广西喀斯特地区草原生态系统服务价值评估

为加快提升广西喀斯特地区草原保护、管理与利用水平，根据《全国草原监测评价工作手册》的评估指标及方法，对2022年广西喀斯特地区草原生态系统服务价值进行评估。结果表明，2022年广西喀斯特地区草原生态系统服务总价值为1 154 755.92万元，单位面积价值为7.80万元/hm²；各项草原生态系统服务价值占总价值的比例表现为空气质量调节(51.33%)>牧草供给(14.87%)>土壤保育(14.44%)>水源涵养(8.25%)>养分输入(5.93%)>风景游憩(2.03%)>种质资源保育(1.95%)>气候变化减缓(1.09%)>微气候调节(0.11%)；不同草原类型的价值表现为热性灌草丛类(87.47%)>热性草丛类(11.87%)>其他草原类型(0.66%)。研究结果可为广西喀斯特地区草原生态环境保护、草原保护管理与利用政策的合理制定提供重要的科学依据。     

中国南方石灰岩(喀斯特)生态系统及生物多样性特征

通过一些具体的喀斯特生态系统及其生物多样性研究案例,探讨了中国南方喀斯特生态系统及其生物多样性组成,阐明了以下特征:1. 中国南方喀斯特生态系统独特,包括地上生态系统和洞穴(地下)生态系统,地上生态系统具有独特的植被和生物多样性,洞穴生态系统具有丰富的特有动物类群;2. 喀斯特生境植被类型多样,植物群落远比同地区非喀斯特生境丰富;3. 喀斯特地区生物多样性极其丰富,其植物种类可以占到地方植物区系总种数的30%～40%;4. 喀斯特生境多珍稀濒危和保护动植物类群,特有种亦丰富;5. 喀斯特生境植物区系岩溶专有种约占10%,岩溶特征种(岩溶专有种+岩溶适宜种)可以占到其植物区系总种数的20%～30%.     

基于Shannon-W iener指数的中国森林物种多样性保育价值评估方法

针对森林物种多样性保育价值评估尚缺乏逻辑推理方法的现状,提出了更为客观合理的Shannon-Wiener指数评估法.此方法通过森林生态系统的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和林分面积,计算其物种多样性保育价值.基于此方法,利用第六次全国森林资源连续清查数据和来自中国森林生态系统定位研究网络(CFERN)所属生态站的数万个观测数据,对中国森林物种多样性保育价值进行了计算.结果表明,黑龙江和云南两省生物物种保育总价值在全国名列前茅,海南省尽管单价最高,但森林面积较小,其总价值较低.广大西北以及华北地区森林平均单位面积价值和总价值普遍较低.将全国39种林分类型归为如下几类:单价高总量少型、单价高总量大型、单价低总量少型、单价低总量大型和中间类型,针对不同的类群采取不同的保护政策,有利于推动生物多样性保护工作.与目前流行的支付意愿法(WTP)相比,Shannon-Wiener指数评估法的优越性在于:以生态系统的自然属性为基础,每个指标都具有明确的意义,评价结果更接近理论认识,且结果之间可比性强.     

湖北省三峡地区天然林生态效益评估

本文采用涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护等9个功能指标,对湖北省三峡地区天然林生态系统服务功能价值进行评估。结果表明:湖北省三峡地区天然林生态系统服务价值为336.66亿元·年-1。其中,固碳释氧、涵养水源和生物多样性保护3项功能价值量最大,分别占该地区天然林生态系统服务总价值的34.94%,30.45%和29.00%;阔叶林生态系统服务功能价值量最大,占该地区天然林生态系统服务总价值的37.54%。固碳释氧、涵养水源和生物多样性保护等功能都发挥着重要的作用,阔叶林在湖北省三峡地区天然林生态系统中具有突出的功能。     

