碳氮添加对淹水农田黑土温室气体排放的影响

为探究外源碳氮添加对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响，以农田黑土为对象，在25℃和淹水条件下开展室内培养试验，研究外源碳(葡萄糖和乙酸)和氮(硫酸铵)添加对温室气体排放的影响。结果表明，淹水条件碳氮配施显著降低了土壤硝态氮含量，以氮肥配施葡萄糖处理效果更明显。与不施肥的对照处理相比，单施氮肥处理对CO₂排放速率无显著影响；与单施氮肥处理相比，碳氮配施显著提高了CO₂的排放速率，氮肥配施葡萄糖处理和氮肥配施乙酸处理的CO₂累积排放量分别为单施氮肥处理的3.93和2.44倍。与不施肥的对照处理相比，单施氮肥显著增加了N₂O排放速率，其累积排放量是对照处理的3.60倍；与单施氮肥处理相比，氮肥配施葡萄糖处理仅在第1天对N₂O排放速率有显著促进效果，培养期间N₂O累积排放量与单施氮肥处理无显著差异；氮肥配施乙酸处理对N₂O排放速率的促进效果持续了5 d，其N₂O累积排放量是单施氮肥处理的3.58倍。与不施肥的对照处理相比，单施...     

模拟条件下土壤硝化作用及硝化微生物对不同水分梯度的响应

以江苏滨海县一植稻土壤为研究对象,在微宇宙培养条件下设置了不同水分处理(最大持水量的30%、60%、90%和淹水2 cm深),研究了硝化作用及硝化微生物对水分变化的响应特征。结果表明:淹水处理显著降低了土壤的氧化还原电位(Eh),但所有处理土壤Eh变化范围为330~500 m V,土壤整体处于氧化态。在每7天向土壤加入10 mg kg-1NH+4-N的连续培养过程中,各个水分处理均观察到明显的NH+4-N降低和NO-3-N累积的现象,60%WHC处理下土壤硝态氮累积最显著和迅速,90%WHC处理次之,随培养时间延长,30%WHC和淹水处理也观察到明显的硝化作用。淹水处理中氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)的数量显著高于非淹水处理,且淹水处理中AOB在DGGE图谱上的条带更加清晰明亮,而氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)的群落组成和数量在不同水分处理间无明显变化。表明该土壤中AOB对水分条件变化响应灵敏,是该土壤的硝化作用、尤其是淹水条件下硝化作用发生的主要原因。     

林分类型和氮添加对亚热带森林土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

为揭示亚热带森林土壤N₂O排放对林分类型和氮添加的响应特征,选取位于福建省三明市的中亚热带米槠次生林、杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤为研究对象,分别设置无氮添加(N0 mg/kg)、低氮添加(N10 mg/kg)、中氮添加(N25 mg/kg)和高氮添加(N50 mg/kg)4个氮添加水平,进行微宇宙培养试验,测定土壤N₂O排放。结果表明：与无氮添加处理相比,氮添加整体上降低3种林分土壤pH,增加土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量。无氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量分别为9.67和9.62 mg/kg,显著高于米槠次生林土壤N₂O累积排放量6.81 mg/kg。低氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量显著高于米槠次生林。但在中氮和高氮添加处理中,3种林分土壤N₂O累积排放量均无显著性差异。不同氮添加处理均促进3种林分土壤N     

