紫花苜蓿受冻害后促进根颈枝条再生方法的研究

对蔚县苜蓿根颈冻害后切除冻伤部分处理的比较研究结果表明，处理区的根颈苗效、地上高度、地上生物量、分蘖丛数是对照区的1．6～2倍；处理区苜蓿的各个数量指标的b值大于对照处理苜蓿b值。说明除冻害根颈后苜蓿的生长比不除冻害根颈部分的苜蓿生长更为合理。通过除去苜蓿冻害部位，防止根系继续腐烂，保护了未冻害部分，增加了苜蓿发芽的有效部位。同时，使根系与地面的距离变短或露出地面，增加光照强度．提高地温，促使未冻害苜蓿根系发芽，返青提前增加产量。     

苜蓿种子包衣技术与工艺（一）

针对苜蓿种植者过多关注苜蓿的地上部分,而往往忽略地下世界变化的现象,阐明苜蓿的生长关键在于根,苜蓿根系的健康问题决定着地上的产量。并从苜蓿种子“萌动-发芽-出苗-发育-生长”的生长周期进行介绍,阐述不同播种深度、土壤类型对出苗率的影响,苜蓿的“自疏作用”以及苜蓿种子在发芽前所面临的各种危害。提出种子包衣技术对根系健康有着重要意义,可以起到综合防治苜蓿病虫危害、抗旱防寒的作用,最大限度地保证一次播种保全苗,并促进苜蓿的发芽生长,培育壮苗,提高产量和改善品质。     

不同种植方式对杂花苜蓿根系特征及地上生物量的影响

对不同种植方式草原3号杂花苜蓿根系特征及地上生物量进行了研究,结果表明不同种植方式对草原3号杂花苜蓿根颈粗、根系长度、根体积等都有影响,不同种植方式下草原3号杂花苜蓿根颈的粗细顺序为:间行混播>单播>同行混播,根长的大小顺序为:同行混播>单播>间行混播;草原3号杂花苜蓿间行混播时根颈粗其地上生物量相对少,草原3号杂花苜蓿同行混播时根颈细,其地上生物量相对多;间行混播草原3号杂花苜蓿根颈粗、根系体积大,根长度相对短,同行混播草原3号杂花苜蓿根颈细、根体积小,根长度相对长;间行混播使草原3号杂花苜蓿根颈变粗,同行混播使草原3号杂花苜蓿根颈变细,地上生物量增加。     

播种当年苜蓿根系研究初报(简报)

苜蓿(Medicago sativa)大部分栽培品种的根系为直根型,由主根和侧根组成.在排水良好、土层深厚、湿润的地方,第1年主根可延伸至土表下1.8 m,第2年至3.6 m,最终可延伸至6.0 m以下(Weaver,1926).其根系可划分为直根型、侧根型、根蘖型和根颈型.苜蓿近地面的根与茎连接部为根颈,由真叶以下的胚轴发育而成.其上能形成大量的芽,可长成地上部茎枝,亦是越冬芽着生的部位.根颈可随生长年限的增加不断加粗和向土中深入.苜蓿根颈是产生分枝的重要部位,直接影响苜蓿生产性能和可持续利用,如再生性、耐寒性、抗旱性和抗病虫害性等都与其密切相关.     

赤峰地区敖汉苜蓿冻害及其防御技术

敖汉苜蓿在赤峰地区受冻害程度有4种类型;全株未受冻;根颈上端受冻受黑,下端仍能再生新芽;全部根颈和根的部分受冻变黑,已不能再生新芽;全株受冻死亡。引起冻害的主要原因是播种期偏晚,在播种当年生长期短,根颈入土浅。结果表明,越冬前苜蓿必须具有2个以上分枝,根颈入土深>5cm以上,根颈膨大,直径>0.3cm以上者方能减轻或避免受冻。适时早播,施种肥,延长生长期促进幼苗生长,在封冻前对平作进行浅耕覆土或深开沟磨平等措施,均能增加根颈保温层,有效提高苜蓿越冬率。     

秋末刈割处理对沙地苜蓿冬季根颈非结构碳氮的影响

为解决科尔沁沙地紫花苜蓿秋末是否应该刈割及最佳刈割时期的争议,对秋末不同时期刈割处理和未刈割的8个紫花苜蓿品种根颈中非结构碳氮物质变化进行了测定。结果表明,未刈割紫花苜蓿根颈中可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量均显著高于不同时期刈割的紫花苜蓿根颈中含量(P<0.05);土壤冻融交替期(11月1日),秋末晚割(10月15日)紫花苜蓿根颈中可溶性蛋白含量和游离氨基酸含量与未刈割相比均显著增加(P<0.05)。土壤封冻期(12月1日),未刈割紫花苜蓿根颈中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量均高于不同时期刈割根颈中含量,其中游离氨基酸含量晚割(10月15日)均显著低于未刈割根颈中含量(P<0.05),可溶性蛋白含量10月1日刈割均显著低于未刈割根颈中含量(P<0.05),且10月1日刈割后苜蓿根颈中游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白含量经过“增长-降低-稳定”过程。两时期测定结果不同,可能与刈割后苜蓿再生长有关;未刈割与刈割处理不同紫花苜蓿品种间根颈中可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量存在差异;未刈割紫花苜蓿根颈中C/N显著大于不同时期刈割处理的根颈中C/N。初步结论为:科尔沁地区冬季寒冷、降雪少,秋末刈割导致地上碳水化合物无法向根系运输,且刈割后苜蓿再生长消耗根系营养物质。为确保紫花苜蓿安全越冬保障苜蓿根系中积累大量储藏物质,不适宜秋末敏感期刈割或选择种植刈割后根颈中C/N高的紫花苜蓿品种如东苜1号等。     

