毛红椿优树子代苗期生长性状测定与选择

于2020年,在福建省三明市沙县金德苗木有限公司苗圃对毛红椿14个家系1年生苗木的地径、苗高、主根长、根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量和全株生物量等生长性状进行测定,分析其苗期生长性状遗传变异规律,并初步筛选优良家系。结果表明,参试的14个家系间的各生长性状均存在极显著差异,其中12号、7号家系的生长性状表现较好,其地径、苗高、主根长、根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量、全株生物量分别比群体均值提高19.84%～28.54%、24.38%～36.32%、23.95%～35.56%、23.03%～33.82%、23.86%～35.42%、25.93%～38.52%、23.65%～34.99%。毛红椿家系各性状存在较大的遗传变异,其中叶生物量、苗高遗传变异系数最大,分别达25.38%、22.80%,苗高和叶生物量指标可作为早期选择的一个重要依据。经苗期多性状指标综合评价,初步筛选出毛红椿优良家系：7号、12号、3号、8号,其苗期生长较好、根系发达。研究结果可为毛红椿的良种选育与应用提供参考。     

米老排优树单亲子代苗期生长变异分析及选择

以福建上杭白砂国有林场选出12个米老排优树所培育的苗木为材料,研究其子代苗期生长表现,结果表明:12个米老排优树单亲子代苗木生长表现优良,优树胸径、树高、材积三者间和地径与苗高之间相关系数呈极显著正相关;子代苗期各性状遗传变异较大,地径、苗高、主根长、大于5cm侧根数差异均达显著和极显著水平,家系遗传力较高;以地径显著大于优树混合种为主要依据,采用多重比较初选9、7、3、6、8、5、4等7个优良家系,其平均地径、苗高分别达0.87cm、1.21m,遗传增益达4.9%、12.8%,比母树林良种提高了33.8%、101.6%。所选的7个优树可作为优良家系加以保护和利用。     

不同种源的马尾松半同胞家系子代苗期生长表现

对来自湖南、广西、浙江、广东、福建等5个省的36个马尾松半同胞优良家系自由授粉子代苗期生长表现进行分析。结果表明:不同种源马尾松家系苗的平均地径和苗高生长差异均达到了极显著水平,平均苗木高生长、地径生长均以湖南、广东、广西3个种源的较好。不同家系之间在苗高、地径生长上也表现出极显著的差异,高生长以GXGLN2号家系为最好,其次是HN29号、GD1号家系;地径生长以GD8号家系为最好,其次是HN7号、GXGLN2号家系。综合考虑高生长和地径生长,GXGLN2号家系表现最好。马尾松苗高与地径生长存在着极显著的正相关。     

香椿优树半同胞家系苗期生长变异与选择

为了从苗期开始研究香椿优树半同胞家系的遗传变异,以来自四川香椿3大主要分布区域的18个香椿优树半同胞家系1年生容器苗为研究对象,进行了苗期生长比较与优良家系选择。结果表明:苗高与产地纬度、年均气温均有显著的正相关性,与海拔呈极显著的负相关性,地径与各环境因子均没有显著的相关性。苗高和地径变幅分别在38.1～101.6 cm之间和4.42～9.14 mm之间,不同家系间均有极显著差异。绝大部分家系苗高和地径的变异系数均小于15%,苗木生长均匀一致。苗高和地径的遗传力分别为0.939和0.762,苗高受到的遗传调控大于地径。以苗高为主进行苗期选择,选择出蓬溪1、5号、合江7号3个优等家系,入选率16.67%,入选家系苗高和地径的遗传增益分别为35.33%和20.19%。入选家系的选择差大,入选率低,遗传增益大,经过造林对比试验后有成为良种的潜力。     

欧洲白桦早期生长性状变异分析

欧洲白桦(2 a生)13个家系间的苗高性状变异较小,变异范围在22.78%～37.14%之间;家系间地径生长变异较大,而家系内地径生长变异较小,变异范围为20.15%～50.32%.方差分析结果表明:家系问2 a生苗高与地径生长均达差异显著水平.通过2 a连续测定,综合考虑苗高及地径2个性状,初步认为6号、9号、1号、10号及13号等5个家系生长表现良好,且家系内苗木高生长及地径生长变异较小,生长稳定.     