农田土壤N2O排放的关键过程及影响因素

一氧化二氮 (N₂O) 作为重要的温室气体之一,在全球气候变化研究中引人关注。随着氮肥使用量的增加,农田土壤N₂O排放已经成为全球关注和研究的热点。人们普遍认为土壤硝化、反硝化过程是N₂O产生的两个主导途径,而诸如施肥、灌水等农田管理措施以及土壤pH、温度等环境因子均会影响农田土壤N₂O产生和排放。本文系统论述了土壤N₂O产生的各主要途径,并综述了氮源、碳源、水分含量、氧气含量、土壤pH和温度以及其他调控因子对N₂O排放的影响,旨在阐明各过程对N₂O排放的产生机制及主要环境因子的影响,以期为后续研究提供参考和理论依据。农田土壤硝化过程本身对N₂O排放的直接贡献较小,N₂O产生的主要来源是包含硝化细菌的反硝化、硝化–反硝化耦合作用在内的生物反硝化过程。真菌反硝化和化学反硝化在酸性土壤以及硝酸异化还原成铵过程在高有机质和厌氧土壤环境中对N₂O排放具有重要作用。未来研究可从农田土壤N₂O的产生和消耗机制、降低N₂O/N₂产物比、N₂O的还原过程及相关影响因素进行深入研究。此外,利用新技术方法,探究土壤物理、化学和生物学因素对氮素转化过程的影响,重点关注N₂O峰值排放及相关联微生物的响应,并构建土壤氮素平衡和N₂O排放模型,可进一步加深对农田土壤N₂O排放机制和影响因素的理解。     

控释氮肥与水溶肥配施减少设施土壤N2O排放的机理

【目的】控制N₂O排放是提高氮肥利用和环境效益的一个重要任务。在滴灌条件下,研究以控释氮肥替代尿素基施减少设施土壤N₂O排放的机制,并探讨减少氮肥投入的可能性。【方法】在大棚内布设小区试验,供试番茄品种为‘盛世辉煌’,氮肥40%基施,60%分3次随水滴灌追施。试验以不施氮肥为对照 (CK),设:常规化肥用量 (基施尿素,总N量440 kg/hm2,U);常规化肥用量减氮20% (基施尿素,总N量376 kg/hm2,–20%U);控释氮肥常规用量 (基施控释氮肥,总N量440 kg/hm2,CRU);控释氮肥常规用量减氮20% (基施控释氮肥,总N量376 kg/hm2,–20%CRU) 4个处理。施底肥后15天内每天取气体样1次;追肥后每2天取气体样1次,连续取样3次;其余时间间隔5～7天取气体样1次。静态箱–色谱法测定土壤N₂O排放通量;在定植后40、80和120天取土样测定土壤理化性质;用实时荧光定量PCR检测相关功能基因数量变化;收获后测产。【结果】控释氮肥与水溶肥配施导致基肥N₂O排放峰值出现时间从第8～13天延迟到第28～32天,并且显著降低了其N₂O排放峰值,所有处理追水溶肥后均在3～5天出现N₂O排放峰值,而控释氮肥与水溶肥配施降低了此阶段N₂O排放峰值。相同氮肥施用量条件下,控释氮肥与水溶肥配施显著降低了基肥期土壤N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,降低了追肥期土壤N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,显著降低了番茄生长季土壤NH₄+-N和NO₃?-N含量与微生物功能基因AOA amoA、AOB amoA和nirK数量,降低了nirS数量。与U处理相比,CRU处理增加番茄产量和经济效益,生长季土壤N₂O累积排放量减少了24.8%,差异显著,同时显著降低了N₂O排放强度;与–20%U处理相比,–20%CRU处理增加番茄产量和经济效益,N₂O累积排放量减少了22.1%,亦显著降低了N₂O排放强度 (P < 0.05)。【结论】在常规用氮量和减氮20%用量下,以缓释氮肥代替尿素基施,不仅可显著增加番茄的产量和效益,还显著推迟了番茄生长初期N₂O释放高峰的出现,减少了整个生育期N₂O的排放强度和累积排放量。其主要原因在于缓释氮肥有效控制了土壤中NH₄+-N和NO₃?-N含量的变化,进而减少了与硝化和反硝化相关的微生物数量。在使用缓释肥做基肥时,适当减少氮肥投入不会降低番茄的产量。     

