外生菌根真菌菌剂的制备及其对松苗生长效果的研究*

从不同林型下分离获得的外生菌根真菌纯培养菌株中,选择了劣味乳菇、美味红茹、赭丝膜菌、彩色豆马勃四株菌根菌,进行菌剂制备及其对松苗生长效果的试验。结果表明,PDMA和PD培养基是培养外生菌根真菌较适合的培养基,木屑、麸皮、米糠、玉米粉、珍珠岩、蛭石等是培养菌根菌菌剂较适宜的基质。供试菌对油松、马尾松、落叶松、樟子松、红松苗都具促进生长作用,效果较明显的是丝膜菌,其次是劣味乳菇、美味红菇、彩色豆马勃;对促进火炬松苗生长效果最明显的是劣味乳菇,其次是美味红菇、彩色豆马勃。四种菌对湿地松苗生长效果均高于对照。     

果尔在苗圃针叶树育苗除草中的应用

果尔作为一种应用较多的化学除草剂,已经在苗圃中广泛应用。通过试验得出结论:一年生针叶树出苗前采用果尔土壤处理除草,对红松效果最好,其次是红皮云杉和樟子松。二年生针叶苗木生长期采用果尔土壤处理除草,对红皮云杉效果最好,其次是红松和樟子松。因此说果尔是林区比较理想的除草剂。     

CONTRAST STUDY ON ROOTSYSTEM STRUCTURE OF THE FOUR ANNUAL CONIFEROUS SEEDLINGS IN CHIAN NORTHEAST AREA

Rootsystemstructureofseedlingsisoneoftheimportantbiologicalcharacte-risticsoftrees.Duringtheseedlingculture,rootsystemstructureisrelatedwithmanyculturingseedlingtechnologies(suchassoiltillage,applyingfertilizer,irrigation,etc.).Comparingthedifferenceoftherootsystemstructureofdifferentconiferousseedlingscanhelpintensivefarmingandmanagementinnursery.Therefore,westudiedtherootsystemstructureoftheannualseedlingsoffourmainconifers(Pinuskoraiensis,Pinussylvestrisvar.mongoIica,LarixolgensisandPicea…     

森林可燃物及其燃烧特性研究

较详细地分析了落叶松、红松、樟子松、柞树、大山杨及水曲柳这6个树种各自所在林分林下可燃物的特点及其燃烧特性,结果表明:落叶松与水曲柳不易发生火灾,红松和樟子松易发生火灾,大山杨和水曲柳是抗火性树种。提出在造林技术上采用营造混交林或营造防火林带,防止或减少森林火灾,为森林防火及营林用火提供可靠的理论依据。     

Growth regulation of Scots pine seedlings with different fertilizer compositions and regimes

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown in containers filled with peat, using two different fertilizers and three different fertilizer regimes. Seedling shoot and root growth and shoot content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were followed in the nursery and after outplanting in the field. Attempts to regulate growth rate by an exponential nutrient supply were not successful, but the root/shoot ratio was influenced by the fertilization regime. Internal nitrogen concentration was stable only for seedlings with low relative growth rate, while seedlings with high nutrient supply in the nursery showed strong nutrient dilution in the shoot after planting.     

The effect of Paxillus involutus Fr. on aluminum sensitivity of Norway spruce seedlings

Non-mycorrhizal Norway spruce seedlings (Picea abies Karst.) and Norway spruce seedlings colonized with Paxillus involutus Fr. were grown in an axenic silica sand culture system. After successful mycorrhizal colonization, the seedlings were exposed to 200 or 800 micro M AlCl(3) for 10 weeks. In both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings, exposure to Al significantly reduced root growth and the uptake of Mg and Ca. After 5 weeks of exposure to 800 micro M Al, the mycorrhizal seedlings had significantly higher chlorophyll concentrations than the non-mycorrhizal seedlings, although no difference in Mg nutrition was apparent. After 10 weeks of exposure to Al, both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings exhibited needle chlorosis and reduced photosynthetic activity. However, the aluminum-induced reduction in shoot growth was largely ameliorated by colonization with P. involutus. We conclude that mycorrhizal colonization modifies the phytotoxic effects of Al in Norway spruce seedlings. However, differences in physiological responses to Al between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings may be largely reduced in the long term as a result of impaired mineral nutrient uptake.     

