梨小性信息素环糊精包合物制剂迷向防效研究

为了明确梨小食心虫性信息素环糊精包合物制剂田间迷向防效,为梨小食心虫迷向剂开发提供理论基础,通过田间迷向试验研究了梨小性信息素环糊精包合物制剂的迷向效果。试验结果表明,梨小性信息素环糊精包合物制剂田间密度设置为每667 m~230根和60根时的迷向率高达90%以上,蛀果率均在5%以下,防效与市售迷向产品相当。     

复合式性信息素迷向剂对苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫的防控效果

以苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫为研究对象,研究了不同复合式信息素迷向剂处理(600、900、1 200个·hm~(-2))对苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫的防控效果,以期为合理应用性信息素迷向剂防治虫害提供参考依据。结果表明:复合式性信息素迷向剂胶处理与对照相比迷向干扰效果显著。7月20日和9月10日的蛀果率调查结果显示,上述3个使用密度处理区苹果蛀果率分别比对照低72.46%、90.58%、90.58%和79.79%、93.09%、93.09%,随时间延续防效略有提高,复合式性信息素迷向剂有良好的缓释效果,持效期可达5个月。     

梨小食心虫性迷向素防治桃梨小食心虫试验

采用240mg/条梨小食心虫性信息素进行蜜桃上的梨小食心虫防治试验,以常规化学农药防治为对照。结果表明,常规喷施化学农药防治梨小食心虫需喷7次农药;应用迷向素从4月至8月只需喷布3~4次防治其他病虫害的化学农药;与对照桃园相比,新梢蛀梢防效达100%,果实蛀果率仅0.4%,蛀果防效接近100%,有效地干扰了梨小食心虫雄成虫对雌成虫位置的识别和正常交尾,抑制了梨小食心虫种群的繁殖速度,达到治虫、环保、经济高效的目的。     

迷向丝对桃园梨小食心虫的防治效果

在桃园用不同数量梨小食心虫迷向丝处理防治梨小食心虫,均可减少农药的使用次数,较好地降低折梢率、蛀果率。495条迷向丝/hm~2处理的效果较好,对梨小食心虫迷向率为94.84%,降低折梢率和蛀果率的防效分别为77.32%、78.82%,可在生产中应用推广。     

性信息素技术在梨小食心虫测报与防治上的应用

为科学指导梨园用药,介绍了性信息素技术在江苏省常州市果园梨小食心虫测报与防治上的应用情况。结果表明,应用性信息素迷向技术,单一梨园迷向率为95.4%~100.0%,桃、梨混栽园迷向率为85.1%~94.3%;应用性信息素诱捕技术,对梨小食心虫的蛀果防效在83.47%以上,并可显著减少农药使用次数,提高果品质量安全水平。     

桃树梨小食心虫绿色防控试验

引进梨小食心虫迷向丝、信息素诱芯,在桃园进行梨小食心虫迷向试验,结果表明:"Ⅱ梨小食心虫迷向丝"、"PVC梨小食心虫迷向丝"、"PE梨小食心虫迷向丝"处理的迷向率分别为100%、98.84%和98.27%,防效分别达89.61%、88.90%、86.77%,3种迷向丝对桃园梨小食心虫的迷向效果显著,有效降低了桃园虫果率,是一种高效、绿色、环保的防治方法,可在生产上大力推广应用。     

大连地区梨小食心虫发生规律调查

以梨小食心虫为试材,利用含性信息素的诱捕器对梨小食心虫雄蛾发生进行监测,同时对田间折梢率、蛀果率进行调查并记录当地有关气象数据,调查分析梨小食心虫雄蛾在大连地区的放生规律、幼虫的危害特点以及与梨小发生与气温和降雨的关系。结果表明:在大连地区梨小食心虫包括越冬代在内一年共发生5代;梨小食心虫各世代中,越冬代重点为害桃梢,第1代为害桃梢和果实,第2代主要为害早中熟品种及桃梢,第3代主要为害晚熟品种,少数为害桃梢;温度、降水量对梨小食心虫的生长发育、存活和繁殖有较大的影响。     