18个苜蓿品种根系特征及与地上生物量关系的研究

对播种当年18个苜蓿品种材料根系特征和地上生物量进行了研究,分析苜蓿根系特征和地上生物量的相关性,探讨苜蓿根系特征对地上生物量的影响,结果表明:单株地上部干重以中苜1号最大,以呼盟黄花苜蓿最小;不同类型苜蓿根系形态指标差异明显;利用根系特征的10个指标对18个实验材料进行聚类,可分为4类;株高与分枝数、芽数呈负相关,地上部干重与根颈直径、主根直径、侧根直径、侧根数、根干重极显著相关,与入土深度呈显著相关;根据根系形态指标对地上生物量的主成分分析表明,根颈直径、主根直径、侧根数、分枝数、根干重对其影响最大;建议在苜蓿选种时,选取根颈直径大、入土深度深、主根长度长、侧根直径大、侧根发达、根干重重的材料。     

不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种根颈变化特征分析

对秋眠级数分别为2,3,4和6的休眠和半休眠苜蓿品种生长前3年的根颈特性进行了连续研究.结果表明,不同休眠类型苜蓿品种间根颈特性差异明显,苜蓿根颈入土深度随着秋眠级数的降低而增加,其中,苜蓿播种后至第1次刈割是苜蓿根颈人土速率最大的时期.在温度较高的夏季,根颈增粗较快,而地上产草量较低.秋眠型苜蓿的二级根颈早于半秋眠类型苜蓿发生,在数量上多于半秋眠类型苜蓿.二级根颈主要产生于生长第2年及以后的第2和3茬生长期,在种植第1年及第1茬生长期并无二级根颈发生.品种间根颈分枝直径和根颈分枝数差异极显著.根颈直径、分枝数、分枝直径与苜蓿休眠性的关系未呈现规律性.     

高寒区垄沟覆膜方式对苜蓿生长、根颈及根系特征的影响

高寒区缺乏耐寒苜蓿品种和适宜的栽培技术,严重阻碍了该区域旱作苜蓿和草地畜牧业的发展。为高寒区苜蓿的高产栽培提供理论依据,在天祝高寒牧区研究了垄沟覆膜、垄沟覆膜+覆土、平膜全覆和垄沟4种种植方法下苜蓿生长特性及第2年苜蓿返青时的根颈和根系形态特征。结果表明,垄沟覆膜处理显著提高了高寒区苜蓿的生长,促进了苜蓿根颈、根颈芽和根系的生长。在种植当年,垄沟覆膜下苜蓿的自然株高可达41.2 cm,2级分枝数达25.1个,鲜草和干草产量分别达975.44和249.37 kg/hm²,均显著高于垄沟覆膜+覆土、平膜全覆和垄沟处理(P<0.05)。与垄沟种植方式相比,垄沟覆膜种植方式下的苜蓿鲜草产量提高了74%,干草产量提高了73.2%。垄沟覆膜处理下苜蓿单株根颈返青芽数(17.0个/株)和根颈直径(9.87 mm)分别是垄沟处理(6.5个/株,2.00 mm)的2.63和4.94倍。垄沟覆膜和平膜全覆的苜蓿根颈入土深度分别为3.37和3.35 cm,显著低于垄沟覆膜+覆土处理(4.71 cm)与垄沟处理(4.73 cm)。垄沟覆膜处理下的苜蓿单株根体积(9.288 cm³/株)、根表面积(466.287 cm²/株)、根系生物量(7.76 g/株)、主根长度(85.55 cm)、主根直径(8.36 mm)和侧根数(26.27个)均显著高于平膜全覆处理、垄沟覆膜+覆土处理和垄沟处理(P<0.05)。平膜全覆处理和垄沟覆膜+覆土处理间的根颈芽数、根颈直径、根表面积、根体积和根系生物量差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于垄沟处理(P<0.05)。平膜全覆处理、垄沟覆膜+覆土和垄沟处理间的主根长度、主根直径和根系生物量差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验表明,垄沟覆膜处理极大地提高了苜蓿的根颈粗、根颈芽、主根深、根体积、根系表面积和根系生物量,提高了苜蓿产草量,建议在类似甘肃天祝高寒区的地区使用垄沟覆膜技术建植苜蓿人工草地。     

科尔沁沙地苜蓿根系和根颈特性

播种当年,苜蓿根重和根深因品种、播种期和耕深的不同而变化明显。结果表明,草原2号苜蓿总根量较高,入土较深,而敖汉苜蓿则较低较浅。播期越早根量越高,根系也越深,反之则较差。深耕能促进苜蓿根系的生长发育,增加根量和根深。播期越早根颈越粗,根重越高,分枝也越多,而晚播则下降。随着苜蓿生长年限的增加,根颈随之增粗,但根颈分枝数则以5年生苜蓿居多,尔后呈下降趋势。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.