合现实鲜切马铃薯片加工需求的复合护色剂,并研究鲜切马铃薯片货架期,防止净菜加工中鲜切马铃薯片的褐变,试验通过L-半胱氨酸,柠檬酸,抗坏血酸对马铃薯多酚氧化酶活性的抑制效果,然后正交试验确定复合护色剂成份以及最佳浓度。对单因素最佳浓度,复合护色剂最佳浓度,以及二氧化氯处理进行货架期试验,测定样品菌落总数,并确定产品有效保藏时间。结果表明：复合护色剂较佳配比为氯化钙0.1%,柠檬酸0.2%,抗坏血酸0.15%。二氧化氯质量浓度40 mg/L浸泡10 min,真空包装低温保藏产品货架期为7 d。     

丁香-鱼腥草-普鲁兰多糖复合涂膜对沙糖橘采后诱导抗性保鲜研究

为开发新型安全的植物源沙糖橘保鲜剂,本研究以沙糖橘为研究对象,探讨丁香、肉桂、鱼腥草和广藿香对沙糖橘的防腐保鲜效果,并以普鲁兰多糖为成膜剂,通过单因素和响应面试验筛选出最佳复合涂膜保鲜剂。结果表明,0.20 mg·mL^-1丁香水提液+0.10 mg·mL^-1鱼腥草水溶液+1.50%普鲁兰多糖复合涂膜保鲜剂处理组对沙糖橘的保鲜效果最佳。与空白对照组CK1和蒸馏水处理组CK2相比,在温度28℃、相对湿度75%、贮藏时间10 d的条件下,复合涂膜保鲜剂组处理的沙糖橘失重率分别降低了10.89、9.04个百分点,腐烂率分别降低了15、30个百分点,呼吸强度分别降低了42.97%、36.62%,可溶性固形物含量分别提高了2.70、3.51个百分点,V_C含量分别提高了57.72%、23.29%,可滴定酸含量分别提高了0.15、0.16个百分点。同时,复合涂膜保鲜剂处理组能诱导沙糖橘中过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)防御相关酶的活性,显著减少丙二醛含量的积累,从而提高其自身抗病性。复合涂膜保鲜剂组和0.225 g·L^-1咪鲜胺阳性对照组的保鲜效果无显著差异。本研究为开发新型安全的植物源沙糖橘保鲜剂提供了理论支持。     

壳聚糖在鲜切生姜涂膜保鲜中的应用

为探讨壳聚糖涂膜对鲜切生姜的保鲜效果,以壳聚糖为主剂配制成涂膜液,在4℃下对鲜切生姜进行涂膜保鲜试验,研究了壳聚糖质量分数对鲜切生姜品质的影响并利用透射电镜对鲜切生姜细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明：壳聚糖涂膜可以减轻鲜切生姜贮藏过程中的褐变、质量损失,抑制可溶性总糖及Vc的减少,抑制粗纤维的增加。从贮藏效果看,以质量分数1.5%的壳聚糖涂膜处理为最好。质量分数1.5%壳聚糖涂膜可以延缓鲜切生姜细胞质壁分离现象的发生,抑制细胞壁的降解以及细胞核、质体、线粒体的破坏和解体,保护细胞结构的完整性,从而达到延长鲜切生姜货架期的目的。     

1-MCP复合杀菌剂对西州蜜甜瓜常温贮藏品质的影响

为了探究不同保鲜剂复合杀菌剂对甜瓜的保鲜效果,以西州蜜甜瓜为试验材料,研究了抑霉唑硫酸盐、ClO₂、咪鲜胺、1-MCP、1-MCP复合抑霉唑硫酸盐和无菌水对甜瓜常温贮藏下品质的影响。结果表明,与对照无菌水相比,所有保鲜剂均可显著抑制甜瓜采后腐烂与失重,维持果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量,提升贮藏品质。1-MCP与1-MCP复合杀菌剂处理可显著抑制西州蜜果实的呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,呼吸峰值较对照无菌水分别降低43.7%和37.5%,乙烯释放峰值较对照无菌水分别降低47.9%和53.7%,呼吸峰值和乙烯释放峰值出现时间均推迟3 d。其中1-MCP复合杀菌剂对果实可滴定酸和Vc含量保持效果显著,与对照无菌水相比,可滴定酸含量提高40.0%,Vc含量提高38.2%,对西州蜜甜瓜的保鲜效果最好。     