针叶树育苗除草剂效果试验

用除草剂对针叶树(落叶松、油松、樟子松)播种苗进行土壤处理和茎叶处理,试验表明5月上旬(针叶树播种)后喷施1.25g/m2的果尔,除草效果最好、最明显,且对出苗没有影响.     

沙地针叶树种造林选择初报

通过对红松(Pinuskoraiensis)、樟子松(Pinussylvestrisvar.mongolica)、彰武松(P.densifloravar.zhangwuensis)、赤松(P.densiflora)、欧洲赤松(P.sylvestris9个种源)、欧洲黑松(P.nigra)、小干松(P.contorta)、沙地云杉(Piceameyerivarmongolica)、北美云杉(Piceapungensglauce)、铅笔柏(Sabinaviginiana)定植在章古台生长表现,结合当地林龄超过20a的针叶树生长材料,进行分析得出:彰武松、樟子松、赤松表现最佳,可结合阔叶树种在平缓沙地及沙丘腹部营造混交林;沙地云杉、红松、铅笔柏可在立地条件较好的地方造林;欧洲赤松表现一般。     

燕山北部山地干旱阳坡不同造林树种生长状况的比较

为了了解燕山山地干旱阳坡人工造林树种生长状况的差异,对人工栽植的油松、樟子松及蒙古栎的生长状况及其幼林的空间分布格局进行了研究,结果表明:栽植5a后,油松、樟子松和蒙古栎的存活率分别达到了93.79%、87.98%和66.69%,其地径分别为4.68cm、5.34cm、1.52cm,树高分别为1.58m、1.75m、0.80m,油松、樟子松、蒙古栎的单株生物量分别为1 857.36g、2 018.30g、234.35g,形成的人工幼林的密度在867.00~2 183.00株/hm~2之间;立地条件较好的样地幼林的空间分布格局为均匀型,立地条件较差的样地空间分布格局为聚集型。油松、樟子松、蒙古栎均为燕山北部山地干旱阳坡的适宜造林树种,栽植5a后已基本形成稳定的乔木层,人工造林加速了干旱阳坡由绣线菊灌丛向乔木林的更新与恢复。     

Growth and nutrient uptake of ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings in a natural substrate treated with elevated Al concentrations

Models of the effects of elevated concentrations of aluminum (Al) on growth and nutrient uptake of forest trees frequently ignore the effects of mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, we present novel data indicating that ectomycorrhizal mycelia may prevent leaching of base cations and Al. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings were grown in sand obtained from the B-horizon of a local forest. In Experiment 1, non-mycorrhizal seedlings and seedlings inoculated with Hebeloma cf. longicaudum (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm. ss. Lange or Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton were provided with nutrient solution containing 2.5 mM Al. Aluminum did not affect growth of non-mycorrhizal seedlings or seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor. Seedlings colonized by H. cf. longicaudum had the highest biomass production of all seedlings grown without added Al, but the fungus did not tolerate Al. Shoots of seedlings colonized by L. bicolor had the lowest nitrogen (N) concentrations but the highest phosphorus (P) concentrations of all seedlings. The treatments had small but significant effects on shoot and root Al concentrations. In Experiment 2, inoculation with L. bicolor was factorially combined with the addition of a complete nutrient solution, or a solution lacking the base cations K, Ca and Mg, and solutions containing 0 or 0.74 mM Al. Seedling growth decreased in response to 0.74 mM Al, but the effect was significant only for non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal seedlings generally had higher P concentrations than non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Aluminum reduced P uptake in non-mycorrhizal plants but had no effect on P uptake in mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal colonization increased the pH of the soil solution by about 0.5 units and addition of Al decreased the pH by the same amount. We conclude that the presence of ectomycorrhizal mycelia decreased leaching of base cations and Al from the soil.     