前期不同水分状况对土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

田间采集的新鲜土壤样品分别在室温下风干(土样D)和淹水(土样S)保存110d后,将二者的含水量分别调至20%、40%、60%、80%、100%持水量(WHC,Water Holding Capacity),在25℃下培育138h,设置不通和通入10%(v/v)乙炔的处理。结果显示,在20%～80%WHC下培育时,土样S的氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量为土样D的2.48倍～6.36倍(p<0.01),而在100%WHC水分含量下培育时,土样S的N2O排放量仅为土样D的19%(p<0.01),通入乙炔不但未使土样D的N2O排放量增加,反而显著减少。通入乙炔的处理,培养结束后硝态氮的含量增加。随培育水分含量的升高,土样S和土样D的二氧化碳排放量增大。供试土样可能存在异养硝化作用。前期水分的差异显著影响土壤N2O排放量,故在田间测定土壤N2O排放量时,要考虑土壤前期水分的差异。     

添加秸秆及其生物质炭对淹水条件下砖红壤N2O和CH4排放的影响

为探讨添加秸秆及其生物质炭对淹水条件下砖红壤N₂O和CH₄排放的影响,以海南砖红壤为供试土壤,设置了玉米秸秆（Straw）、生物质炭（Biochar）、秸秆 + 生物质炭（Mix）和对照（CK）4个处理,探讨了等秸秆用量条件下添加不同秸秆形态对土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）和甲烷（CH₄）排放的影响及形成强还原环境的可行性。结果表明:与CK处理相比,三个处理均可显著降低土壤N₂O累计排放量,但仅Straw处理可显著促进土壤CH₄排放、其它两个处理对土壤CH₄排放影响不显著,致使straw处理综合温室效应增加明显。与CK处理相比,与Mix处理5天内土壤氧化还原电位（Eh）显著下降,而Biochar处理土壤Eh变化不显著;三个处理均使土壤pH上升、但Straw与Biochar处理之间差异不显著,Mix处理土壤有机碳、全氮及速效钾含量显著增加。因此,玉米秸秆及其生物质炭的配合施用,既可有效降低淹水条件下海南砖红壤排放CH₄和N₂O的综合温室效应,还能改善土壤养分状况但易于形成强还原条件。     

北京设施菜地N2O和NO排放特征及滴灌优化施肥的减排效果

【目的】量化设施菜地N₂O、NO排放特征,分析其影响因素,以期为科学评估农田生态系统N₂O、NO排放提供关键参数。【方法】以黄瓜品种‘金胚98’为供试材料,在北京房山区窦店乡的温室大棚内进行了田间试验,供试土壤类型为石灰性褐土,质地为壤土。试验共设4个处理:漫灌,不施氮肥 (CK);漫灌,农民习惯施肥 (FP);滴灌,农民习惯施肥 (FPD);滴灌,优化施氮 (OPTD)。常规氮肥施用量为N 1200 kg/hm2,优化后氮肥施用量为N 920 kg/hm2。70%的化肥氮和钾肥,分6次随灌溉追施。采用自动静态箱–氮氧化物分析仪法,对黄瓜生长季的N₂O、NO排放量进行了田间原位观测,同时监测了5 cm深土壤温度、0—15 cm土层土壤孔隙水分含量,分析了N₂O、NO季节排放与土壤温度和湿度的相关性,比较了不同处理措施的减排效果。【结果】施肥和灌溉后1～2天,N₂O会出现明显的排放高峰,NO排放峰出现在施肥和灌溉后2～4天,对照无明显N₂O、NO排放峰值。CK、FP、FPD和OPTD处理N₂O季节排放量分别为N 7.32、28.69、18.62、12.16 kg/hm2;NO季节排放量分别N 0.32、0.86、0.77和0.70 kg/hm2; NO排放量分别占 (N₂O + NO) 总量的4.2%、2.9%、4.0%、5.4%。相同氮肥施用量条件下,滴灌施肥处理 (FPD) 相比漫灌施肥 (FP),不仅能保持作物产量,而且能减少N₂O、NO排放总量34.4%、9.0%;滴灌施肥条件下,减少40%氮肥投入 (OPTD) 比FPD分别减少N₂O和NO排放34.7%和9.1%。FP、FPD和OPTD处理的N₂O排放系数依次为1.78%、0.94%、0.53%,NO排放系数依次为0.08%、0.06%和0.09%。【结论】京郊设施菜地夏季N₂O排放强,NO排放弱。在不改变施肥量前提下,采用滴灌施肥可在保持作物产量的同时,显著减少N₂O和NO排放。采用滴灌的同时,优化肥料施用量可以进一步减少N₂O、NO排放。     

