太阳能新风系统在北方农村地区的应用研究

我国太阳能资源丰富,尤其是我国北方地区,日照时间长、日照强度强,相对其他地区的太阳能利用有很大的优势,可以利用太阳能生产生活热水、采暖、干燥等。目前太阳能热水系统在我国应用十分广泛,尤其是农村地区,几乎每家都装有真空管式热水集热器,但是太阳能空气集热器作为采暖方式应用较少。我国北方地区冬季以晴朗天气居多,但是温度较低,一般需要进行建筑的供热,太阳能集热器采暖基于自身的优势将成为未来采暖的趋势。该文介绍了我国太阳资源的分布情况,描述了北方采暖的现状,提出将太阳能集热器应用在北方采暖系统中,尤其是在农村地区应用具有实际意义,并通过试验验证了其推广的可行性。     

The energy impacts of solar heating

The energy required to build and install solar space- and water-heating equipment is compared to the energy it saves under two solar growth paths corresponding to high and low rates of implementation projected by the Domestic Policy Review of Solar Energy. For the rapid growth case, the cumulative energy invested to the year 2000 is calculated to be (1/2) to 1(1/2) times the amount saved. An impact of rapid solar heating implementation is to shift energy demand from premium heating fuels (natural gas and oil) to coal and nuclear power use in the industries that provide materials for solar equipment.     

An optimized solar-air degree-day method to evaluate energy demand for poultry buildings in different climate zones

The degree-day method is widely used to determine energy consumption but cannot be directly applied to poultry buildings without improvements in its accuracy. This study was designed to optimize the degree-day calculation and proposes a solar-air degree-day method, which can be used to calculate the cooling and heating degree-days and the annual cooling and heating loads under different climate conditions for poultry buildings. In this paper, the solar-air degree-day method was proposed, which considers the effects of solar radiation with different wall orientations and surface colors. Five Chinese cities, Harbin, Beijing, Chongqing, Kunming and Guangzhou, were selected to represent different climate zones to determine the solar-air degree-days. The heating and cooling energy requirements for different climates were compared by DeST (Designer’s Simulation Toolkit) simulation and the solar-air degree-day method. Approaches to decrease energy consumption were developed. The results showed that the maximum relative error was less than 10%, and the new method was not significantly different from the DeST simulation (P>0.05). The accuracy of calculating energy requirements was improved by the solar-air degree-day method in the different climate zones. Orientation and surface color effects on energy consumption need to be considered, and external walls of different orientations should have different surface colors.     

农村太阳能墙体系统节能试验研究

在当前农村耗能与日俱增的背景下,研究适合农村节能的系统设备具有非常重要的现实意义。太阳能作为可持续利用清洁能源中的一种,在农村节能建筑中受到特别重视。而太阳能墙体系统作为一种新的太阳能利用方式对于解决农宅冬季取暖夏季隔热保湿具有一定的可行性。该文研究了太阳能墙体集热板空气间层以及安装倾斜角对太阳能墙体系统热效能的影响,在试验的基础上得出了合适的空气间层值和倾斜角度值,这对太阳能墙体系统在农村斜坡屋顶的安装施工具有一定指导意义。     

太阳能牛舍的试验研究

本文对太阳能牛舍的设计及结构参数的选择进行了探讨，并利用太阳能牛舍进行了育肥牛饲养试验研究。通过对牛舍的环境参数测试结果分析，提出了采光棚和太阳能接收室的最佳参数，这一试验研究表明，利用太阳能来改善牛舍的温度环境十分必要而且可行。其对提高育肥牛冬季生产效果是明显的。通过对其经济效益分析证明，太阳能牛舍是有推广前景的。     

太阳能集热器型干燥系统干燥山药下脚料的研究

[目的]研制太阳能集热器型干燥系统,研究山药下脚料干燥的工艺.[方法]研制利用太阳能为热能源的干燥装置,将山药下脚料进行清洗、切条处理并置于干燥箱内,利用白天太阳能热能、夜间停止供热的间歇干燥方法进行干燥,试验过程分量通过调节板调节.[结果]不同进风量对干燥速度影响显著;当环境温度约为-3 9C,千燥室内的热空气流量为1.05 m3/min时,历时31h可将山药下脚料千燥至安全水分.[结论I研制的太阳能集热器型干燥系统具有较好的集热性能,干燥室内空气流量大、空气流速快并且利用间歇干燥时,可以显著缩短山药下脚料的干燥时间.利用太阳能能够满足山药下脚料干燥工艺要求.     