樟子松造林当年不同越冬保护措施效果调查

樟子松自1975年在山西省北部半干旱风沙区引种栽植成功以来，造林翌春幼树大量死亡已成为造林屡屡失败的关键，究其原因，是幼树遭受生理干旱所致。1996年-1997年进行了造林当年不同越冬保护措施效果调查结果表明：幼树当年越冬采用地膜覆土法比单纯覆土法翌春保存率提高28.5%，每公顷成本节省921元。     

Influence of different nursery container media on rooting of Scots pine and silver birch seedlings after transplanting

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings were grown in containers filled with growth media based on medium-textured sphagnum peat, coarse perlite and fine sand. The seedlings were then planted into fine and coarse sandy soils in 2.2 l pots, which were subjected to two water-content treatments (only one for birch). After the seedlings had grown five weeks in a greenhouse, rooting into the surrounding soil and shoot growth were measured. Addition of perlite and sand to peat medium slightly affected rooting; thus suggesting minor effects on seedling establishment. However, nitrogen concentration of the seedlings varied between growth media and correlated positively with rooting into the soil. The particle size and water content of the soil affected considerably rooting of the seedlings. Seedling height at the time of planting did not affect rooting or shoot growth. The fact that the fewest out-grown roots occurred in the dry fine sandy soil, suggests that dry soil together with high strength and resistance to root penetration reduce rooting and water uptake by container seedlings most and may thus cause water and nutrient stresses to seedlings after outplanting.     

吸水剂在樟子松造林中的应用

樟子松人工植苗造林成活的关键在于苗木根系的水分保护。所以，对樟子松幼苗的根系用吸水剂进行适当的保水处理，无疑是会提高造林成活率的。     

Stomatal and mesophyll limitations of photosynthesis in black spruce seedlings during multiple cycles of drought

Container-grown black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings were planted in trays containing a sand and peat mixture, and placed in a climate-controlled greenhouse. One group of seedlings was kept well-watered, and another group was subjected to three cycles of drought. Gas exchange analysis showed that mesophyll photosynthetic function was largely unimpaired by drought. In contrast, stomatal conductance was sensitive to drought, although it became less sensitive with each drought cycle. Both stomatal and mesophyll conductances increased with time in control and drought-stressed seedlings, but mesophyll conductance increased with time more rapidly than did stomatal conductance. Limitation of photosynthetic rate was dominated by the mesophyll. In control seedlings, relative stomatal limitation increased from 6 to 16% by the end of the experiment. In drought-stressed seedlings, relative stomatal limitation of photosynthesis reached 40% during the first drought, but decreased to near control values immediately after rewatering. Because the third, most severe drought had only a minor effect on stomatal conductance, relative stomatal limitation of photosynthesis was similar to that in control seedlings by the end of the experiment. Inhibition of ontogenetic change during drought stress may be responsible for the apparent acclimation of mesophyll photosynthetic processes. We conclude that it would be more effective to select for high photosynthetic capacity than for reduced stomatal sensitivity when breeding for increased drought resistance in black spruce seedlings.     

Rates and quantities of carbon flux to ectomycorrhizal mycelium following 14C pulse labeling of Pinus sylvestris seedlings: effects of litter patches and interaction with a wood-decomposer fungus