长期施肥下红壤玉米关键生育期氧化亚氮排放差异及其影响因素

【目的】探究红壤区玉米关键生育期氧化亚氮(N₂O)的排放量及影响因素，为红壤区玉米季温室气体减排提供理论支撑。【方法】典型红壤长期施肥定位试验始于1990年，选取不施肥(CK)、氮钾化肥配施(NK)、氮磷钾化肥配施(NPK) 3个处理，监测玉米苗期、喇叭口期、灌浆期和成熟期N₂O排放、温度和降雨量，测定了表层土壤理化性状和硝酸还原相关酶的活性。【结果】与CK相比，NK和NPK处理均显著提高了N₂O累积排放量，NPK处理显著增加苗期N₂O累积排放量，而NK处理显著提高了喇叭口期和灌浆期N₂O累积排放量，但两个处理的玉米生育期N₂O累积排放总量没有显著差异。从玉米苗期到成熟期，NK处理土壤pH整体呈下降趋势，降低了17.8%，而CK和NPK处理无显著变化；CK、NK和NPK处理土壤有机碳(SOC)整体呈上升趋势，分别较灌浆期升高了15.2%、16.4%和16.2%,NH₄⁺-N含量呈逐渐降低趋势，而NO_3<...     

生物质炭对集约化菜地N2O排放和蔬菜产量的影响

【目的】 本试验评价了生物质炭对菜地土壤温室气体排放和产量的长期效应。 【方法】 田间试验在江苏省南京市集约化种植菜地进行。共设置4个处理,分别为对照 (CK)、单施氮肥处理 (N)、施用氮肥 + 新生物质炭 (NC_F,C_F在2016年6月施用) 以及施用氮肥 + 4年陈化生物质炭 (NC_A,C_A在 2012 年6月施用)。生物质炭施用量为40 t/hm2。2016年11月至2017年11月连续种植4季蔬菜,分别为小青菜、空心菜、苋菜、菠菜,并伴有休耕期。每季蔬菜施氮量均为N 240 kg/hm2,其中空心菜收获三茬,在第一茬收获后按照N 240 kg/hm2 追肥一次。采用静态暗箱–气相色谱法测定N₂O浓度。 【结果】 观测期内各处理菜地N₂O排放主要集中在第二季和第三季,其单位产量N₂O排放量分别为0.038～0.131 kg/t和0.107～0.482 kg/t,而第一季和第四季的单位产量N₂O排放量分别是0.033～0.209 kg/t和0.007～0.070 kg/t。土壤温度和矿质氮变化未显著影响土壤N₂O排放通量;整个观测期内土壤充水孔隙度 (WFPS) 介于37%～93%之间,土壤含水量变化显著影响 (P < 0.01) 土壤N ₂O排放通量。与N处理相比,整个轮作周期内NC_F和NC_A处理N₂O周年累积排放量和周年排放系数均显著降低,两个施生物质炭处理之间差异不显著;NC_F处理N₂O周年累积排放量和周年排放系数降幅分别为35.6%和46.2%,NC_A处理降幅分别达38.8%和49.9%。与N处理相比,NC_F和NC_A处理均增加了集约化菜地蔬菜产量,增幅分别为4.6%和17.9%,NC_A处理达到显著水平,两个施生物质炭处理之间差异不显著。此外,NC_F和NC_A处理分别显著降低单位产量N₂O排放量49.8%和41.3% (P < 0.01)。 【结论】 在集约化菜地土壤中经4年陈化后的生物质炭仍然具有较强的减排和增产能力。与新施入的生物质炭相比,施用4年后的生物质炭增产效果更显著;施用生物质炭对集约化蔬菜生态系统减排和改善作物生产具有长期效应。      