氮素指数施肥对赤皮青冈苗期生长的影响

【目的】指数施肥能诱导苗木对养分的奢侈消耗并建立养分库,从而实现苗木对肥料的稳定持续吸收,进而实现养分在体内的稳定积累,针对1年生赤皮青冈幼苗对不同水平指数施肥的响应,对比常规施肥,旨在探索不同施肥方式和施肥水平对赤皮青冈在不同时间段苗木生长阶段的生长速率大小以及苗木质量指标的影响,揭示指数施肥对赤皮青冈苗木生长的潜在影响以及赤皮青冈苗期对氮素的需肥规律,为赤皮青冈苗木培育和人工林培育提供理论支撑。【方法】以赤皮青冈1年生幼苗为研究对象,采用盆栽试验法,基于对照(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、指数施肥(EF1、EF2、EF3、EF4)等6个处理,施氮量(纯氮)分别采用0、3.0、1.0、2.0、3.0、5.0 g·株-1,分5次施入,每30天施入1次,施肥前先测量苗高、地径,生长期结束后,用全量收获法测定每1株的苗高、地径、干质量。用单因素方差分析法进行生长指标分析。【结果】在不同处理条件下,施氮处理对苗高、地径等影响不同,赤皮青冈的苗高生长差异表现较大,表现为EF2 EF1 CF EF3 EF4 CK,其中处理EF2的苗高达136.5 cm,比对照处理95.2 cm高出43.41%,比常规施肥CF处理高出25.34%,差异均达到显著性水平(P 0.05)。对地径的影响差异表现为EF2 EF1 EF3 CF EF4 CK,其中中低浓度的指数施肥EF2和EF1处理,对地径生长的促进作用显著高于其他处理(P 0.05),地径分别比对照处理高出49.33%、37.38%;中高浓度的指数施肥处理EF3、EF4与常规施肥处理CF对地径生长的促进作用效果相同,也显著高于对照处理。由不同处理条件下赤皮青冈苗木总生物量介于58.13～125.80 g·株-1,不同处理间差异显著,质量指数差别较大(P 0.05),其中以处理EF2、EF1最佳。【结论】指数施肥不仅能节约肥料的施用量,减少肥料的浪费,还能有效提高赤皮青冈苗木质量。综合分析不同施肥方式和施肥量,指数施肥方式EF2处理(2 g·株-1)指数施肥处理在苗高、地径、总生物量、质量指数等指标显著优于1 g·株-1的处理及其他处理,在根比重方面也表现略优,从苗木质量培育的角度综合考虑,指数施肥2 g·株-1是赤皮青冈苗木培育的最佳处理,能获得最佳的苗木形态指标和质量指标。     

氮、磷、钾肥不同配比施肥对竹柳生长的影响

对竹柳(Salix matsudana Koidz CV.zhuliu)苗木配方施肥进行试验。通过氮肥、磷肥、钾肥3因素3水平的正交试验,探索配方施肥对竹柳苗木生长的影响。结果表明:不同比例的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥配方施肥后,竹柳苗高和地径均差异不显著,通过极差分析可知竹柳苗木苗高生长理论上的最优施肥组合为N3P1K3,苗木地径生长理论上的最优施肥组合为N2P1K2,综合考虑,竹柳苗木苗高和地径生长理论上的最优施肥组合为N3P1K3。其中P肥对促进竹柳苗木苗高和地径影响最大,N肥次之,K肥影响较小。     