性迷向素胶条结合化学药剂规模化防控中晚熟桃园梨小食心虫的效果

为明确新型性信息素迷向散发器—性迷向素胶条对中晚熟桃园中梨小食心虫的防治效果,通过梨小食心虫的迷向率、折梢率和蛀果率调查,综合评价性迷向素胶条规模化防控效果。结果表明,性迷向素胶条2个施放密度(495条/hm~2和660条/hm~2)结合常规化学防治对梨小食心虫雄成虫的迷向率为98.67%～100.00%,幼虫折梢和蛀果防治效果分别为89.28%～100.00%和93.33%～98.68%,均显著高于常规化学药剂防治。该研究结果探明了性迷向素胶条防治中晚熟桃园中梨小食心虫的最佳施放密度,为梨小食心虫的绿色防控研究提供理论依据和数据支持。     

梨小食心虫性信息素迷向在桃树生产上的应用

2009—2010年,在安徽省宿州市老海寺生态黄桃园使用梨小性信息素迷向法进行了梨小食心虫的防治试验,结果表明,该迷向法对梨小成虫有很好的防治效果,且方法简单、持效期长、无公害,与正常园相比,迷向园在少喷2遍杀虫剂的情况下,梨小食心虫的防治效果达98.5%。     

梨小食心虫迷向技术研究及应用进展

梨小食心虫是果树上的重要害虫之一,化学防治使其抗药性发展很快,且防治困难。梨小食心虫性信息素迷向技术是一种环境友好、可作为大面积害虫治理的防治技术,通过干扰雌雄虫正常交配达到害虫防治的作用。综述了梨小食心虫性信息素的发现、结构鉴定及梨小食心虫迷向技术原理、迷向散发器的种类和技术研究应用进展,以期为梨小食心虫的防治和迷向技术的推广提供理论指导。     

基于电子鼻无损检测技术的桃果实香气研究

【目的】为了无损评价桃果实的香气品质差异,【方法】以19个桃品种八成熟的果实为试材,应用FOX4000电子鼻研究了品种间果实香气的差异。【结果】电子鼻18个金属氧化传感器对不同样品的感应值存在差异,LY2/LG、LY2/AA、LY2/GH、LY2/gCT1和LY2/gCT传感器的感应值为负值,其余13个传感器的感应值为正值;判别因子分析(DFA)方法可将桃果实大致分为4个小组,而主成分分析(PCA)方法的区分效果不明显,统计质量控制(SQC)方法显示样品间的香气品质具有差异;18个传感器在PCA与DFA分析方法中的权重存在不同。【结论】基于电子鼻的无损检测,应用DFA和SQC方法能较好呈现桃果实香气品质的差异。     

新疆2种梨小食心虫性诱剂诱芯的田间诱蛾效果

梨小食心虫（Grapholitha molesta Busck）是新疆桃园的主要害虫。2010年作者对分别来自中国科学院动物研究所和浙江宁波纽康公司的绿色、红色两种橡胶塞性诱芯的诱蛾效果进行评估。试验1、2的地点为新疆乌鲁木齐附近的2块桃园,分别采用水盆和粘胶诱捕器。结果表明：绿色诱芯2盆共诱蛾1857头,是红色诱芯的5．52倍,差异达极显著水平（P〈0．01）。绿色诱芯粘胶诱捕器1只共诱蛾2504头,是红色诱芯的20．04倍,差异达极显著水平。同时,绿色诱芯的田间有效期在2个月以上,而红色诱芯则不到1个月。     

Two new planting systems for early ripening peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch): Yield and fruit quality in four low-chill cultivars