Soil Properties Influence Distribution of Extractable Boron in Soil Profile

Depth distribution of boron (B) extractable by hot calcium chloride (HCC), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (PDP), and tartaric acid (TA) in some typical B‐deficient Inceptisols, Entisols, and Alfisols in relation to soil properties was studied. The magnitude of B extraction followed the order HCC > PDP > TA for Inceptisols, TA > HCC > PDP for Entisols, and PDP > HCC > TA for Alfisols and showed a decrease along soil depth. The low pH of TA and effective desorption of B by phosphate of PDP are attributed to their higher efficiency in extracting B in Entisols and Alfisols, respectively. A decrease in organic carbon (C), clay, and amorphous iron oxide content was responsible for the observed decrease in extractable B along depth of soil profile. The HCC showed more efficiency than PDP and TA for extracting B in soils high in organic C. Multiple regression equations explained only 21, 57, and 59% of the variability in PDP‐, HCC‐, and TA‐extractable B content in soils by the soil properties analyzed, of which organic C and clay were the most important. There were dynamic equilibria among the amount of B extracted by the extractants, indicating B extraction by them from more or less similar pools in the soils.     

Soil microbial biomass: The eco-physiological approach

In the 1980s ecosystem research projects were implemented world-wide since there was a pressing need to quantify the impacts of anthropogenic pollutants. Soil ecosystem analyses concentrated first on the quantification of the element and energy transfer between pools. Since mineralization of organic substrates and the release of nutrients and elements are due to the heterotrophic activity of the microbial decomposer compartment, this subsystem of terrestrial ecosystems gained importance. Direct microscopic observation methods were inadequate for the quantification of environmental impacts on the microflora. We adopted the maintenance requirement concept for the quantification of environmental impacts or stress effects on the soil microbial community. The paper gives a brief inside to the concept of maintenance from autecological studies and describes the underlying points which lead to our experimental approach of its application at the synecological level (i.e., microbial biomass as a single ecological entity) - a process which rested on long-term continuous research.     

Soil Air Permeability and Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurements from the Soil Surface

Abstract

Air permeability has been recognized as an index of soil structure and used in attempts to characterize soil pore geometry. The importance of increased carbon dioxide in soil to agriculture comes from the direct effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) on root respiration of agricultural crops. In this study, the soil air permeability and CO₂ flux values were obtained using two different apparatuses built and designed to measure air permeability and CO₂ flux. Air permeability was obtained in clay soil using two different aggregate sizes. The average values obtained were 9.55×10^?8 and 1.78×10^?7 cm² for the <2-mm and 2- to 5-mm fractions, respectively. Carbon dioxide flux from the soil surface of no‐till and bare plots under winter conditions was measured using another apparatus. The average CO₂ flux for the no‐till plot was 2.88 g/m²‐day and for the bare plot was 1.31 g/m²‐day. These values were within the range of values obtained from other studies.     

