黑土区连作大豆根际微生物群落结构的动态变化

为探明长期连作对大豆根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响,基于环境因子相同的黑土区大豆连作长期定位试验,采用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(Quantity-PCR,qPCR)和PCR-DGGE技术,解析大豆根际微生物群落丰度和结构组成在不同连作年限间的动态变化过程。结果表明,连作7年以上处理的细菌群落结构组成和多样性明显低于轮作和连作4年以下处理,由此可以看出,大豆连续种植导致土壤中细菌群落组成的演替,是根际作物-土壤-微生物相互作用缓慢累积的过程,直到连作7年才足以被检测出来。连作大豆根际真菌群落结构多样性分析结果表明,连作2年和连作4年根际真菌群落组成丰富,多样性较高。而连作7年以上和轮作处理的大豆根际真菌群落多样性指数为3. 067 7~3. 071 5,低于连作2年和连作4年处理,同时连作7年处理真菌群落组成与轮作处理相似性较高,由此可以看出大豆连作土壤被称作抑制性土壤的机制所在。     

重茬大豆生长发育障碍机制初探

本文从土壤养分、微生物种群数量等方面探讨了重茬大豆生长发育障碍机制,结果表明:重茬大豆生长发育障碍并非来自土壤养分的单一过度消耗。重茬大豆根际土壤放线菌数量及优势种群与正茬没有明显区别,细菌数量比玉米茬大豆多13.9％,比谷茬多14.1％,优势种群与玉米茬大豆、谷茬大豆相同。重茬大豆根际土壤真菌数量明显多于正茬,而且花期以前,重茬大豆与正茬大豆根际土壤真菌的优势种群不同,重茬大豆以镰刀菌(Fusarium)占优势,谷茬、玉米茬大豆则以青霉(Penicillum)、木霉(Trichoderma)占优势。镰刀菌对大豆根系生长发育有害,这是重茬大豆生长发育障碍的主要原因之一。     

氧化钙、哈茨木霉及三种杀菌剂对花生苗期根际土壤微生物的影响

为探究氧化钙(生石灰)、哈茨木霉(生物拮抗剂)及三种不同类型化学杀菌剂对花生根际土壤微生物的影响，在大田试验条件下，以当地主栽花生品种湘花2008为材料，利用16S rRNA、ITS高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析方法，分析了氧化钙基施、哈茨木霉拌种及常用的三种化学杀菌剂(甲基硫菌灵、噻呋酰胺、咯菌腈)拌种对花生苗期根际土壤微生物多样性及群落结构影响的差异。结果表明：(1)氧化钙基施和哈茨木霉拌种处理，特有的根际土壤细菌和真菌OTU数目远多于三种化学杀菌剂拌种处理。(2) Shannon指数、ACE指数分析表明，氧化钙和哈茨木霉处理明显提高细菌多样性和微生物丰富度，而三种化学杀菌剂处理的微生物多样性降低。(3)各处理优势细菌的门与属相对丰度比较，氧化钙处理蓝藻细菌门和硝化螺旋菌属丰度降低，绿弯菌门、芽单胞菌门、粘球菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌属丰度明显增加；哈茨木霉处理变形菌门和蓝藻细菌门丰度降低，拟杆菌门丰度增加；三种化学杀菌剂处理下拟杆菌门和蓝藻细菌门丰度明显大于其他处理。优势真菌的门与属相对丰度比较，氧化钙和哈茨木霉处理均降低了子囊菌门的丰度，其中氧化钙处理的被孢霉门、梳霉门、火丝菌属...     

辣椒健康植株与患枯萎病植株根际土壤古菌群落多样性的比较研究

采集漳州3个辣椒种植基地枯萎病典型患病样地的健康植株(以下简称JK)根际土壤和患病植株(以下简称KW)根际土壤,对土样中的古菌群落进行基于IlluminaMiseq测序平台的宏基因组高通量测序,明确健康辣椒植株与患枯萎病植株根际土壤细菌群落多样性,为辣椒枯萎病生态防控提供理论依据。结果表明,患枯萎病植株根际土壤细菌的优质序列比健康植株少480条,OTUs少11个。在门水平上,健康植株和患病植株根际土壤微生物组成相似,最优势门均为奇古菌门,但相对丰度存在差异。在属水平上,健康植株根际的亚硝化球菌属Nitrososphaera相对丰度比患病植株增加了38.61%,亚硝化侏儒菌属Nitrosopumilus相对丰度比患病植株增加1.89%,患病植株的Methanomassiliicoccus属相对丰度却比健康植株增加了10.92%。     

摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)对连作大豆根际土壤细菌菌群的影响

为探究丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscula mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)-摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)对不同连作年限大豆土壤细菌菌群的影响,分析了接种F.mosseae后连作0,1,3和5年的根系菌根侵染率、细菌菌群结构和多样性以及KEGG功能预测,从而为AMF缓解大豆连作障碍提供理论依据。结果表明:大豆土壤细菌菌群多样性和丰度随着连作年限升高而减少,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)等有益菌丰度也随着连作年限升高而减少。而接种F.mosseae不仅能改善根际土壤的细菌多样性,提高Sphingomonas、Gemmatimonas、Nitrospira和Lysobacter等有益菌的丰度,还改善了根际细菌群落氨基酸代谢、强化信号转导、膜转运和碳水化合物代谢等功能,显著缓解了大豆连作障碍。     

大豆重迎茬减产的原因及农艺对策研究——重迎茬大豆的根际微生物

通过连续8年在黑龙江省6个生态区9个固定轮作场圃综合试验,试验区专项研究,框区、盆栽试验,实验室分析,以及大量的大面积生产调查,发现大豆重迎茬种植,根际土壤中的微生物区系构成发生变化。总的趋势是细菌数量减少,真菌、放线菌增加,在真菌中病原真菌增加。由于根际微生物的这种变化,重迎茬大豆的生长发育和产量受到一定的影响,这也是造成大豆重迎茬减产的一个原因。     

橡胶树红根病患病与健康植株根际土壤微生物结构及多样性分析

为探究红根病对橡胶树根际土壤微生物多样性的影响,分别以患红根病和健康橡胶树根际土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序,分析了样本间的微生物群落结构和组成差异;同时测定根际土壤理化性质,分析其与土壤微生物群落的相关性。结果表明：患红根病橡胶树根际土壤真菌多样性显著降低,OTU数量和Alpha多样性指数均低于健康橡胶树根际土壤;患病植株根际土壤细菌多样性略高于健康植株根际土壤;患病植株根际土壤中真菌的群落结构发生明显改变,细菌群落结构变化较小;在属水平上,共检测出289类土壤真菌、525类土壤细菌,病原菌Ganoderma在患病植株根际土壤中相对丰度高达31.32%,在健康植株根际土壤中未检测到;有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量和pH在健康植株根际土壤中含量高,碱解氮在患病植株根际土壤中含量高;相关分析结果显示,Ganoderma丰度与土壤有机质含量和pH呈显著负相关。该结果为揭示红根病发生的根际微生态机制及研发红根病综合防控技术提供理论参考。     

抗生菌剂在缓解大豆重迎茬根际微生态障碍中的作用

重迎茬问题是造成大豆减产、品质下降的主要原因之一,而施用适宜的抗生菌剂能够改善根际微生态环境,促进大豆正常地生长发育,从而缓解甚至消除重迎茬的危害.本研究对正茬和重茬区大豆进行了抗生菌剂处理,并以常规处理作对照,在不同生育时期分别测定大豆的氮素同化量及根际微生物区系状况.经连续两年小区试验,结果表明:在播种同时施用定向筛选的抗生菌剂,明显改变了重迎茬大豆根际微生物区系组成,在细菌、放线菌数量显著增加的同时,真菌数量明显减少,即提高了B/F、A/F值,增强土壤自净与保健能力.进而改善了重迎茬大豆结瘤固氮状况,促进植株生长发育,增加了单株籽粒重量,提高了籽粒的氮素同化量,缓解了重迎茬大豆的氮素同化生理性障碍.     

生物炭与微生物菌剂配施对植烟土壤理化性质及细菌多样性的影响

为了系统地阐述生物炭与微生物菌剂配施在改善植烟土壤理化特性及细菌多样性方面的效果及其作用机理，解决植烟土壤理化性质及菌群结构失衡的问题，设置不同施用量的生物炭配施微生物菌剂处理，对各处理植烟土壤理化性质与土壤细菌群落结构进行比较分析。结果表明：随着生物炭和微生物菌剂施用量的增加，细菌丰度和群落优势物种数量随之增加。生物炭(2 250 kg/hm²)与微生物菌剂(67.5 kg/hm²)配施可显著增加土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和速效磷含量，提高硝化菌门(Nitrospirota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、厚壁菌门(Firmiicutes)等有益菌群落的相对丰度。综合分析，生物炭和微生物菌剂协同作用有利于改善土壤环境，促进细菌生长和繁殖，提高细菌群落多样性及优势菌群丰度，改善根际土壤细菌群落结构组成。     

