速生杨木改性材力学及胶合性能的研究

采用氨溶季胺铜防腐剂(ACQ-D)和自制低分子酚醛树脂预聚体(PF),通过满细胞真空浸渍的方法对速生杨木进行了防腐和增强化学改性处理.对改性前后材料的基本力学强度性能,以及素材、增强改性材、防腐改性材和防腐增强改性材任两种材料的胶合强度进行了测试和分析.结果表明,试验范围内,防腐处理对材料的力学性能影响不大;PF增强改性材的抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度、顺纹抗拉强度分别提高了97.11、83.36、125.53%、37.01%,防腐后增强改性材对应指标值分别提高了101.34、75.05、111.83%、32.60%,符合日本JAS标准中E类指标结构用材要求.PF增强改性材与其它材料进行胶合,压缩剪切胶合强度均大于11 MPa,木破率大于90%,能够满足日本集成材JAS标准的规定.     

柳杉实木胶合工艺及性能研究

为开发柳杉非结构用集成材,以剪切强度、木破率、浸渍剥离率为考核指标,进行柳杉实木胶合工艺及性能的研究。结果表明:柳杉木材可用于非结构集成材的制备,较优的胶合工艺为:压力1.0 MPa、加压时间30min、涂胶量180g/m2,胶合时按"弦切面-弦切面"纹理组合,其性能指标可达到日本标准JAS SE-8的要求。     

不同胶黏剂不同树种结构用集成材胶合性能的研究

分别采用LX1-1、KR-134、S309和RF-C05 4种胶黏剂依次胶合欧洲云杉、欧洲赤松、兴安落叶松木材层板,制备成对应的结构用集成材。再依照GB/T26899—2011《结构用集成材》和GB/T 50005—2003《木结构设计规范》国家标准对制得的试样进行检测。实验结果表明,4种胶黏剂的胶合性能存在较大的差异:1)剥离率:4种胶黏剂在胶合欧洲云杉、赤松2种集成材时,浸渍剥离率均满足国标要求,但KR-134和RF-C05在第二次煮沸剥离率均未能满足国标。在胶合落叶松集成材时,LX1-1、KR-134在浸渍时剥离能满足国标要求,煮沸剥离未能满足国标要求,S309和RF-C05 2种剥离率均不满足国标。2)剪切强度和木破率:除S309落叶松集成材的湿剪强度和木破率均未能达到标准要求外,LX1-1、KR-134和RFC05胶合欧洲云杉、欧洲赤松和落叶松结构用集成材试样的湿剪强度均在3.9MPa以上,干剪强度均在5.9MPa以上,且木破率均大于75%,满足国标相关要求。3)LX1-1型异氰酸酯胶黏剂在胶合性能上优于其他3种胶黏剂,且兴安落叶松相比较其他2种木材,更加难以被胶粘。     

不同胶黏剂对南方松CLT胶合性能的影响

为探索不同胶黏剂用于正交胶合木(CLT)生产的可能性,研究采用来自不同厂家的5种胶黏剂制备南方松CLT,以浸渍剥离率、剪切强度和木破率评价南方松CLT的胶合性能。结果表明:仅A-API和B-PUR1胶黏剂制造的南方松CLT胶层耐久性达到标准要求,木破率均未达到标准要求;5种胶黏剂对南方松CLT的浸渍剥离率、剪切强度和木破率有显著影响(P<0.005);从胶层耐久性、剪切性能和生产成本考虑,宜用A-PUR和A-API制造南方松CLT。     

单宁胶在胶合板上的应用

兴安落叶松树皮经热水抽提得到的单宁抽出物,以HCHO-HCl法测定其聚酚含量为50～60％,该抽出物经化学处理,加工成精制单宁。用单宁取代酚醛树脂的一部分,制造出单宁酚醛树脂(TPF树脂)。研究结果表明,单宁取代最依树皮抽出物中聚酚含量的不同而异,通常为50～70％。TPF树脂胶粘剂的物理力学性能,按GB9846.1～9846.12-88规定进行了“I类试件”检测,其结果分别为:桦木1.62MPa,木破率95％;水曲柳1.31MPa,木破率100％(T:PF=70:30)。TPF树脂胶粘剂具有令人满意的胶合强度(不亚于PF树脂胶粘剂)。     