Soil Health and Soil Fertility Assessment by the Haney Soil Health Test in an Agricultural Soil in West Tennessee

The Haney Soil Health Test (HSHT) is a recent approach to quantify soil health by focusing mostly on soil biology. It uses a new extractant (H3A) for the extraction of plant available nutrients, a new method of soil respiration measurement (24-hr CO₂ burst) using Solvita® gel system, and a new approach in determining bioavailable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) namely water extractable organic C (WEOC) and water extractable organic N (WEON). A soil health score is calculated by combining Solvita® respiration, WEOC, and WEON data. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of HSHT to detect the management-induced changes in soil nutrient levels and soil health in the production systems of west Tennessee. We tested soils collected from a cover crop field trial established in 2013 on a no-till corn (Zea mays L.) – soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Compared to Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3, H3A extracted the lowest amount of soil extractable phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Neither the soil health score nor its component parameters showed significant differences between cover crop treatments and the control. In addition, the Solvita® CO₂ data did not provide a reliable estimation of potentially mineralizable N. Overall, the HSHT did not detect differences in soil health due to cover cropping in west Tennessee. We conclude that HSHT, though a promising concept due to its focus on linking soil biology with soil fertility and soil health, may need extensive field evaluation and refinement in contrasting soils and climates across the US.     

Soil Moisture Controls the Denitrification Loss of Urea Nitrogen from Silty Clay Soil

Relative control of soil moisture [30, 60, and 80 percent water-holding capacity (WHC)] on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from Fargo-Ryan soil, treated with urea at 0, 150, and 250 kg N ha^?1 with and without nitrapyrin [2-chloro-(6-trichloromethyl) pyridine] (NP), was measured under laboratory condition for 140 days. Soil N₂O emissions significantly increased with increasing nitrogen (N) rates and WHC levels. Urea applied at 250 kg N ha^?1 produced the greatest cumulative N₂O emissions and averaged 560, 3919, and 15894 µg kg^?1 at 30, 60, and 80 percent WHC, respectively. At WHC ≤ 60 percent, addition of NP to urea significantly reduced N₂O losses by 2.6- to 4.8-fold. Additions of NP to urea reduced N₂O emission at rates similar to the control (0 N) until 48 days for 30 percent WHC and 35 days for 60 and 80 percent WHC. These results can help devise urea-N fertilizer management strategies in reducing N₂O emissions from silty-clay soils.     

Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Yields,Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission,and Soil Nitrogen Transformation Affected by Nitrification Inhibitors in Loamy Sand Soil in Thailand

The effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) on soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission, soil ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃^?), and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) yields were investigated in a loamy sand soil in eastern Thailand. Treatments were chemical fertilizer (CF) and CF plus dicyandiamide (DCD) or neem (Azadirachta indica) oil at two rates of 5% and 10%. DCD had a greater reduction of soil N₂O flux than the neem oil (P<0.10). DCD and neem oil retained NH₄⁺-N in the soil by 79% and 63% (P ≤ 0.10), respectively. The NI effect on soil NO₃^?-N was small due to a low N fertilizer rate. The cassava root yield and N uptake were increased 4–11% and 2–18%, respectively, by use of NIs, but they were only significant for DCD (P ≤ 0.10). These findings suggest that NIs application may be a promising method for minimizing nitrogen loss and enhancing crop yields in a tropical cassava field.     

黄土区刺槐林土壤含水量变化对土壤呼吸强度的影响

通过室内培养实验来评估土壤含水量的变化对土壤枯落物层、不同深度土壤层及DOC淋失后的土壤呼吸的影响.采集安塞纸坊沟31a刺槐林土样及林下混合枯落物,通过碱液吸收法测定100％,20％和2％含水量条件下3个深度土样(20,40和60 cm);去除DOC土样(仅100％含水量条件下);3种处理枯落物混合土样(林下混合枯落物、刺槐枯落物和草本类枯落物)培养过程中CO2的累计释放量.结果表明,100％和20％含水量条件下各深度土壤CO2释放量为20 cm土样＞60 cm土样＞40 cm土样;20 cm土样去除DOC后CO2释放量明显减少,40 cm明显增加,60 cm没有明显变化;混合枯落物土样在l00％含水量条件下CO2释放量最高;20％和2％含水量条件下刺槐枯落物CO2释放量明显大于草类,而100％含水量条件下草类枯落物略大于刺槐枯落物.研究证明土壤含水量对SOC组分含量和枯落物种类不同的土壤层呼吸强度存在差异性影响,强降水对DOC的淋失可造成表层土壤呼吸的减弱.     

