虚伪钝绥螨的食性研究

在26℃恒温、相对湿度75％的条件下,虚伪钝绥螨取食朱砂叶螨、山楂叶螨和苹果叶螨的发育历期分别为6.08、6.68、6.54天,一生产卵总量分别为47.52、48.75、48.12粒。上述食料对虚伪钝绥螨的发育和生殖无明显差别。通过对22种植物花粉的筛选,证明其中18种花粉可使虚伪钝绥螨完成发育,12种可以使其产卵,而以苹果、桃的花粉最能满足虚伪钝绥螨的生育要求,如进一步明确这两种花粉对虚伪钝绥螨的后代生育能力无不良影响,就有可能用花粉来取代叶螨,在室内大量繁殖。     

伪钝绥螨对叶螨与花粉的选择性

用朱砂叶螨和苹果或桃花粉同时喂饲伪钝绥螨,其若螨和雌成螨对朱砂叶螨有较强的选择性。叶螨的丝和粪的引诱作用增强了这种选择性。幼螨活动性差,取食量极小,对2类食物的选择性不明显。     

伪钝绥螨的花粉饲养研究

在饲养伪钝绥螨的10种植物花粉中,核桃、洋槐、贴梗海棠、仙人球、迎春和卷心菜等可使其取食并完成发育,前4种还可使其产卵。花粉粒的外部形态结构,是影响该螨能否取食的重要因素之一。用桃、苹果花粉饲养伪钝绥螨,对其F_1代生活力有明显的不良影响。取食桃花粉的F_1代,幼螨间相互残杀,并取食未孵化的卵,使成活率降低。取食苹果花粉的F_1代可正常完成发育,但成螨性比降低,产卵时自食其卵。试验表明,单纯喂食桃或苹果花粉难以进行伪钝绥螨的累代饲养。     

真桑钝绥螨捕食朱砂叶螨的实验种群生命表及捕食作用

为评价真桑钝绥螨Amblyseius makuwa Ehara防治害螨的可能性,本试验在(25±1)℃、RH 80%±5%、光周期16L:8D的条件下,组建了真桑钝绥螨以朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduv为食的实验种群生命表,研究了真桑钝绥螨雌成螨对朱砂叶螨卵、若螨和雌成螨的捕食作用。结果表明,真桑钝绥螨以朱砂叶螨为食,未成熟期发育历期分别为卵期1.90 d,幼螨期0.62 d,前若螨期0.82 d,后若螨期1.26 d。试验条件下真桑钝绥螨净增殖率为11.80,内禀增长率为0.175,世代平均周期为14.12 d,周限增长率为1.191,种群倍增时间为3.96 d,雌成螨日均产卵量为1.22粒,平均总产卵量为22.12粒。真桑钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨3个螨态的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,拟合圆盘方程显示真桑钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨卵的捕食数量最大,其次为若螨和雌成螨,a/Th值分别为12.5162、5.8730和4.4009。综上研究结果,真桑钝绥螨具备优良天敌的基本特性,是朱砂叶螨的潜在天敌之一。     

拟长毛钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用研究

研究了拟长毛钝绥螨(Amblyseus pseudolongispinosus)对朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)的捕食作用.结果表明,拟长毛钝绥螨若螨和雌成螨对朱砂叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应,即捕食量与猎物密度之间呈逆密度制约关系,功能反应曲线属HollingⅡ型;对猎物卵和幼若螨的控制能力最强;猎物的螨态、生境大小等因素均可起拟长毛钝绥螨功能反应参数的变化;拟长毛钝绥螨的自身密度对功能反应存在密度制约作用;拟长毛钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨卵和幼若螨是嗜食的,对成螨是非嗜食的.     

应用伪钝绥螨防治苹果全爪螨的试验

1987～1988年田间应用试验表明,青岛地区生态条件可以满足伪钝绥螨生存和发展的要求.5月下或6月初,以1:50的益害比,释放伪钝绥螨,可控制苹果全爪螨为害,减少果园施用杀螨剂3次。伪钝绥螨在当地可以自然越冬,完成周年循环,建立种群,成为控制叶螨发生的有效天敌。     