中国森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评估

根据全国第7次(2005-2009年)森林资源清查资料和森林生态系统研究网路(CFERN)台站多年连续观测数据,应用由国家林业局2008年发布的<森林生态系统服务功能评估规范>(LY/T 1721-2008)对2009年全国及各省级行政区森林生态系统服务功能进行价值评估.结果表明:2009年我国森林生态系统服务功能总价值为10.01万亿元·a<'-1>;各项森林生态系统服务功能价值表现为涵养水源>生物多样性保护>固碳释氧>保育土壤>净化大气环境>积累营养物质;森林生态系统服务总价值空间格局分布特点为:森林生态系统服务价值较大的区域主要分布在我国西南部地区(四川和云南)和东北地区(黑龙江和内蒙古)以及南部地区(广东、广西和福建),我国北方地区总价值普遍低于南方地区,东部地区普遍高于西部地区;单位面积价值量较高的区域主要分布在南部沿海地区(海南、广东和广西),较低的区域主要分布在西北地区(甘肃、青海、宁夏和新疆)和中部地区(天津、北京和河南).     

中越边境发现多种极度濒危树种

<正>在野生动植物保护国际(FFI)的协助和支持下,"越南北部边境地区受威胁树种联合调查"日前结束。历时一个多月的考察共采集到299种、共约2 000余份种子植物标本,首次发现了包括西畴含笑、显脉木兰、单性木兰等多种在国际自然保护联合会(IUCN)全球红色目录中被列为极度濒危的树种。     

太岳山国有林管理局森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

基于森林生态系统定位研究站观测数据、森林效益样地监测数据、森林资源调查数据和国家林业局推荐的社会公共资源使用价格数据等,采用《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008)评估模型,对2014年山西省太岳山国有林管理局有林地森林生态系统服务功能价值进行评估。结果显示:太岳山国有林管理局有林地森林生态系统服务功能总价值为37.12亿元/年;其中涵养水源价值占27.95%,生物多样性保护价值占18.40%,保育土壤价值占17.94%,固碳释氧价值占13.93%,森林防护价值占7.29%,净化大气环境价值占6.77%,森林游憩价值占5.64%,积累营养物质价值占2.09%;各生态系统服务功能价值大小顺序为:涵养水源价值生物多样性保护价值保育土壤价值固碳释氧价值森林防护价值净化大气环境价值森林游憩价值积累营养物质价值。     

退化喀斯特森林生态系统恢复理论与技术研究进展

喀斯特森林是一类特殊的极易退化的并难以恢复的生态系统,人类频繁干扰及喀斯特地区恶劣的生态环境导致喀斯特森林生态系统退化后恢复面临极大的困难。对于退化生态系统的恢复,目前主要的理论有:演替理论(接力植物区系学说、初始植物区系学说、适应对策理论、资源比率学说、生态演替螺旋式上升理论等)、自我设计与人为设计理论、宫胁森林重建法、物种共生原理、生物多样性原理等。主要恢复技术包括:封山育林、结构调整技术、树种选择与配置组合技术、生境改造和利用技术、宫胁森林重建法、菌根技术、植生袋技术等。综述了目前在退化生态系统恢复中应用的各种理论与技术,旨在为喀斯特地区退化森林生态系统的恢复提供一种相对合适的选择。     

海南石灰岩植被与生物多样性保护与管理

海南岛石灰岩分布少,只占全岛陆地面积的3.5%,其中发育出典型喀斯特植被生境的主要分布在昌化江流域的俄贤岭、猴猕岭等地区,及本岛南部保亭、三亚与五指山交界的马嘴岭、毛感等地区.以上地区的石灰岩植被保存相对完整,部分地区还分布有原始热带雨林,其余基本为热带次生天然林.过去由于没有专门深入地了解其重要性,海南石灰岩森林多年来一直被忽略.但近几年研究显示这种独特的生境孕育了丰富的生物多样性,包括一些石灰岩生境特有物种.海南为中国唯一的热带省份,保护海南石灰岩生境与生物多样性因此有非常重要的保育意义;文中初步介绍了海南石灰岩生境与生物多样性保育已开展的工作和取得的成绩,并提出了一些保护管理工作面临的问题和困难.     