太阳能技术在建筑节能中的应用

就太阳能在节能建筑中采暖、空调和热水系统的热利用进行了阐述.     

Hot brines on los roques, Venezuela

Solar heating of dense natural brines to 47 degrees C has been observed in a small lagoon in the Venezuelan Antilles and in an artificial brine reservoir in New York State. Calculations indicate that approximately 90 percent of the solar energy can be trapped in the brine by a combination of refraction and absorption. Brine ponds should be considered as solar energy collectors.     

优化日光温室热环境与建构的工程技术研究进展

日光温室是中国北方地区独有的一种温室类型,对提高农民生产效益和改善人们生活水平起到了极大的作用。为了明确日光温室工程技术的发展水平和方向,本文总结了近年来在日光温室墙体结构优化、创新型日光温室类型、保温蓄热工程技术、光伏日光温室等方面的相关研究报道,并探讨了日光温室在建构和热环境工程方面的发展方向。日光温室工程发展趋势：（1）日光温室建构向轻简化、标准化方向发展;（2）日光温室设施与装备向高效与节能化发展;（3）日光温室环境调控和管理向精准化和智慧化方向发展。研究可为日光温室优化热环境工程技术的发展提供参考。     

新农村建设中太阳能采暖技术的应用

阐述了太阳能采暖技术应用现状,并结合北京郊区新农村建设实际工程,详述太阳能采暖系统的设计方案、特点及运行状况,分析了太阳能采暖系统的可行性和经济效益,探讨了太阳能地板采暖的社会效益和推广前景。     

太阳能在智能生态农业中的应用

针对太阳能养殖、太阳能干燥、薄膜太阳能农业大棚、太阳能灌溉及太阳能杀虫灯等5个太阳能的利用技术进行了论述,并将太阳能技术与传统技术进行了比较,分析了各项技术的优缺点,探索了太阳能在农业生产方面进行利用的前景.     

太阳能干燥牧草逐日集热系统的研制

针对传统太阳能牧草干燥设备集热效率低、脱水率低的情况,设计一种新型太阳能牧草干燥集热系统, 该系统主要由蜗轮蜗杆、电磁阀、弹簧、衔铁、电磁铁、齿轮、工质流通管道、光敏元件等组成,能保持太阳光时刻垂直 照射集热器,增强集热器集热面积上的太阳辐射强度,从而提高太阳能集热器的效率和工质温度,缩短牧草的干燥 时间。通过试验,1 h内,该系统能将牧草的含水量从70%干燥至12%,而固定安装的集热系统只能降至24%。该系统 具有脱水率高、稳定性好等特点,可极大地提高干燥牧草的效率。     

Computer simulation of heating requirement and evaluation of the effects of permanent and movable external thermal insulations on energy conservation in greenhouses

The accurate determination of greenhouse heating requirements under varied weather and operating conditions is an important management problem. To minimize heat losses during heating and heat gain during cooling, and also to enhance solar energy utilization in greenhouses, various energy conservation measures are currently being applied in greenhouse construction and operation. In this study, a method of simulating heating requirements in greenhouses is presented, and the method was used to evaluate the effects of permanent and movable external thermal insulations on heating requirements on energy conservation in ten new and conventional greenhouse designs. A greenhouse heating requirement (heat loss) computer simulation model was developed by using basic energy conservation and heat transfer principles. The computer model was used to simulate energy consumption in the ten greenhouses and a test greenhouse designed and built at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada. The effectiveness of applied thermal insulations was found to be a strong function of outdoor temperatures and day-length for a given location. The computer model can be used to estimate greenhouse heating requirements under varied operating and weather conditions in any given location.     