加州新小绥螨对朱砂叶螨不同螨态的捕食选择性及与拟长毛钝绥螨功能反应比较

加州新小绥螨是世界商品化品种,近年在国内首次发现。本文在25℃,RH(80±5)%,光周期16L:8D的条件下研究了加州新小绥螨雌成螨对朱砂叶螨3种螨态(卵、幼螨及若螨)的捕食喜好性,并与拟长毛钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨的功能反应进行了比较。结果表明,相对于朱砂叶螨卵(Ci为-0.09)与幼螨(Ci为-0.07),加州新小绥螨更喜食若螨(Ci为0.06)。当朱砂叶螨卵密度高于20粒时或若螨密度高于15头时,加州新小绥螨的捕食量显著高于拟长毛钝绥螨。两种捕食螨对朱砂叶螨3种螨态的功能反应均为HollingⅡ型,加州新小绥螨对朱砂叶螨3种螨态控制能力(a'/Th值)均强于拟长毛钝绥螨。加州新小绥螨对朱砂叶螨卵、若螨的理论最大捕食量分别比拟长毛钝绥螨的高出35.0%、37.1%;对幼螨的理论最大捕食量仅比拟长毛钝绥螨低8.0%。     

东方钝绥螨对苹果园两种叶螨自然控制作用研究

本文报道了东方钝绥螨 Amblyseius orientalis 对苹果园里的苹果全爪螨 Panonychusulmi 和山楂叶螨 Tetranychus viennensis 的自然控制效果。在全年不喷杀螨杀虫剂的情况下,按照与苹果全爪螨成若螨1:57—73比例释放东方钝绥螨获全年叶片受害程度为5.5±3.1%,每叶有苹果全爪螨成螨0.3±0.2头、山楂叶螨0.1±0.2头和东方钝绥螨0.3±0.2头,相对防治效果为93.4%。还报导了东方钝绥螨和苹果全爪螨田间种群数量自然消长动态。     

伪钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

室内条件下研究了伪钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用。结果表明：伪钝绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨、若螨和雌成螨的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,搜寻效率a′与处理时间Th值分别为0.5902、1.0025、0.9697、0.3146和0.0150、0.0240、0.0520、0.1681。伪钝绥螨的雌成螨喜食二斑叶螨的卵、幼螨和若螨,而对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食能力较弱。伪钝绥螨捕食率随着自身密度的增加而下降。捕食者密度低时,捕食率下降较快;随着捕食者密度进一步增加,捕食率下降缓慢,干扰反应方程拟合为E=0.3101P~（-0.412）。     

益害比及花粉存在对江原钝绥螨和柑橘全爪螨种群动态的影响

研究了在以不同益害比释放江原钝绥螨的情况下,益害比及花粉存在对江原钝绥螨捕食效果的影响。结果表明,当柑橘全爪螨平均每片叶低于5头时,按益害比1∶10和1∶20的比例释放江原钝绥螨,当平均每片叶柑橘全爪螨多于5头时,按益害比1∶5释放江原钝绥螨,可将柑橘全爪螨数量控制在经济阈值以下。花粉的存在能减缓猎物密度下降对江原钝绥螨生长发育的抑制,当主要猎物缺乏时,花粉作为江原钝绥螨的替代食物,对其维持种群数量有着重要作用。     

应用伪钝绥螨防治苹果全爪螨初报

伪钝绥螨是叶螨的有效天敌,1986年引入天水,1987、1988年在苹果园进行了释放试验,6月中、下旬按1:50的益害比释放于苹果树上,结果表明经过35～40天,苹果全爪螨从峰期(1987、7、31)7.79头/叶和(19888、2)21.84头/叶开始减退,至50～60天,分别减退为1.76头/叶和1.90头/叶,而对照树分别为19.43头/叶(8、20)和44.15头/叶(8、2)。该螨对苹果全爪螨越冬卵的控制效果明显,释放树平均一年生枝条单枝含卵量为15.95粒,化防树为93.64粒。     

虚伪钝绥螨与猎物的信息联系

实验证明,虚伪钝绥螨对猎物的寻觅行为是受猎物的某种化学信息物所影响。雌、雄猎物产生的信息物对其引诱力无差异。当虚伪钝绥螨长期取食某种猎物,对这种猎物的信息物反应特别敏感。当改用其他猎物饲养两代以上后,其趋性反应也随之改变,对前者反应减弱,对后者增强,说明该螨的食性有较大的适应能力和可塑性。用甲醇对硃砂叶螨雌成螨,及其所排出的丝和粪分别提取,虚伪钝绥螨对叶螨粪的提取液反应最强烈。     

20种植物花粉对真桑钝绥螨饲养效果的综合评判

通过对20种植物的花粉筛选,证明有14种花粉可使真桑钝绥螨完成发育,有10种可令该螨继代繁殖。采用模糊综合评判法,以花粉参数和繁殖效果等共10项指标作为参评因素,确认黄瓜、茉莉花和马缨丹的花粉适于室内饲养作饲料用。     

Impact of intraguild predation and lambda-cyhalothrin on predation efficacy of three acarophagous predators