赤霉素GA_(4+7)处理下白桦无性系生长及差异基因表达分析

[目的]为研究赤霉素GA4+7对白桦生长的调控机制。[方法]试验利用1个白桦无性系的分株材料,连续2年分别叶面喷施浓度为0.2 g·L~(-1)(T1)、0.4 g·L~(-1)(T2)的GA4+7溶液,对实验苗木的生长情况进行跟踪调查,并对相应顶端生长组织进行转录组测序和差异基因分析。[结果]对2个年份的苗高、地径等性状分析发现,不同处理间苗高与地径的差异均达到显著或极显著水平,GA4+7对高生长有明显的促进作用,2年后的T2白桦苗高较CK提高了19.65%。于6月28日取GA4+7连续处理2年的白桦顶芽开展RNA-seq分析,结果显示:0.4 g·L~(-1)GA4+7(T2)处理与对照(CK)间的差异基因数量最多,即上调表达的基因有181个,下调表达的基因有55个,这些差异基因在叶绿体类囊体膜、红光、远红光及蓝光的细胞响应等方面富集明显。Pathway富集分析显示:氧化磷酸化途径与光合途径中的8条基因呈上调表达,认为施加0.4 g·L~(-1)GA4+7处理后,上述基因的上调表达加快电子传递进程、催化ATP的合成,从而促进白桦光合作用增强,提高苗期生长量。[结论]对白桦外源施加赤霉素GA4+7后,可上调氧化磷酸化途径和光合途径相关基因的表达,进而促进苗木的高和地径生长。研究结果可为白桦生长相关途径基因的克隆提供参考。     

交趾黄檀家系间苗木生长差异性分析

为了选育交趾黄檀(Dalbergia cochinchinensis)优良家系,对引进国内外交趾黄檀10个产地25个家系的种子,于2015年春季在林下国有林场苗圃基地进行育苗试验。结果表明:漳州气候适宜交趾黄檀苗木生长,苗木总体良好,但各家系间差异很大。通过种子发芽率、苗木地径、苗高3个考核指标分析,结合生产实际,选择出在苗期表现好的家系试验号有5个:7号、18号、8号、11号、3号,其种子发芽率、苗木地径、苗高分别达到64%、0.46 cm、39 cm以上。选育了苗期优良家系5个,为下一步营建优质家系采穗圃,加快繁殖无性系苗木造林提供初步依据。     

牡丹江地区欧洲白桦生长性状变异分析

在牡丹江林区欧洲白桦各家系均能安全越冬,苗木长势良好,且区组间欧洲白桦家系苗木的高生长变异较小,苗高性状差异不显著,苗木地径生长差异显著。2007年和2008年苗高变异幅度为16.20%-28.18%、17.86%-23.70%,平均变异系数分别为23.20%和20.57%;区组间欧洲白桦家系苗木的地径生长变异较小,2007年和2008年苗高变异幅度分别在16.94%-21.89%、22.63%-33.74%范围内,平均变异系数分别为21.28%和32.04%。     

文冠果育苗技术试验研究

本文通过混沙埋藏催芽、温水浸种催芽、快速催芽法三种方法对文冠果种子进行了催芽试验。结果表明文冠果种子催芽中,采用混沙埋藏催芽法,出苗率能达100%,在生长过程中,苗高和地径都显著优于其他催芽方式。容器育苗和插根育苗在苗高和地径方面优于播种育苗。     

Browsing by large herbivores on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings in mixture with ash (Fraxinus excelsior) or silver birch (Betula pendula)

Abstract

Food selection by large herbivores occurs at a hierarchy of scales, for example landscape, patch or plant. Several hypotheses regarding food plant selection on patch or plant level have been developed. In this cafeteria-type design field experiment, conducted during one winter immediately after planting, we tested the effect of species mixture on browsing by large herbivores (mainly roe deer) on Scots pine seedlings in mixture with seedlings of ash (highly preferred) or silver birch (less preferred). Browsing on Scots pine was not affected by species mixture, neither in terms of the number of browsed pines nor browsing intensity. Instead, browsed biomass was positively and significantly correlated to the total biomass available for browsing. Also, there were differences due to species, with ash being most browsed (44.6%), followed by Scots pine (18.9%) and silver birch (11.6%). Browsed biomass per browsed seedling, however, was largest for Scots pine. In addition, browsed seedlings were initially taller compared to unbrowsed seedlings for all species. The main management implication in this study is that the species mixture did not influence large herbivore browsing on Scots pine seedlings. Hence, removing or discouraging more (or less) attractive browse species in early stages of pine regeneration activities seems unnecessary from the point of large herbivore browsing.     