落叶松木材API胶粘剂弦径面胶接强度的差异

对落叶松木材水性高分子异氰酸酯 (API)胶粘剂弦径面胶接强度进行了研究。结果表明 :落叶松木材API胶粘剂弦径面胶接强度存在着差异 ,落叶松木材API胶粘剂径切板胶合强度试件的常态压缩剪切强度是弦切板的 1 4 1倍 ,而反复煮沸压缩剪切强度径切板的却比弦切板的低。落叶松木材本身弦径面顺纹抗剪强度和剪切强度率的试验结果表明 :造成落叶松胶合强度试件弦径面常态压缩剪切强度存在差异的根本原因在于落叶松木材本身弦径向的强度存在差异 ,木材径向的强度比弦向的大 ,文中对这造成这种差异的原因进行了分析     

节子对落叶松胶合木胶合性能的影响

采用水性高分子-异氰酸酯(API)胶黏剂对含有木节的兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)层板按照工程胶合木的胶合工艺进行常温加压胶合,探讨木节及其大小对兴安落叶松工程胶合木胶合性能的影响。通过对试件进行胶缝剪切强度试验和浸渍剥离与煮沸剥离试验,发现节子对胶缝常态剪切强度、木破率、浸渍剥离率和煮沸剥离率均有显著的影响,随着木节直径的增大其胶缝剪切强度和木破率可下降40%和67%以上,浸渍二次总剥离率和煮沸二次总剥离率可增大至16%和37%以上。研究表明:两胶合面中仅一面有小木节(占板宽1/7~1/6),只能用于室内结构用集成材,不能用于室外结构用集成材;只有尺寸小于木板宽度1/10的木节与无节面胶合才能满足室外用工程胶合木的要求。     

不同胶黏剂对俄罗斯落叶松木材胶合性能的影响研究

为验证进口俄罗斯落叶松木材胶合性能,选用4种具代表性的结构用室温固化胶黏剂,根据GB/T 26899—2011《结构用集成材》进行胶合性能试验,对俄罗斯落叶松及胶黏剂的胶合性能进行分析研究。结果表明:对于俄罗斯落叶松,单组份聚氨酯、双组份聚氨酯和水性高分子异氰酸酯3种胶黏剂的胶层剪切强度和胶层剥离率均满足标准要求,其中双组份聚氨酯和水性高分子异氰酸酯胶黏剂胶合性能优异,单组份聚氨酯胶黏剂胶合性能良好;间苯二酚-甲醛树脂胶黏剂的胶合性能虽能达到标准要求,但不推荐作为结构用胶黏剂。     

DFK树脂用于集成材冷压胶合工艺的研究

本试验以水曲柳和落叶松为试材,用正交试验方法考查了DFK树脂的终摩尔比、涂胶量、填料加入量对集成材冷压胶合工艺的影响,并按JAS农林省告示601号标准检测了剪切强度、木破率和煮沸剥离率。结果表明,DFK树脂的终摩尔比和涂胶量对煮沸剥离率的影响最显著,填料添加量影响甚微,并确定了较为理想的冷压胶合工艺参数。     

高含水率木(竹)集成材生产工艺研究

纵向锯解、横截新采伐的杉木、马尾松、香樟木(含水率均在纤维饱和点以上),然后按材质状况分成无节和有节木段,调控木段含水率至30%~50%范围内,将无节木段指榫接长制成组合单元体坯料;新采伐的毛竹材纵向剖分后经粗刨制成竹条坯料。再将组合单元体(或竹条)坯料刨削光滑,使用聚氨酯胶及混合胶,采用冷压胶合工艺进行拼宽、拼厚,制成高含水率木(竹)集成材。通过胶层剪切强度及浸渍剥离试验,结果表明胶层最小剪切强度能满足后续刨切加工的要求。     

A feasibility study of using two-component polyurethane adhesive in constructing wooden structures

This investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of using a two-component polyurethane （PUR） adhesive, with special waterproof properties, in constructing wooden structures. We designed and conducted tests to compare the shear strength and adhesion performance of PUR with polyvinyl acetate （PVAc） adhesive on block-shear specimens constructed of oriental beech （Fagus orientalis L.）, fir （Abies alba Mill.）, poplar （Populus deltoides Bartr.）, white oak （Quercus alba L.）, sycamore （Platanus orientalis L.） and white walnut （Juglans cinerea L.）. The values of the percentage of wood failure were also determined in specimens constructed with each adhesive. The highest shear strength values of both adhesives were obtained in specimens constructed of beech, while the lowest shear strength values were obtained in fir and poplar specimens. Average shear strength of the PUR adhesive was 16.5% higher than that of the PVAc adhesive. Specimens constructed of fir, poplar and sycamore were characterised by the highest percentages of wood failure, whereas the lowest average percentages of wood failure were obtained in beech and oak specimens. With the exception of oak specimens, there was no statistically significant difference between percentage of wood failure among the PUR and PVAc adhesives. Generally, the PUR adhesive showed an acceptable adhesion performance on wood materials used in our study.     

提高杨木线性振动摩擦焊接胶合性能的研究

研究了杨木线性振动摩擦焊接的干剪切强度、湿剪切强度和木破率。为提高杨木摩擦焊接的湿剪切强度与木破率,采用表面氧化、表面磺化以及表面涂覆的方式处理杨木板材,再经线性振动摩擦焊接进行黏合,使用万能力学试验机测得其剪切强度,对比表面处理前后剪切强度的变化,并利用傅里叶红外光谱分析了其表面处理前后基材和摩擦焊接层的化学基团变化情况,对胶合性能的变化做出解释。研究结果表明:杨木经过表面氧化磺化涂覆醋酸锌处理后,摩擦焊接层的干剪切强度为5.41 MPa,木破率为63%,与未处理的杨木相比,分别提高了48.22%和96.88%;湿剪切强度从0提高到1.34 MPa;摩擦焊接时厚度损失减少了46.4%。杨木分别经过表面氧化和表面磺化处理后,摩擦焊接层的干剪切强度仅为3.45和4.10 MPa,木破率为28%和42%,湿剪切强度为0.76和0.96 MPa。摩擦焊接层的红外光谱分析表明,经表面氧化磺化涂覆醋酸锌处理后,杨木中的纤维素和半纤维素分解,使木质素的相对含量有所增加,且活化了杨木中的—OH,与醋酸锌生成多醚,消耗了亲水性的—OH。     

Shear strength of furfurylated,N-methylol melamine and thermally modified wood bonded with three conventional adhesives

The shear strength of furfurylated, N-methylol melamine (NMM) and thermally modified wood bonded with emulsion polymer isocyanate, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and polyurethane (PU) adhesives was examined. Furfurylation and NMM modification of Scots pine had a significant negative effect on the bonding strength with all adhesives irrespective of the treatment intensity. The obtained low-shear strength values were related to the brittle nature of the wood after modifications rather to the failure of the bondline. PVAc showed a better bonding performance with both furfurylated and NMM modified wood while the combination of furfurylated wood and PU gave the highest reduction in bonding strength (47–51%). Shear strength also decreased significantly after thermal modification in both Scots pine (36–56%) and beech (34–48%) with all adhesives. With the exception of thermally modified beech samples bonded with PU, bondline was found to be the weakest link in thermally modified wood as it was revealed by the wood failure surfaces. Bondline thickness and effective penetration of adhesives did not relate to the shear strength of all modified wood materials. The lower shear strength of modified wood could be attributed to other factors, such as the reduced chemical bonding or mechanical interlocking of adhesives, and the reduced strength of brittle modified wood substrate.     

Shear strain distribution in PRF and PUR bonded 3–ply wood sheets by means of electronic laser speckle interferometry

The distribution of shear strain across a 3–ply wood sheet bonded with PRF and PUR, respectively, was measured by means of electronic laser speckle interferometry. Owing to the higher shear modulus of PRF compared to PUR, shear strains were more evenly distributed in PRF bonded specimens than in PUR bonded specimens. However, considering the different shear moduli of earlywood and latewood bands in the core layer of the 3–ply sheet, it is concluded that shear stress is distributed more evenly along PUR bond lines compared to PRF bond lines. Since it is less prone to stress concentrations, PUR should provide more durable adhesive connections than stiff adhesives such as PRF.     