Degradation of 14C-Zinc Ammonium Acetate in Soils as Influenced by Soil Types,Soil Sterilization,and Carriers

Zinc ammonium acetate (ZAA), typically applied to soils in anhydrous ammonia as a carrier, has been used to improve corn (Zea maysL.) productivity. This study aimed to determine the fate of ZAA in soils as influenced by soil type (sandy, silt, and clay loam), sterilization (sterile and non-sterile), and two carriers (H₂O and NH₄OH). A 16 d laboratory incubation experiment with ¹⁴C-ZAA showed that total recovery of carbon-14 (¹⁴C) from ¹⁴CO₂ trap and soil extraction by CaCl₂ ranged from 72% to 94% in the first 8 d for sterilized soils. However, < 17% ¹⁴C was found in non-sterilized soils. Most ¹⁴C recovered in sterilized soil was associated with soil extraction, and relatively little was found in the CO₂ traps. All sterilized soils provided similar ¹⁴C recoveries except the sandy loam. Slightly more ¹⁴C was extracted from the soil when NH₄OH was the ZAA carrier rather than water. Conversely, recovery of ¹⁴CO₂ continued to increase during the 16 d incubation, but started faster when water was the ZAA carrier. Microbial activity appeared to be instrumental in the assimilation and disappearance of ZAA.     

Influence of Sampling Date on Soil Nitrogen Availability Indices

In spite of the great effort that has been devoted to the search for a chemical laboratory index to predict nitrogen (N) mineralization capability of soils, the results have not yet been fully satisfactory. A continued effort is still needed to increase the knowledge of the sources of variation that influence potentially available soil N. The time of sampling has received little attention, taking into account its potential to influence N-mineralization patterns. In this work, soil samples from three different agrosystems, consisting of a double-crop sequence of small grains and maize, an intensively grazed pasture, and a rainfed olive orchard, were collected at different dates. Several chemical extractions were performed, and the results were correlated with N uptake by turnip (Brassica campestris, L.) grown in a pot experiment. Kjeldahl N was the chemical test that best correlated (R ² = 0.621) with N uptake by turnip. Kjeldahl N showed great versatility relative to the origin of the soil samples. However, it was not very sensitive to the time of sampling. It did not detect changes occurring in the soil over a short period of time. Soil inorganic N showed the second highest coefficient of correlation (R ² = 0.483) with N uptake by turnip. In contrast to that observed with Kjeldahl N, soil inorganic N appeared as an index that can vary greatly over the short term. The hot saline potassium chloride (KCl) extractions gave generally fair results. The poorest, however, were obtained with the ultraviolet absorption of extracts of 0.01 mol L^?1 sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) measured at 250- and 260-nm wavelengths.     

几种土壤交换性酸测定方法的效果比较

为真实地反映酸性土壤交换性酸含量水平,探讨了KCl淋溶法、BaCl_2淋溶法、NaAc淋溶法、KCl-三乙醇胺(Triethanolamine,TEA)提取法和BaCl_2-TEA提取法对紫色土、黄壤、红壤和砖红壤4种土壤的交换性酸测定效果。结果表明:5种方法测得的土壤交换性酸大小关系为:BaCl_2-TEA提取法KCl-TEA提取法NaAc淋溶法BaCl_2淋溶法KCl淋溶法。BaCl_2淋溶法能较为真实地反映出土壤交换性酸水平,其次为KCl淋溶法。受土壤有机酸和铝氧化物的影响,NaAc淋溶法、KCl-TEA提取法和BaCl_2-TEA提取法测得的土壤交换性酸含量偏高。但由于尚无标准方法对测定结果进行验证,因此,还需进一步对土壤交换性酸测定方法及其影响因素开展研究。