Summary

Trees of peach cvs Flordastar, Flordaprince, Flordacrest and Maravilha, low in chill requirement (Flordaprince 150; Flordacrest 350 C.U.), with a short fruit development period (Flordaprince 90; Flordacrest 110 d) and a very early ripening time (Flordastar mid May; Flordacrest first week of June), were planted in Sicily (37° 30′ Lat. N) both in a medium (667 trees per ha) and a high density (2000 trees per ha) plantation system. In the medium density planting system, the trees were trained to a Fusetto, and in the high density to a Y-shape. Both in the Fusetto and Y, the size of the trees was controlled by severe pruning soon after harvest, consisting in the shortening of most of the one year old wood. From mid June to October, the trees of all four cultivars were able to recover a “fruiting canopy”; flower bud density, flower fertility, fruit set, fruit quality and crop efficiency were not affected by the severe summer pruning. Due to the planting density and the pruning, the tree growth was restricted: no platforms or ladders were required to perform the cultivation techniques at the top of the Fusetto nor was the wire-trellis necessary to sustain the Y-shaped trees. To distinguish these training systems from the original ones, Fusetto and Tatura trellis, we called them “dwarfed Fusetto” (dF) and “free standing Tatura” (fsT), respectively. Although production per tree was higher in the dF, due to planting density fsT yielded more per hectare.     

Einfluss verschiedener Ausdünnverfahren auf die Source: Sink-Verh?ltnisse und Fruchtqualit?t von Zwetschen

Chemical thinning agents for stone fruits are scarce. Hence, the objective of the present work was to improve fruit quality,viz size in plum, using mechanical and chemical thinning or combinations thereof; untreated, i.e., un-thinned plum trees of the same rows served as control. Plum trees of the medium-sized cv. ‘Ortenauer’ on dwarfing St. Julien GF 655/2 rootstock, with maximum flower intensity in 2009, were grown near Bonn, Germany. Trees were mechanically thinned in April 2009 with the blossom thinner developed by the University of Bonn with 300, 400 or 500?rpm at a tractor speed of 5?km/h. Half of the trees were additionally chemically thinned with both ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) (15?l/ha) at full bloom and an ethylene releasing compound (0.375?l/ha) 35 days after full bloom. The objective of 1/3 flower i.e. fruitlet removal was successfully achieved even with the slowest rotor speed of 300?rpm. The number of fruit per metre fruiting spur was reduced from 46 to 18–27, equivalent to a (source: sink) leaf: fruit ratio of 5:1. Mechanical thinning significantly enlarged fruit mass from 28?g in the un-thinned control to 30–32?g with rotor speeds of 400 or 500?rpm. Additional chemical thinning with ATS and an ethylene-releasing compound resulted in no further increase in fruit mass. Inner fruit quality (sugar) of the plums appeared unaffected by either mechanical or chemical thinning, except for fruit firmness. Plums thinned with an ethylene releasing compound were softer and ripened earlier than respective control fruit, possibly due to the ethylene release. The lesser fruit density per tree after thinning reduced the potential for fungal infections such asMonilia due to faster drying of the fruits after precipitation. Mechanical thinning reduced thinning by manual labour from 31?min. per tree in the un-thinned control to 24?min. by ca 25%, i.e., by 7?min. per tree; this is equivalent to a net financial gain of 400–500?€/ha, after expenditure (120?€/ha; 1.5?h/ha), for thinning. Overall, both efficacy of blossom removal and fruit mass enlargement scored best after mechanical thinning around 400?rpm, indicating that mechanical blossom thinning provides a suitable alternative for chemical and/or manual thinning or can be combined with either of those options. An additional advantage of mechanical blossom thinning is to overcome or avoid alternate/biennial bearing due to its early application at bloom time; a similar effect was observed with the ethylene-releasing compound applied 35 days after full bloom.     