怒江州森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

采用国家行业标准,结合国内外通行的方法,测算了怒江州森林在涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境、生物多样性保护等六类生态系统服务功能的物质量和价值量.怒江州森林生态系统服务功能总价值为1120.83亿元/a,其中生物多样性保护价值为350.93亿元/a,占生态服务功能总价值的31.31％;保育土壤价值为338.03亿元/a,占30.16％;水源涵养价值为301.72亿元/a,占26.92％;固碳释氧价值为62.56亿元/a,占5.58％;净化大气环境价值为61.01亿元/a,占5.44％;积累营养物质价值为6.57亿元/a,占0.59％.单位面积森林生态系统服务功能价值为11.56万元/(hm2·a),相当于全国平均水平的2.09倍,云南省平均水平的1.71倍.     

A look at Intact Forest Landscapes (IFLs) and their relevance in Central African forest policy

Tropical forests are major providers of natural resources and ecosystem services but their ecological functions are at threat, due to increasing human pressure linked to economic development. The identification of priority areas for conservation is crucial for land use planning to ensure the protection of biodiversity and ecological function. Intact Forest Landscapes (IFLs), as defined by Greenpeace and World Resources Institute (WRI), are areas of the forest ecosystems not subjected to human activities. They have been identified by mapping human disturbances through remote sensing. Contrary to similar global-scale concepts, IFLs have been integrated into the standards of the certification body Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and therefore have practical implications for forest management policies. The Motion 65, approved in the general assembly of FSC in 2014, mandates the protection of IFLs located in FSC certified logging concessions. Until the implementation of national standards, forestry operations are banished from 80% of the IFL area within each forest management unit. To trace the history and evaluate the suitability of IFLs in the Central African context, we searched for documents related to the IFL method, and related approaches focusing on the identification of areas devoid of human disturbances. The IFL method is simple and cost-effective and allows for a global assessment of the influence of human infrastructures and industrial exploitation on forests. However, the method does not consider the situation below the canopy and those forest components not visible by satellites. For example, hunting, one of the main threats faced by wildlife in Central African forests today, cannot be detected with satellite imagery. On the other hand, other anthropogenic activities which remote sensing may detect may be compatible with forest ecosystem conservation. To better tailor the IFL approach to Central African forests, we recommend (i) the consideration of wildlife communities in the intactness analysis, (ii) a thorough evaluation of the impacts of human activities on forest ecosystems, and (iii) the integration of local stakeholders and governments in the design of land management strategies to respond to social, economic and environmental needs.     

A tree species range in the face of climate change: cork oak as a study case for the Mediterranean biome

Species distribution models are feasible methods for projecting theoretical responses of living organisms’ occurrence under several future climate change scenarios. The major interest is focused on trees, which regulate the equilibrium within ecosystems and guarantee the survival of many life forms on the Earth. The repercussions of climatic drivers are expected to pose the strongest threats for the Mediterranean biome, an acknowledged hotspot of biodiversity. Here, we focused on cork oak (Quercus suber L.), a keystone species of many landscapes, sustaining a rich biodiversity, ecological processes and economic incomes. Results of 8 combined ecological modelling techniques and two Global Circulation Models highlight a broad contraction of the species potential range over the twenty-first century, both under intermediate and high emissions scenarios. Coupled northward and upward shifts are predicted, mostly pertaining Iberia and North Africa. The potential areas detected at Levantine will likely undergo disappearance. To exacerbate the impacts of climate change, the future of the ecosystems linked to cork oak remains uncertain, because of the expected implications on the phenotypic plasticity or evolutionary responses. A synergy among niche-based, physiological and eco-genetic investigations is strongly needed in the field of applied research, to improve the assessment of conservation and reforestation actions.     