Rice roots and CH4 oxidation: the activity of bacteria, their distribution and the microenvironment

Irrigated rice fields account for 10–30% of global methane emissions. Rice plants ventilate the soil and enlarge the oxic–anoxic interface by their root system, thus supplying the necessary O₂ to aerobic CH₄ oxidizing bacteria (MOB). Rice plants (Oryza sativa type japonica var. Roma) were grown in microcosms in a greenhouse. The roots were sandwiched between two blocks of flooded rice field soil separated by a nylon gauze bag. A root mat developed which mimicked the dense root texture in the upper layer of a natural rice field. Flux measurements under oxic and anoxic conditions showed that CH₄ was oxidized with a constant rate of 19% of the anoxically emitted CH₄, suggesting that CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere was at least sometimes limited by CH₄ availability. Washed rice roots could both produce and oxidize CH₄, depending upon incubation conditions. CH₄ production by washed rice roots accounted for at most 10% of the CH₄ emitted under anoxic conditions. Initial CH₄ oxidation rates of washed roots equaled oxidation rates calculated from the difference between oxic and anoxic fluxes in situ. Oxidation rates became twice as high after an induction period of 20 h, indicating a limitation by O₂ or CH₄ in situ. The micro-environmental conditions near to the root mat were measured using microelectrodes for O₂, redox potential and NH₄⁺ and diffusion probes for CH₄. Up to 42 μM O₂ was detected in the root mat and concentrations were >2.5 μM in 45% of all measurements. In the bulk soil, no O₂ was detected below 2 mm depth, but the root mat significantly increased the redox potential. Plant roots and associated bacteria decreased porewater CH₄ and NH₄⁺ concentrations. In the root mat, concentrations of dissolved CH₄ were below the detection limit of our probes (<5 μM). Cell numbers of MOB increased with time in the rhizosphere and in the rhizoplane. MOB and aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (AHB) each numbered from 10⁶ to 10⁸ cells g⁻¹ dry weight of soil or root biomass). Active MOB occurred near to a root mat similar to the dense root texture in the upper layer of rice fields. We speculate about O₂ or CH₄ limitation of MOB.     

Soil organic carbon and C abundance as related to tillage, crop residue, and nitrogen fertilization under continuous corn management in Minnesota

Long-term field experiments are among the best means to predict soil management impacts on soil carbon storage. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and natural abundance ¹³C (δ¹³C) were sensitive to tillage, stover harvest, and nitrogen (N) management during 13 years of continuous corn (Zea mays L.), grown on a Haplic Chernozem soil in Minnesota. Contents of SOC in the 0–15 cm layer in the annually-tilled [moldboard (MB) and chisel (CH)] plots decreased slightly with years of corn after a low input mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) for pasture; stover harvest had no effect. Storage of SOC in no-till (NT) plots with stover harvested remained nearly unchanged at 55 Mg ha⁻¹ with time, while that with stover returned increased about 14%. The measured δ¹³C increased steadily with years of corn cropping in all treatments; the NT with stover return had the highest increase. The N fertilization effects on SOC and δ¹³C were most evident when stover was returned to NT plots. In the 15–30 cm depth, SOC storage decreased and δ¹³C values increased with years of corn cropping under NT, especially when stover was harvested. There was no consistent temporal trend in SOC storage and δ¹³C values in the 15–30 cm depth when plots received annual MB or CH tillage. The amount of available corn residue that was retained in SOC storage was influenced by all three management factors. Corn-derived SOC in the 0–15 cm and the 15–30 cm layers of the NT system combined was largest with 200 kg N ha⁻¹ and no stover harvest. The MB and CH tillage systems did not influence soil storage of corn-derived SOC in either the 0–15 or 15–30 cm layers. The corn-derived SOC as a fraction of SOC after 13 years fell into three ranges: 0.05 for the NT with stover harvested, 0.15 for the NT with no stover harvest, and 0.09–0.10 for treatments with annual tillage; N rate had no effect on this fraction. Corn-derived SOC expressed as a fraction of C returned was positively biased when C returned in the roots was estimated from recovery of root biomass. The half-life for decomposition of the original or relic SOC was longer when stover was returned, shortened when stover was harvested and N applied, and sharply lengthened when stover was not harvested and N was partially mixed with the stover. Separating SOC storage into relic and current crop sources has significantly improved our understanding of the main and interacting effects of tillage, crop residue, and N fertilization for managing SOC accumulation in soil.     