This laboratory study reports the interaction of three predators found in commercial apple orchards in Quebec, Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) (Hemiptera: Miridae), Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). First, intraguild predation between H vitripennis and the two other predators was characterized in the absence and presence of their extraguild prey, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The results showed an asymmetrical interaction in favour of the larger predator and the levels of intraguild predation were weak for the two predatory combinations. Presence of the phytophagous mite reduced the intensity of intraguild predation in the predatory combination of H axyridis and H vitripennis. Second, the effects of intraguild predation and the application of lambda-cyhalothrin on predation efficacy of the predators were evaluated. The application of the insecticide reduced prey consumption of H vitripennis and H axyridis but did not affect that of A fallacis. Combination of predators and an insecticide application resulted in two different situations depending on the species involved: a reduced predation efficacy for the combination of H vitripennis and H axyridis due to a knockdown effect caused by the insecticide, and no effect on T urticae consumption for H vitripennis and A fallacis. It is suggested that an integrated pest management program based on H vitripennis, A fallacis and lambda-cyhalothrin may be evaluated to repress phytophagous mites in Quebec orchards.     

外源营养补充对圆柏大痣小蜂成虫寿命的影响

为探究外源营养对圆柏大痣小蜂Megastigmus sabinae Xu et He成虫寿命的影响,本研究通过给当日羽化的同批次圆柏大痣小蜂成虫饲喂清水、蔗糖水及蜂蜜水,研究不同外源营养饲喂对雌、雄成虫寿命的影响。研究表明：3种喂养条件下雄蜂寿命均短于雌蜂,其中清水饲喂雌、雄蜂寿命差异显著;取食蔗糖水和蜂蜜水的圆柏大痣小蜂雌蜂寿命分别为18 d和14 d,两者均与饲喂清水对照之间存在显著差异;雌、雄蜂单独饲喂与雌、雄蜂混合饲喂存活数变化趋势基本一致。本研究为圆柏大痣小蜂生物防治研究提供虫源保障,同时也为研究圆柏大痣小蜂的生物学特点和行为提供支持。     

The effect of indoxacarb and five other insecticides on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Amblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

A laboratory study assessed the contact toxicity of indoxacarb, abamectin, endosulfan, insecticidal soap, S-kinoprene and dimethoate to Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Say). Amblyseius fallacis is a predacious phytoseiid mite and an integral part of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in North American apple orchards. The other two beneficials are widely used in greenhouses to manage various arthropod pests infesting vegetable and ornamental crops. Indoxacarb is a slow-acting insecticide, so toxicity data were recorded 7 days post-treatment when the data had stabilised. It showed no toxicity to O. insidiosus nymphs or to A. fallacis or P. persimilis adults. The LC50 values for O. insidiosus nymphs and P. persimilis could not be estimated with their associated confidence limits, because the g values were greater than 0.5 and under such circumstances the lethal concentration would lie outside the limits. The LC50 for A. fallacis was 7.6x the label rate. The fecundity of P. persimilis was reduced by 26.7%. The eclosion of treated eggs from both species of beneficial mites was not affected adversely. Among the other pest control products, S-kinoprene and endosulfan affected adversely at least one species of the predators, whereas dimethoate, abamectin and insecticidal soap were very toxic to all three beneficials. Indoxacarb should be evaluated as a pest control product in IPM programmes.     

中国苹果树上的植绥螨及其利用价值

本文报道我国苹果树上的植绥螨19种(含国外引进的2种),简述了这些种的分布、栖息植物及重要种的利用价值。同时提出了两个种的新组合。     

Development and reproduction of Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) and pollen

Due to growing criticism over the use of non-indigenous coccinellids, the two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata (L.), has enjoyed increasing attention for aphid biocontrol in Europe. In the current study, eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, whether or not supplemented with bee pollen, were evaluated as a factitious food for larvae and adults of A. bipunctata. The predator showed slower larval development and lower survival when reared on live pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), than on E. kuehniella eggs. Survival on gamma-irradiated eggs of E. kuehniella was superior to that on frozen flour moth eggs, but other developmental characteristics were similar. Adults of A. bipunctata reared on Ac. pisum were only half as fecund as those offered irradiated or frozen E. kuehniella eggs, but egg hatch was markedly better on live aphids than on flour moth eggs (61 versus 20-27%, respectively). However, when a diet of flour moth eggs was supplemented with frozen moist bee pollen, egg hatch of A. bipunctata was equally as good as on live aphids. Supplementing flour moth eggs with dry pollen did not yield satisfactory results. Only 10% of larvae reached adulthood on moist bee pollen alone and resulting adults weighed less than half as much as those obtained on flour moth eggs. Our findings indicate that A. bipunctata is able to compensate for a suboptimal diet of animal prey by supplementary feeding on flower pollen. It is concluded that pollinivory may be a crucial trait for both the rearing of this natural enemy and its use in biological control programmes.