化肥减施对花生根际土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响

为研究化肥减施对花生根际土壤微生物的影响,设不同化肥减施梯度试验,采用高通量测序技术分析各处理根际土壤细菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明:对比不施肥处理,习惯施肥处理OTUs、ACE和Chao1指数均明显上升,Simpson指数显著增大,Shannon指数显著减小,两处理间差异显著的细菌门\属(相对丰度排名前10)为8\3个;各减施处理间的群落构成和多样性差异不明显,但菌群丰度均显著高于不施肥处理,多样性与不施肥处理间差异不显著;化肥减施50%(225 kg/hm~2)条件下,根际土壤菌群物种丰度指数最高,多样性指数与不施肥处理差异很小;通过Venn图分析发现,在OTU数量种类方面,减施肥料处理不仅包含习惯施肥和不施肥,并拥有2个代表特有细菌属的独特OTU;相似性分析说明,减施处理的菌群结构和物种组成介于习惯施肥与不施肥处理之间,随减施量的提高,土壤菌群物种组成逐步趋同于不施肥处理。习惯施肥提高了根际土壤菌群丰度但多样性降低,显著改变了门\属水平上的菌群构成,减施化肥在增加菌群丰度的同时维持其原有多样性。化肥减施50%,花生根际土壤细菌群落最丰富,其物种构成和多样性与不施肥土壤类似。     

扩大复种面积发挥双季水稻生产优势

本文针对当前我国特别是湖南省出现的水稻生产新问题——单季稻面积不断扩大，双季稻面积不断缩小，稻米市场仍处紧平衡等，分析了一季稻面积扩大的原因，提出了扩大双季稻面积的措施，以提高稻农收入，保障粮食安全。     

Sustainability of the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Abstract

The rice-wheat cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) has contributed tremendously to food security of the region. However, of late there has been a significant slowdown in yield growth rate of this system and the sustainability of this important cropping system is at stake. A decline in soil productivity, particularly of organic C and N, a deterioration in soil physical characteristics, a delay in sowing of wheat, and decreasing water availability are often suggested as the causes of this slowdown in productivity. Therefore, a paradigm shift is required for enhancing the system's productivity and sustainability. Resource-conserving technologies involving zero-or minimum tillage with direct seeding, improved water-use efficiency, innovations in residue management to avoid straw burning, and crop diversification should assist in achieving sustainable productivity and allow farmers to minimize inputs, maximize yields, conserve the natural resource base, reduce risk due to both environmental and economic factors, and increase profitability.     

中国水稻种植区划

 根据各地生态环境、社会经济条件和水稻种植特点,将中国稻区划分为6个稻作区(一级区)和16个稻作亚区(二级区)。对各个稻作区和亚区的基本情况、自然生态条件、稻田种植制度、品种类型、主要病虫害等作了评述,並提出水稻生产发展方向、途径和措施。     

Cropping Systems and Soil Quality

SUMMARY

Cropping system refers to temporal and spatial arrangements of crops, and management of soil, water and vegetation in order to optimize the biomass/agronomic production per unit area, per unit time and per unit input. Soil quality refers to its intrinsic attributes that govern biomass productivity and environment moderating capacity. It is the ability of soil to perform specific functions of interest to humans. Three components of soil quality (e.g., physical, chemical and biological) are determined by inherent soil characteristics, some of which can be altered by management. Soil quality and soil resilience are inter-related but dissimilar attributes. Resilient soils, which have the ability to restore their quality following a perturbation, have high soil quality and vice versa. Decline in soil quality sets-in-motion degradative processes, which are also of three types, namely physical (e.g., compaction, erosion), chemical (e.g., acidification, salinization) and biological (e.g., depletion of soil organic matter content). Soil degradation, a biophysical process but driven by socioeconomic and political causes, adversely affects biomass productivity and environment quality. Determinants of soil quality are influenced by cropping systems and related components. Dramatic increases in crop yields during the 20th century are attributed to genetic improvements in crops, fertilizer use, and improved cropping systems. Dependence on fertilizers and other input, however, need to be reduced by adopting cropping systems to enhance biological nitrogen fixation and use efficiency of water and nutrients through conservation tillage, cover crops, and improved methods of soil structure and nutrient management.     

