烟草叶绿体结构及发育影响因素的研究进展

叶绿体是影响烟叶生长的重要细胞器之一,其发育程度是烟叶产质量形成的重要因素。结合烟草生产实际,对烟株叶绿体超微结构的形成与发育进行了概述,综述了近年来有关环境因素对烟草叶绿体形成及发育影响的研究成果,并对烟草叶绿体研究方向提出了展望。     

烤烟氯素营养研究进展

氯是烟草必需的营养元素之一,氯素对烟草的生长发育、烟叶的产量和品质有着重要的影响。综述了近年来国内外烟草氯素研究进展,包括氯素在植物体内的生理代谢功能、烟株对氯元素的吸收利用、施氯对烟草产量和品质的影响,氯素的施用等,并对今后烟草氯素的研究方向作了进一步的展望。     

微量元素硒在烟草上应用研究进展

对我国卷烟制品及烟叶硒含量,硒在烟株内的形态及累积分配规律,硒对烟草生物学效应及硒对卷烟和烟叶中有害物质的影响进行了综述,并对今后的研究方向作了展望。     

芸苔素内酯在烤烟普通花叶病防控中的应用效果

为弄清芸苔素内酯对烟草普通花叶病(TMV)的防控效果,在贵州省安顺市关岭县烟区研究了芸苔素内酯防控烤烟普通花叶病(TMV)对烤烟产质量的影响。结果表明:带病烟株喷施芸苔素内酯对烟草普通花叶病(TMV)具有较明显的防治作用,且能够促进带病烟株的生长发育,提高烟叶产量,改善烟叶外观质量。     

江华县现代烟草农业建设初探

发展现代烟草农业,是国家烟草专卖局在2007年全国烟草专卖局长、公司经理座谈会上做出的一项重要部署。发展现代烟草农业是通过转变烟叶生产方式,运用现代生产手段,改善生产条件,达到提高烟农种烟效益,稳定烟叶生产规模,确保烟叶生产持续、稳定、健康发展的目的。阐述了江华县2009年现代烟草农业试点工作的基本情况,拟探索出一条适合当地实际的烟叶产业发展之路。     

不同硫肥施用量对烤烟生长和生理生化指标的影响

以K326为供试品种,利用盆栽试验研究不同硫肥施用量对烟草农艺性状、叶绿素(叶绿素a、b)含量及硝酸还原酶活性的影响。结果表明:相比于施硫处理,不施硫处理烟株生长状况、烟叶叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性受到明显的抑制;每株施硫量为1.5 g的中等施硫处理烟株长势最好,移栽前期叶绿素含量及NR活性较高,到成熟期时叶绿素含量及NR活性均降低;每株施硫量为3.0 g的高硫处理,烟株能够完成生育期,但是叶片横向生长受到限制,最大叶宽仅为20.67 cm。高硫处理对烟叶叶绿素含量及NR活性具有显著的促进作用,但是烟株生长后期烟叶中叶绿素含量及NR活性持续偏高,分别为1.10 mg/g和63.10μmol/g·h,不利于烟株的正常成熟落黄及内在品质的形成。     

云烟87与硃砂2号烟叶化学成分差异分析

硃砂烟以其优良的品质而闻名,在烟草工业中具有良好的发展前景,了解硃砂烟特殊风味形成机制具有重要的意义。为了解硃砂2号和云烟87烟叶的差异,对两种烟叶的常规化学成分、生物碱及其烟气中致香物质含量开展了差异分析。研究表明,与云烟87相比：硃砂2号烟叶中的还原糖、总植物碱和氯的含量显著下降,而硃砂2号烟叶中的总氮和钾含量则显著高于云烟87;硃砂2号烟叶中的烟碱含量显著降低,降烟碱和麦斯明含量显著增加,但是新烟碱、新烟草碱、可替宁等的含量差异相对较小;硃砂2号烟叶中某些种类致香成分含量出现显著的上调和下调,其独特风味的形成主要与少部分酮类、醛类、酸类、酯类化合物的变化有关。该研究对深入了解硃砂烟烟叶与普通烟叶差异以及硃砂烟特殊风味产生的机制有一定的参考价值。     

不同有机肥对烟叶质量的影响

[目的]筛选出价廉质优的有机肥。[方法]通过大田对比试验,分析不同类型有机肥对烟叶产质量的影响。[结果]在试验条件下,施用中烟有机肥的烟田烟株长势最好,烟苗早生快发明显,对烟草花叶病毒（TMV）、黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）、马铃薯Y病毒（PVY）等病毒病的抗性较强,烟叶开片效果好,上等烟比例最高,产量产值和均价较高,化学成分协调,中、上部烟叶感官评吸得分较高;在施氮量较其他处理偏高的情况下,施用八福仙（7-5-13）有机肥的烟田烟株长势较好,对TMV、CMV、PVY等病毒病的抗性较强,烟叶开片效果好,产量、产值和均价居第1位,上等烟比例居第3位,烤后烟叶油分增多,化学成分协调,中、下部烟叶感官评吸得分较高,综合表现较好：宏旺肥对上、中、下3个部位烟叶质量均有一定改善作用,但农艺性状、经济性状和烟叶外观质量不及中烟有机肥和八福仙（7～5-13）有机肥。[结论]研究结果为烟叶生产提供了科学参考。     

云南文山加热不燃烧卷烟烟草种质资源比较研究

为筛选适宜生产加热不燃烧卷烟烟叶原料的烟草种质资源,以4个晾晒烟品种Va359、八大河晒烟、柳叶、小黑烟为材料,在丘北县开展品种比较试验,对不同品种烟草的农艺性状、产量、化学成分、感官质量等进行比较分析。结果表明：小黑烟、八大河晒烟田间烟株生长整齐,长势较强,烟叶外观质量较好;各品种的产量表现为Va359>八大河晒烟>小黑烟>柳叶。在烟叶化学品质方面,柳叶和八大河晒烟的烟碱和总氮含量整体偏高,总糖和还原糖含量偏低,但八大河晒烟的氯离子含量显著高于其他3个品种,而Va359钾含量较高;在香气前体物质含量方面,4个品种烟叶中的芸香苷、绿原酸含量相对较高,其中小黑烟烟叶中的绿原酸、新绿原酸、芸香苷、咖啡酸、山奈酚苷含量最高;总体感官评吸得分为小黑烟>八大河晒烟>柳叶>Va359。综合分析,小黑烟、八大河晒烟具有典型的晾晒烟风格特征,田间表现、感官质量等指标较优,比较适合作为加热不燃烧卷烟的烟叶原料。     

转变烟叶发展方式的思考

泸溪县作为烟叶发展新区,宜充分利用烟—稻连作和椪柑新开地集中连片的优势资源,用现代烟草农业引领,培养职业烟农,实施标准化生产,探索烟—稻连作生产特色烟叶、山旱田和旱土适度规模种植,夯实基础,又快又好地达到5万担以上产烟规模。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.