Molecular characterization of Miraflores peach variety and relatives using SSRs

Some traditional peach varieties, originated from the region of Aragón (Spain), were analysed by SSRs (simple sequence repeats). The aim of this research was to characterize 19 clones related to Miraflores variety, with unknown pedigrees, to assess their genetic diversity and to elucidate their possible relationships with 10 traditional peach varieties. Twenty SSR primer pairs with high levels of polymorphism, which have been previously developed for peach, were used in this study. A total of 46 alleles were obtained for all the microsatellites studied, ranging from one to six alleles per locus, with a mean value of 2.3 alleles per locus. Fourteen SSRs were polymorphic in the set of varieties studied and permitted to distinguish 16 different genotypes out of the 30 initially studied, although fourteen ‘Miraflores’ clones showed identical gel profiles. The genetic distance matrix was used to construct neighbor joining cluster and to perform principal coordinate analysis which allowed the arrangement of all the genotypes according to their genetic relationships. The genetic relationships among these traditional peach varieties, and in particular among ‘Miraflores’ clones are discussed. The obtained results confirm that microsatellite markers are very useful for these purpose.     

性信息素在甜菜夜蛾监测与防控中的应用

为了探索有效监测和防控甜菜夜蛾的产品,结合性信息素在甜菜夜蛾监测和防控中的应用,利用性诱捕技术监测秋茬露地花椰菜田甜菜夜蛾发生规律,对比甜菜夜蛾性诱捕技术和信息素智能监测系统的监测情况、甜菜夜蛾迷向丝的应用效果和不同诱捕器诱芯载体的效果等。结果表明：2017—2019年秋茬露地花椰菜田甜菜夜蛾发生的高峰期为秋茬露地花椰菜定植到结球初期;信息素智能监测系统较人工调查性诱捕器诱蛾量更加准确、高效;甜菜夜蛾迷向应用的迷向率达100%;甜菜夜蛾不同载体诱芯中聚乙烯管材质较橡皮头材质诱集效果更好,单日诱蛾量高,诱蛾谱更清晰。     

一个与桃成熟期QTL连锁的SSR标记

 以大久保桃自交后代为研究材料,对果实成熟期QTL进行了SSR标记。通过集群分离分析法（BSA）对分布于桃基因组上的165对SSR引物进行筛选,确认第4连锁群上的‘BPPCT015’标记与果实成熟期QTL有连锁关系。该标记在果实发育期 < 75 d和果实发育期 > 120 d的单株中所扩增出的带型与其表现型的符合度分别达到90%和92%,在88个不同成熟期的品种资源中的符合度分别为82%和84%。在桃育种实践中‘BPPCT015’标记可用于对成熟期的预先选择。     

景宁县茭白大螟性诱剂应用于测报的技术研究

对浙江景宁县茭白大螟的发生情况及应用性诱剂进行测报研究,结果表明:大螟性诱剂具有较强的诱蛾能力,其诱蛾量与测报灯的诱蛾效果相当或略高,且诱蛾量受环境影响较小;诱测结果能够反映出大螟在1年中发生的实际情况,可在实际测报中应用。性诱、灯诱、田间虫量剥查结合,将明显提高茭白大螟监测预报水平。     

喷施磷酸二氢钾对桃叶片和果实性状的影响

以不同成熟期的桃品种豫甜、豫香、秋甜、秋蜜红为试材,研究了喷施磷酸二氢钾对其叶片叶绿素含量、干鲜质量比及果实的可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量等品质特性的影响。结果表明,喷施磷酸二氢钾能提高叶片中叶绿素含量、干鲜质量比和果实可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量;对果实的可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量影响不明显;叶片喷施不同浓度和次数的磷酸二氢钾均可推迟桃果实成熟期;喷施清水和对照处理间叶片性状和果实品质差异不明显;喷施磷酸二氢钾浓度和次数以500mg/L3次效果最显著,以300mg/L3次最经济有效。     

应用性诱剂防治甘蔗螟虫

对甘蔗螟虫的为害特点和防治现状以及性诱剂的特点和应用现状进行了概述。为了有效防治甘蔗螟虫,利用性诱剂进行预测预报,指导适时防治具有重要意义。