Influence of intimate association with humic polymers on biodegradation of [C]labeled organic substrates in soil

A variety of [¹⁴C]labeled organic compounds and microbial products were incubated in soil alone or intimately associated with humic acid-type polymers achieved by freeze-drying mixed solutions of the polymers and [¹⁴C]labeled compounds at pH 6. The association of Chlorella protein with the polymers reduced mineralization over 12 weeks by 41%. Similarly decomposition of cysteine and Anabaena flos-aqua cytoplasm was reduced by 26% and glycine 16%. Tyrosine, lysine, aspartic acid, serine, cytosine, glucose, ferulic acid. also polysaccharides of Leuconostoc dextranicus, Azotobacter indicus, Hansenula holstii and Anabaena flos-aqua, as well as cells and cell walls of A. flos-aqua decomposed just or almost as readily when intimately associated with humic polymers as when added alone to the soils. The association with humic polymers did not influence the distribution of residual activity in humic acid, fulvic acid and extracted soil following incubation.     

速冻莲藕片贮藏过程中品质变化动力学模型

为了探寻贮藏温度对速冻莲藕片品质的影响及预测其货架期,该文研究在贮藏温度?5、?15和?25℃条件下,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度随着贮藏时间的变化,建立了3个指标变化动力学模型。结果表明:随着贮藏温度的升高,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度的变化速率逐渐增加,?5℃条件下贮藏的速冻莲藕片品质快速下降,?15和?25℃条件下贮藏前期莲藕片品质下降不显著(P0.05),随着时间的延长,?25℃部分玻璃态贮藏的莲藕片品质最佳;不同贮藏温度下速冻莲藕片维生素C和硬度变化符合一级反应,总色差和亮度变化符合零级反应,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度反应速率常数符合Arrhenius方程,并建立莲藕片货架期动力学模型,通过对其验证发现模型拟合度良好(R20.9),能预测速冻莲藕片贮藏期各品质指标变化和不同温度下的货架期寿命。研究结果可为速冻莲藕片低温贮藏品质变化和货架寿命预测提供理论依据。     

60Co-γ射线对莲子的辐射效应及狭瓣变异株的形态分析

为了解γ射线对荷花(Nelumbo Adans.)野生型和栽培品种莲子的辐射效应及其差异,本研究利用不同剂量⁶⁰Co-γ射线对野生型荷花微山红(N. nucifera Weishan Hong)和50个栽培品种的莲子进行辐射处理。结果表明,微山红莲子的钱叶展开数量、生根效果和存活率在320 Gy处理下急剧下降,750和1 000 Gy处理严重抑制了莲子的钱叶发育,幼苗存活率分别为0.6%和0。利用线性回归方程,计算微山红野生型莲子和其他品种莲子的半致死剂量分别为192和173 Gy,即两者对⁶⁰Co-γ射线的耐受性存在19 Gy剂量差异。基于1 150粒微山红莲子的辐射处理,筛选得到1株花被片狭长的变异个体,以此培育为新品种辰山飞燕。该品种花被片宽长比均值为0.31,显著小于野生型(0.44),且其花被片数量、花密度及立叶密度也显著降低。后续荷花辐射育种及突变体筛选时,野生型和栽培品种莲子的辐射剂量范围建议分别参考150~200 Gy和130~180 Gy。本研究为荷花产业中利用γ射线大规模辐射莲子创制新种质提供了技术参考,也为荷花瓣形育种提供了良好亲本。     