Salt marshes – present functioning and future change

Salt marshes are no longer viewed as intertidal wastelands of little value to anyone. They are now widely recognised as playing a major role in coastal defence, in wildlife conservation on the coast and as a key source of organic material and nutrients vitally important for a wide range of marine communities. This appreciation of the importance of salt marshes has been brought even more sharply into focus because of the threats posed by predicted rise in sea level as a result of global climatic change. Three decades ago the possibilities of exchanges of organic matter between salt marshes and the sea were already being recognised in certain areas but it is only in the past five years or so that this process has been studied in a wide range of different areas. Detailed studies have been made into the way that salt marsh fluxes change with the development of increasingly mature and, therefore, increasingly complex salt marsh communities. As well as being sources and sinks of mineral nutrients and organic matter, salt marshes can also function as a sink for pollutants that would otherwise be damaging to the environment. Salt marshes also act as a sink for sediment within coastal ecosystems. Through their various functions they can be seen to be acting as dynamic living filters for various ecologically important materials. With increasing threats to the survival of salt marshes as a result of man's activities in the coastal zone being augmented by the threats from predicted sea level rise, a new approach to salt marsh conservation has come to the fore and that is the actual creation of new salt marshes. For this process to be fully effective we have to make full use of our increased understanding of salt marsh structure and function. Following a review of the current state of the art in the field of salt marsh research, an assessment is made of specific future research needs. Despite the greatly increased effort which has been directed to salt marsh research over the past few years we still have to recognise that resources are limited and, therefore, critical evaluations of the various options regarding the direction of our future efforts need to be made.     

Conversion and recovery of Puerto Rican mangroves: 200 years of change

Human activities have dramatically reduced the world’s area of mangroves just as the ecological services they provide are becoming widely recognized. Improving the conservation tools available to restore lost mangroves would benefit from a better understanding of how human activities influence the conservation of these ecosystems. We took advantage of historical information and long-term landscape analyses to relate land use change with the area of mangroves in Puerto Rico. We found that mangroves experienced dramatic changes over the last 200 years, and four distinct eras of change were visible. During the agricultural era (1800–1940) the area of mangroves declined 45%. As the economy changed to industrial in the late 1940s the area of mangrove increase due to reduced land use pressure on the wetlands. Nevertheless, urban expansion between 1960s and 1970s produced another decline. Public concern for mangrove conservation resulted in the legal protection of all the mangroves in 1972, and since then their area has expanded. We found that past human activity altered the original proportion of mangrove species. The number and size of mangrove-forest fragments was impacted by land use, and urban areas had fewer and smaller fragments than vegetated areas. Uncontrolled expansion of urban areas emerged as a major threat to mangrove conservation. Mangroves are resilient and recover quickly when given an opportunity if the geomorphological and hydrological features of the habitat are not changed by their use. The key to conservation appears to be a combination of the type of human activity in mangrove watersheds combined with strong legal protection. The following steps are recommended: (1) identify the areas that satisfy the ecological requirements of mangrove development; (2) incorporate better zoning regulations to maintain these areas natural and to protect the fluxes of water, nutrients, and organisms in and out of the system; and (3) monitor results.     

Prediction of stand quality characteristics in sweet chestnut forests in NW Spain by combining terrain attributes, spectral textural features and landscape metrics

Chestnut woods are outstanding elements of European cultural landscapes, and are also recognised as habitats of interest in the Natura 2000 European network of protected areas. Despite their importance, they are threatened by land abandonment and recent rural landscape changes. The loss of Castanea sativa cover and its dominance as a characteristic species may indicate forest degradation, which can occur as a result of natural succession dynamics or invasion by alien species.In this study we aimed to model the conservation status of chestnut stands in the NW Iberian peninsula in terms of their environmental and cultural value, formulated as a quality index that considers the maturity and purity of forest stands. We used features available at wide geographic scales as potential predictors, namely topographic parameters derived from Digital Elevation Models, land-cover heterogeneity determined by means of satellite image texture and landscape metrics. According to the results, altitude emerged as a major factor determining chestnut stand quality, marking a clear difference between highland and lowland environments. The combination of terrain, texture and patch shape refined the classification of each of these scenarios. We discuss the significance of these predictors as environmental controls and indicators of anthropogenic effects.     