连作大豆化感作用研究进展

大豆连作导致产量和品质下降、病虫害加剧等障碍现象发生,研究连作大豆化感作用对揭示大豆连作障碍机理、克服大豆连作障碍具有重要的意义。该文对连作大豆根系分泌物、根茬腐解物、土壤有机化合物、土壤微生物和地上部淋洗液化感作用的研究进展进行了综述;提出了大豆化感作用未来的研究方向,以期为今后大豆化感作用研究提供参考。     

Forage Legumes for Sustainable Cropping Systems

SUMMARY

Perennial and annual forage legumes are important components of sustainable cropping systems. Forage legumes are a primary source of forage to supply protein and fiber for livestock rations. They can be grazed, or stored as hay or silage. They contribute biologically fixed N and sustain the soil by reducing erosion and increasing soil organic matter levels. Diversifying cropping systems by including legumes can also reduce weed, insect, and disease incidence. Potential new uses of legumes include phytoremediation of N contaminated sites and capturing N lost from cropping systems. Legumes also have potential use as a feedstock for renewable energy production. Legumes have traditionally been used in rotation with grain crops but more recently have been shown promise as winter cover crops, intercrops with grain crops, and as living mulches. In this review, we discuss traditional and new roles of forage legumes in sustainable cropping systems with examples primarily chosen from northern USA and Canada.     

油菜—再生稻三熟制栽培模式探讨

文章从油菜—再生稻栽培模式的示范结果来探讨在温光资源种三季不足、种两季有余的地区种植油菜—再生稻三熟制栽培模式,分析了油菜—再生稻的栽培技术。为油菜—再生稻栽培模式的推广提供依据。     

Cropping Systems and Water Quality Concerns

SUMMARY

The impact of cropping systems on water quality is uncertain, and its interpretation depends heavily upon our definition of acceptable risk. As a means of determining net effect, both classical and precautionary approaches to assessing risk have their strengths and weaknesses. Relating the impact of cropping practices to human health outcomes can be particularly difficult. A variety of guidelines and standards are used to assess water quality, and recent methods for assessing water quality seek to incorporate more than water chemistry alone. An understanding of the derivation of water quality guidelines and standards is essential to their effective application, and meaningful interpretation.

In addressing water quality concerns, it is essential to first clarify that there is indeed a problem, and whether agriculture makes a significant contribution. Compound interactions and modes of chemical movement can render this troublesome. Yet, because farmers live on the land and drink the water, they want to be among the first to know what is happening and to take appropriate action when problems are identified.

Agriculture must be proactive in addressing water quality concerns. However, effective land management strategies depend greatly upon regional differences and may be highly site-specific. Hence, it is best to apply a set of common sense concepts at the local level. Because soil and water degradation are closely related, practices first developed to help conserve the soil (i.e., crop rotations, reduced tillage, cover crops) may also tend to conserve water quality. As well, restricting the loss of agricultural inputs (e.g., fertilizer nutrients, pesticides) from off farmland, and reducing the amount of those that might be available to do so, can assist in effectively reducing potential pollution. Buffer zones are a promising means of using plants and wetlands as a filter towards intercepting escaping contaminants.     

稻田两种粮经型新复种方式

 通过1987～1990年稻田粮经型新复种方式对比试验结果，表明了新复种方式大麦／西瓜+玉米-稻和绿肥+大麦／西瓜-稻分别比原复种方式大麦／西瓜-稻和西瓜-稻亩增粮食99.2和296.2 kg， 增收25.11元和49.93元， 提高光能利用事0.145%和0.596%。同时，分析了水、旱作茬口对晚稻的增产后效。     

马铃薯复种水稻栽培技术初探

葫芦岛地处辽宁西部 ,气候温和 ,干旱少雨 ,无霜期16 0ｄ左右 ,降水量 5 5 0ｍｍ左右 ,日照时数为 145 0ｈ ,常年≥ 10℃的活动积温为 34 0 0℃左右 ,属于一季有余 ,两季不足的旱作农业区 ,传统的农业以大田作物为主 ,玉米、高粱、谷子等作物的播种面积占耕作面积的 6 0 %以上 ,经济效益很低。2 0 0 0年在农作物结构调整中 ,为充分利用我市的气候条件和土地资源 ,增加复种指数 ,改变传统农业种植结构 ,我们在连山区张相公乡安排了 0 .6 7ｈｍ2 的薯稻复种栽培试验 ,获得了成功 ,上茬马铃薯产量 332 2 5ｋｇ/ｈｍ2 ,产值达 332 2 5元 /ｈｍ2 …