Role of the anecic earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. in the distribution of plant residue nitrogen in a corn (Zea mays)–soil system

While the benefits of earthworms to crop production are widely acknowledged, the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We examined the effects of an anecic earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) on the distribution of plant residue N in a corn (Zea mays)/soil system. Soil (mixed Ap and B horizons) mesocosms (10 cm diameter, 39 cm deep) were amended with ¹⁵N-labeled corn litter, inoculated with one earthworm per mesocosm (WORM) or none (CTRL), and pre-incubated for 1, 2 or 3 weeks. Earthworms and remaining plant residues were removed and sweet corn grown in the mesocosms in a greenhouse for 3 weeks. Litter, earthworms, shoots, roots and bulk and burrow soil were analyzed for total N and ¹⁵N. Plant and earthworm biomass were also determined. Earthworms had no significant effect on the N content of shoots, roots or bulk soil. Recovery of ¹⁵N ranged from 92.6 to 101.9% in CTRL and 60.2 to 83.2% in the WORM treatment. The ¹⁵N content of bulk soil in the WORM treatment was significantly higher than in CTRL and increased with pre-incubation time. Excess at.% ¹⁵N of burrow soil was 10–100 times higher than in bulk soil. Incorporation of ¹⁵N by shoots and roots was significantly higher in the WORM treatment and increased significantly with pre-incubation time only in the WORM treatment. In WORM mesocosms pre-incubated for 3 weeks, the distribution of added ¹⁵N was 9.8% in litter, 6.5% in plant, 31.5% in soil, 12.0% in earthworms and 39.8% presumably lost as gas; in CTRL mesocosms, the values were 75.7% in litter, 3.2% in plant, 13.7% in soil and 7.4% in presumed gas losses. The activities of L. terrestris altered the distribution of plant residue N significantly, increasing the transfer of N to plants and soil and enhancing losses of N in the gas phase as pre-incubation time increased.     

元素分析-同位素比值质谱法同时测定蔬菜中碳、氮同位素的前处理方法优化

为探究过筛目数和热风干燥对蔬菜中碳、氮同位素的影响规律,本试验在验证了基于CO₂稀释的元素分析-同位素比值质谱(EA-IRMS)法可靠性的基础上,研究了过筛目数(20、40、60、80、100、200目)、杀青(105℃,30 min)与未杀青处理、热风干燥温度(45、60、75℃)对6种蔬菜(菠菜、豇豆、韭菜、莲藕、茄子、马铃薯)δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值的影响。结果表明,以89%CO₂稀释比例下EA-IRMS同时测定δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值的标准偏差满足检测精度要求;当过筛目数超过80目时,6种蔬菜样品的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值均趋于稳定且达到测定精度要求;以真空冷冻干燥处理所测的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值为参照,采用不同热风干燥温度(45、60和75℃)处理的茄子、菠菜、莲藕和杀青后韭菜中δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值均无显著差异,但未杀青的韭菜在45℃热风干燥后其δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值与参照值之间有显著差异(P<0.05),且热风干燥处理的豇豆(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值)和马铃薯(δ¹³C值)与参照值相比也表现出不同程度的差异。因此,采用89%CO₂稀释比例下EA-IRMS法同时测定蔬菜中δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值是可行的;蔬菜样品在进行碳、氮同位素测定前应以不低于80目的过筛处理。茄子、菠菜、莲藕和韭菜蔬菜样品在制备过程可采用热风干燥方式,其中韭菜需进行杀青处理,而豇豆、马铃薯则建议采用真空冷冻干燥方式。本研究为蔬菜样品中碳、氮同位素同时测定及样品制备提供了一定的参考。