滇东北山区生态环境恢复与重建探析

滇东北山区山高坡陡,水土流失严重,地质灾害频繁,是云南省生态环境恶化、人民生活贫困的特困山区之一。严重的水土流失,构成了对长江中下游地区的危害日益加剧。坡耕地是水土流失的主体,加快退耕还林步伐和加速坡耕地治理是当务之急。在当前实施西部大开发战略中,应把滇东北山区生态环境恢复与重建纳入重要议事日程,建议从加快生态经济型防护林(草)体系建设,建立滇东北生态经济科技示范园区,实行生态移民,积极进行水土保持型生态农业建设,强化法制意识,依法保护和治理生态环境和控制人口增长,提高人口素质。     

Degraded Ecosystem and its Rehabilitating Measures in Sandy Areas of North China

Ecosystem degradation occurs in parallel with desertification process in sandy areas of North China. The vast sandy areas in North China are characterized with flexible environments and fragile ecosystems as well as intensive human activities. Due to the annual precipitation gradient decreases from east to west in North China, the whole sandy region falls into 3 main climatic zones: arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid zones.The ecosystems in each type of climatic zones are different in climatic conditions, human activities, cultural dimensions, vegetation covers, landscapes, and causes and processes of ecosystem degradation. Therefore, the most effective rehabilitation measures of degraded ecosystems in different types of the climatic zones are also different. For the arid sandy areas, vegetation rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems needs to be completely closed, assisting with artificial measures, such as plantation, irrigation or others. For semi-arid sandy areas, the effective measures of vegetation re     

Agroforestry landscapes and global change: landscape ecology tools for management and conservation

Forest ecosystems are impacted by multiple uses under the influence of global drivers, and where landscape ecology tools may substantially facilitate the management and conservation of the agroforestry ecosystems. The use of landscape ecology tools was described in the eight papers of the present special issue, including changes in forested landscapes due to agricultural and forestry activities, landscape changes due to recent intensification of agriculture, and the impacts of agroforestry as compared to natural forest ecosystems. Landscape ecology can improve the economic, environmental and social values of agroforestry, and this knowledge should help to develop new management alternatives for agroforestry. We believe that these papers will inform management at the landscape level, especially in agroforestry landscapes, offering new tools for management and conservation.     

Identifying,managing and monitoring conflicts between forest biodiversity conservation and other human interests in Europe

In this paper, circumstances where various human activities and interests clash with the conservation of forest biodiversity are examined, with particular focus on the drivers behind the conflicts. After identifying past and current human-related threats potentially leading to conflicts in forests, the paper will focus on conflict management and monitoring, with an emphasis on inclusionary stakeholder networks and a range of approaches towards sustainable land use. Three dimensions of conflicts are examined: substance (‘how things are’), procedure (‘how things are done’), and relationships (‘how people behave’). These relations will relate to three conflict management approaches: (1) technical, which may contribute to reduce or solve the conflict acting on the ‘substance’ dimension, (2) political, which may influence the ‘procedure’ dimension of the conflict establishing principles or rules, and (3) cultural, which may affect the ‘relationship’ dimension of the conflict. Finally, a general model of adaptive conflict management emphasising communication among the parties and a participatory approach that involves monitoring of the conflict resolution outcomes is proposed. The recognition that strong perceptions among stakeholders have the potential to aggravate conflicts is central to the concept of a inclusionary conflict management framework, improved communication between all stakeholders, and better awareness of the context of the conflicts is emphasised.     

Perspectives on Community-Based Forest Management in Oaxaca,Mexico

Abstract

This compilation of papers explores various aspects related to community-based natural resource management in a comparative analysis of two communities located in different regions of Oaxaca, Mexico: the Chimalapas and the Sierra Norte. The contrasting histories, cultures, and forest ecosystems in the two communities have led to diverse approaches to managing their natural resources. Our analysis highlights the existence of underlying principles driving participatory management approaches, as well as the importance of adapting these approaches to site-specific local conditions. One theme addressed in these papers is the development of appropriate silvicultural techniques that incorporate both the local peoples' needs and experiences with the ecological characteristics of the forest ecosystem. Other land use activities are then discussed that affect management decisions in the regions such as cattle ranching and the collection of medicinal plants within the context of managing for sustainable forest and human ecosystems in the two regions. Finally, the role of community organization and the formation of partnerships with external institutions in strengthening local management and conservation initiatives are also considered. Together, these papers provide a commentary on the potentials and constraints of emerging participatory approaches to managing high priority conservation areas, and which are providing new alternatives where previous models have often failed.