新农村建设中农民居住环境问题的研究Ⅶ——农村居室太阳能采暖技术

结合江苏农村住宅的能耗现状,介绍了一种适合江苏农村居室冬季的节能采暖技术太阳能地板辐射采暖技术,并系统地介绍了其工作原理和运行方式。同时结合具体施工案例以及对实测数据的分析得出了使用该技术能够大幅度降低农居能耗的结论。     

大庆油田利用太阳能加热输送原油应用分析

为了保证原油正常集输,必须加热输送,提出利用太阳能间接加热输送原油,分析比较了几种常用太阳能集热器的特点及性能,提出适合大庆油田使用的太阳能集热器型式,并进行了理论分析。     

太阳能与热泵技术在原油加热系统的应用

利用燃油、燃气加热炉加热原油会造成能源浪费和环境污染,以太阳能和回注水热交换所获热量为高温水源热泵的低温热源,以电加热器为备用热源,用于集输原油的循环加热,可以达到节能减排的目的。分别建立了太阳能集热器和高温水源热泵的数学模型,采用Matlab中的Simulink仿真技术建模,输入现场运行参数进行仿真,通过模拟仿真预测太阳能与热泵联合供热系统的运行情况,并将模拟运行结果与其他供热系统进行经济性比较。结果表明:太阳能与高温热泵联合供热系统的制热温度达75℃,制热系数达3.5,年运行费用较电锅炉加热节省40.23×104元,增加的投资14个月即可收回,经济效益比较显著。     

Solar Availability for Winter Space Heating: An Analysis of SOLMET Data, 1953 to 1975

Solar availability for space heating on coldest-weather days has been determined from an analysis of SOLMET data tapes. The tapes contain hourly readings of insolation and ambient temperature over the period from 1953 through 1975. Scatter diagrams of insolation versus heating degree-days, compiled on a daily basis, indicate a wide variation in the insolation level, even during coldest-weather periods. For all but one of the eight sites studied, the peak-day backup energy requirement of the solar system was in excess of 85 percent of the peak-day energy requirement of the conventional (nonsolar) heating system.     

Effects of energy conservation in residential and commercial buildings

In 1977, heating, cooling, lighting, and other operations in residential and commercial buildings used 27 quads (1 quad = 10(15) British thermal units) of energy. This is more than one-third of the nation's total energy budget. Future trends in energy use in buildings are likely to depend strongly on fuel prices and government policies designed to save energy. Three scenarios are examined: (i) a base line in which fuel prices rise as projected by the Department of Energy; (ii) a conservation case that includes higher gas and oil prices plus the regulatory, financial incentive, and information programs authorized by the 94th Congress and proposed in the April 1977 National Energy Plan; and (iii) another conservation case that also includes new technologies (more efficient equipment, appliances, and structures). These scenarios are analyzed for changes in energy use, costs, and employment by means of detailed engineering-economic models of energy use in residential and commercial buildings developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and input-output analyses developed at the University of Illinois.     

温室太阳能与空气源热泵联合加温系统的试验

为了探索太阳能、空气源热泵技术在设施农业领域的应用方法和发展潜力,寻求解决温室加温费用高、存在污染等问题的方法,对一种用于温室的太阳能和空气源热泵联合加温系统进行了实验研究,介绍了系统的总体设计和试验方法,并在昆明地区对系统性能和温室加温效果进行了实验。结果表明：在昆明地区最冷月1月,蓄热水箱平均水温可达41.1℃,空气源热泵运行时,制热系数COP平均值均在3以上。无论晴天还是阴天,温室都能够满足作物生长需求。为太阳能空气源热泵联合作为温室有效的加温系统提供了一定的理论依据。     

太阳能地板辐射采暖系统的应用研究

根据太阳能地板辐射采暖系统原理,从建筑采暖所需热负荷出发,计算每天单位采暖面积所需要的热水量,依据气象部门提供的郑州地区的数据资料,通过换热计算,得出单位建筑面积需要的太阳能集热器的面积,实验表明,在郑州地区采用太阳能地板辐射采暖是可行的。