厚荚相思扦插繁殖提高成活率的研究

通过对厚荚相思不同扦插基质、母株不同部位穗条和生根促进剂IBA不同浓度处理下扦插育苗对比试验,结果表明:厚荚相思采用河沙、草木灰和黄心土混合基质作为插壤,选用厚荚相思母树中部穗条,采用质量分数为5.0×10-5~5.0×10-4的吲哚丁酸为生根促进剂能有效提高厚荚相思的扦插成活率。     

Etiology of oak decline in Spain

In different areas of Extremadura, Western Spain, soil samples were taken at the bottom of holm oak (Quercus ilex) trees that were showing decline symptoms. Half of each sample was sterilized, and acorns were sown in both sterilized and nonsterilized soil samples. The resulting seedlings were used as baits for the isolation of fungi. Seedlings growing on the natural, nonsterilized substrate were characterized by having a lower vegetative growth than the ones growing on the sterilized soil samples, and most of them died. Phytophthora dnnamomi was consistently isolated from their roots. Fusarium oxysporum was also isolated as well as different species of Pythium, although to a lesser extent. Pathogenicity tests were performed on holm oak seedlings with five different isolates of P. chinnamomi, with F. oxysporum, Pythium and with a mixture of the three fungi. All the inoculated seedlings with P. chinnamomi developed root rot and grew slowly, and 35.7% of them died up to the end of the experiments. P. chinnamomi was consistently isolated from their roots, indicating that this fungus is the causal agent of holm oak decline. However, F. oxysporum caused similar symptoms on oak seedlings as P. chinnamomi, and was isolated also from the roots, although its frequency was lower than that of. P. cinnamomi.     

几种措施对思茅松插穗生根率影响的研究

以1年生和2年生思茅松实生苗的主梢及侧枝作插穗进行扦插基质,插穗预处理方式,激素处理插穗的种类及激素浓度的4因素,每因素设3个水平的正交试验,研究不同处理对思茅松插穗生根的影响。研究表明,影响1年生苗木插穗生根率的主导因素是扦插基质,其次是预处理方式;影响2年生苗木插穗生根率的主导因素是预处理方式,其次是激素处理。在预处理方式中以用高锰酸钾溶液浸条的效果最好;扦插基质宜选用比例为3?2的蛭石?泥炭和河沙?泥炭;激素种类以吲哚乙酸的效果最佳。试验还表明,从1年生和2年生苗木上采集的思茅松插穗,其生根率差异显著,以1年生苗木上的插穗生根率最高,达98%;且以用主干上萌发的枝条作插穗为好。     

杜鹃花属植物内生真菌对毛棉杜鹃幼苗生长的影响

对来自粤北3种野生杜鹃花属植物根样中的聚多曲霉（Aspergillus sydowii）（菌株号：YJ1,YS2）、杂色曲霉A. versicolor（菌株号：GD1）3个内生真菌菌株及其混合菌剂进行瓶内接种试验,比较其对毛棉杜鹃（Rhododendron moulmainense）幼苗的菌根侵染率、苗高和生物量的影响。结果表明,3个菌株及其混合菌剂均可与毛棉杜鹃幼苗根系形成菌根共生体,但不同菌剂在不同培养基上对毛棉杜鹃幼苗根系的侵染力、苗高增长和生物量增重效果存在显著差异（P<0.05）。多数菌剂（YS2、M3、M1、M2）在MMN培养基上对幼苗根系侵染力显著高于WPM培养基和混合基质培养基（P<0.05）,而多数接菌苗（YJ1、GD1、M2、M3）在WPM培养基上生长显著优于MMN培养基（P<0.05）,YS2、GD1和混合菌剂M2（YS2+GD1）对毛棉杜鹃幼苗的增高和增重具有明显的促生作用。     

Effect of rhizobial inoculations on nitrogen metabolism of Albizia lebbek seedlings

Rhizobia were isolated from Albizia lebbek (L) Benth. seed-lings collected from six different places, tested against the nodulation test and inoculated into 45 day old Albizia lebbek seedlings in steri...     

The potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to conserve Kalappia celebica,an endangered endemic legume on gold mine tailings in Sulawesi,Indonesia

Kalapi(Kalappia celebica) is an endemic legume of Sulawesi and has been included in the endangered category since the early 1980 s.Conservation of the species is possible through ex situ culture techniques.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) can accelerate plant growth which in turn supports the conservation of endangered species.This study aimed to assess the efficacy of local AMF to accelerate the growth of kalapi and increase nutrient uptake in kalapi grown in gold mine tailing media.There were three AMF treatments,Glomus claroideum,Glomus coronatum,and a mixture of both,plus the control.Each treatment was replicated three times,each consisting of five plants.The results show that the highest AMF colony was obtained by kalapi seedlings inoculated with Glomus coronatum and the mixture of AMF.The range of mycorrhizae inoculation effect values was 59.7-71.3%.AMF inoculation increased growth and dry weight of 4-month-old seedlings compared to controls.Dry and total weights of kalapi inoculated with G.coronatum were significantly different from those inoculated with the AMF mixture.However,they are not significantly different from kalapi inoculated with G.claroideum.The results also show that AMF increased nitrogen and phosphorous uptake by the roots,as well as nitrogen,phosphorous,potassium,manganese and iron by the shoots.All AMF treatments decreased potassium uptake in the roots,except in kalapi inoculated with G.coronatum.The AMF mixture decreased iron contents the roots by 15%.AMF can be developed into biofertilizer to support the conservation of kalapi in tropical Indonesia.     

有效微生物群对雨豆树发芽率和苗木生长的影响

雨豆树的苗木种植在容器袋的沙和牛粪的混合质上(3:1)。在播种前后一周施用不同浓度(0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10%)的有效微生物群(Effective Microorganisms )液。测定发芽和苗木自然生长参数(包括:茎根长度,活力指数,直径,叶子数量,茎根的鲜重和干重,总的生物量增长量)。估计生化参数如叶绿素 a, 叶绿素 b,类胡罗卜素,并观测了受有效微生物群影响的生节情况。与对照相比, 经不同浓度有效微生物群液处理的雨豆树,发芽率和苗木自然生长参数都明显增加。施用 2%有效微生物群液的苗木生长率最大,其次是施用 1%有效微生物群液的苗木。1%有效微生物群液的生节率最高,并随浓度的增加而下降。尽管经有效微生物群液处理的苗木叶中色素比对照高,但叶绿素 a, 叶绿素 b,类胡罗卜素并不明显高于对照。随着有效微生物群液浓度的增加,苗木生长表现出不同的效果,大部分参数在中等浓度范围最高。研究表明,有效微生物群技术有助与提高苗圃中苗木的生长,有益微生物与容器袋土壤相结合有助于改善退化的或贫瘠的土壤,有利于初移植苗木的营养和水分吸收。表 4 参 17。     

大果无刺沙棘嫩枝扦插配套技术研究

对大果无刺沙棘嫩枝扦插育苗过程中相关的施肥、移植等配套技术进行了试验研究,结果表明：施肥对大果无刺沙棘扦插苗的生长影响显著,以钼肥为例,1%施肥浓度和蘸根处理的苗木生长效果最好,氮、磷、钾营养元素的配比为1∶0.4∶1最佳;7月1日以前（15～22d扦插苗）移植的苗木生长质量较好;3～5cm根长移植效果较好;裸地扦插苗成活率高,生长好,抗性强。