ACQ防腐处理对马尾松木材胶合强度的影响研究

采用铜氨(胺)季铵盐(ACQ-D)防腐剂处理马尾松木材,以水性高分子异氰酸酯(API)、聚氨酯(PUR)和间苯二酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂(RPF)为胶黏剂制备防腐材胶合试样,研究胶黏剂种类和防腐剂处理浓度对马尾松胶合强度的影响。结果表明:API、PUR、RPF适用于ACQ处理马尾松的胶合,平均剪切强度和木破率均达到GB/T 26899—2011《结构用集成材》要求。胶黏剂种类对防腐材胶合强度有显著影响,表现为PUR和RPF的剪切强度优于API。与未处理材相比,ACQ处理对API胶合有负面影响,对PUR胶合有增强效应,对RPF胶合没有显著影响。在ACQ浓度为0.1%～1.0%范围内,胶合强度没有显著变化。     

Tensile strength of softwood butt end joints. Part 1: Effect of grain angle on adhesive bond strength

To study the effect of grain angle on the adhesive bond strength in wood, three-part Norway spruce wood specimens were bonded and tested in tension. The two axially orientated outer parts of the specimens were joined with the middle part by means of three adhesives typically used for load-bearing constructions, i.e. one-component polyurethane (PUR), melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF). The grain angle of the middle part was varied from 0° (end grain to end grain) to 90° (flat grain to end grain) in incremental steps of 10°. In general, PRF- and MUF-bonded samples exhibited highest tensile strength at end grain to end grain orientation of the three parts, while specimens bonded with PUR showed only 25% of the strength measured for PRF and MUF, respectively. At high grain angles (90°) all specimens showed similar strength values in the range of 30% of maximum strength of MUF- and PRF-bonded specimens. To explain the changing strength levels at different grain angle a composite failure criterion was applied.     

高温热处理木材胶合性能的研究

笔者研究了桦木、落叶松和樟子松高温热处理材的胶合性能,并与常规干燥材进行了对比。测试结果表明木材的胶合剪切强度与所用的胶黏剂有关,聚氨酯胶合的三个树种木材的剪切强度普遍大于白乳胶胶合的木材。无论是室内用的白乳胶或室外木结构用的聚氨酯胶都能与三个树种的高温热处理材很好地胶合,胶合试件的浸渍剥离率或煮沸剥离率皆为零。木材经高温热处理后,其剪切强度均有不同程度的降低,阔叶材桦木下降幅度最大,针叶材落叶松下降幅度最小。     

Tensile strength of softwood butt end joints. Part 1: Effect of grain angle on adhesive bond strength

Abstract

To study the effect of grain angle on the adhesive bond strength in wood, three-part Norway spruce wood specimens were bonded and tested in tension. The two axially orientated outer parts of the specimens were joined with the middle part by means of three adhesives typically used for load-bearing constructions, i.e. one-component polyurethane (PUR), melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) and phenol–resorcinol–formaldehyde (PRF). The grain angle of the middle part was varied from 0° (end grain to end grain) to 90° (flat grain to end grain) in incremental steps of 10°. In general, PRF- and MUF-bonded samples exhibited highest tensile strength at end grain to end grain orientation of the three parts, while specimens bonded with PUR showed only 25% of the strength measured for PRF and MUF, respectively. At high grain angles (90°) all specimens showed similar strength values in the range of 30% of maximum strength of MUF- and PRF-bonded specimens. To explain the changing strength levels at different grain angle a composite failure criterion was applied.     

Manufacture of plywood bonded with kenaf core powder

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) core powder was used as a binder to manufacture three-ply plywoods of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) by conventional hot pressing under various manufacturing conditions: hot-pressing conditions (pressure, temperature, and time) and powder conditions (grain size, spread volume, and moisture content). The adhesive shear strength and wood failure of plywoods were measured in accordance with the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) for plywood. The result showed that fine kenaf core powder played a role as an effective binder when plywoods were pressed at high pressure, which caused extreme compression of veneer cells. In addition, the adhesive shear strength of plywoods in dry conditions was high regardless of pressing temperature and time, but it was sensitive to pressing temperature and time in wet conditions. The highest adhesive shear strength was obtained from plywoods manufactured with kenaf core powder (grain size 10 μm, spread volume 200 g/m², moisture content 8.6%) under hot-pressing conditions (pressure 5.0 MPa using distance bars 4 mm thick, temperature 200°C, time 20–30 min). However, the plywood could not meet the requirement for the second grade of plywood by JAS because of its low water-resistance properties. Part of this article was presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tsukuba, March 2008, and the 10th World Conference on Timber Engineering, Miyazaki, June 2008