We used a novel digital autoradiographic technique that enabled, for the first time, simultaneous visualization and quantification of spatial and temporal changes in carbon allocation patterns in ectomycorrhizal mycelia. Mycorrhizal plants of Pinus sylvestris L. were grown in microcosms containing non-sterile peat. The time course and spatial distribution of carbon allocation by P. sylvestris to mycelia of its mycorrhizal partners, Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. and Suillus bovinus (L.): Kuntze, were quantified following 14C pulse labeling of the plants. Litter patches were used to investigate the effects of nutrient resource quality on carbon allocation. The wood-decomposer fungus Phanerochaete velutina (D.C.: Pers.) Parmasto was introduced to evaluate competitive and territorial interactions between its mycelial cords and the mycelial system of S. bovinus. Growth of ectomycorrhizal mycelium was stimulated in the litter patches. Nearly 60% of the C transferred from host plant to external mycorrhizal mycelium (> 2 mm from root surfaces) was allocated to mycelium in the patches, which comprised only 12% of the soil area available for mycelial colonization. Mycelia in the litter patch most recently colonized by mycorrhizal mycelium received the largest investment of carbon, amounting to 27 to 50% of the total 14C in external mycorrhizal mycelium. The amount of C transfer to external mycelium of S. bovinus following pulse labeling was reduced from a maximum of 167 nmol in systems with no saprotroph to a maximum of 61 nmol in systems interacting with P. velutina. The 14C content of S. bovinus mycelium reached a maximum 24-36 h after labeling in control microcosms, but allocation did not reach a peak until 56 h after labeling, when S. bovinus interacted with mycelium of P. velutina. The mycelium of S. bovinus contained 9% of the total 14C in the plants (including mycorrhizae) at the end of the experiment, but this was reduced to 4% in the presence of P. velutina. The results demonstrate the dynamic manner in which mycorrhizal mycelia deploy C when foraging for nutrients. The inhibitory effect of the wood-decomposer fungus P. velutina on C allocation to external mycorrhizal mycelium has important implications for nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.     

2种松树苗木栽植对矿山污染土壤营养成分的影响

通过用污染土壤盆栽方法研究油松和樟子松幼苗对土壤营养成分的影响。结果表明:油松和樟子松能够明显改善土壤中有机质含量,以樟子松提高较显著,在0~10cm土层,油松和樟子松的有机质分别比对照提高102.63%和168.42%;在全氮含量方面,油松的全氮含量低于对照,樟子松能提高土壤的全氮含量。樟子松比油松更适合种植在贫瘠的污染土壤上。     

Nutrient uptake by intact mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings: a diagnostic tool to detect copper toxicity

We developed a nondestructive method for detecting early toxic effects of inflethal copper (Cu) concentrations on ectomycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal (NM) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. The fungal symbionts examined were Paxillus involutus (Fr.) Fr., Suillus luteus (Fr.) S.F. Gray and Thelephora terrestris (Ehrh.) Fr. The accumulation of Cu in needles and fungal development (ergosterol) in roots and infstrate were assessed. Inorganic phosphate (P(i)) and ammonium (NH(4) (+)) uptake capacities were determined in a semi-hydroponic cultivation system on intact P-limited plants that were exposed for 3 weeks to 0.32 (control), 8 or 16 &mgr;moles Cu(2+). Short-term effects of a 1-hour exposure to 32 &mgr;moles Cu(2+) on nutrient uptake rates were also determined. None of the Cu(2+) treatments affected plant growth or root ergosterol concentrations. The active fungal biomass in infstrate invaded by S. luteus was reduced by 50% in the 16 &mgr;M Cu(2+) treatment compared with the control treatment; however, colonization by S. luteus prevented an increased accumulation of Cu in the needles. In contrast, the 16 &mgr;M Cu(2+) treatment caused a 2.2-fold increase in needle Cu concentration in NM plants. Ergosterol concentrations in the infstrate colonized by P. involutus and T. terrestris were not affected by 16 &mgr;molar Cu(2+). Although P. involutus and T. terrestris were less sensitive to Cu(2+) than S. luteus, T. terrestris did not prevent the accumulation of Cu in needles of its host plant in the 16 &mgr;molar Cu(2+) treatment. Mycorrhizal plants consistently had higher P(i) and NH(4) (+) uptake capacities than NM plants. In the control treatment, specific P(i) uptake rates were almost 10, 4 and 3 times higher in plants associated with P. involutus, S. luteus and T. terrestris, respectively, than in NM plants, and specific NH(4) (+) uptake rates were about 2, 2 and 5 times higher, respectively, than those of NM seedlings. Compared with the corresponding control plants, a 3-week exposure to 8 &mgr;M Cu(2+) had no effect on the nutrient uptake potential of plants. In contrast, the 16 &mgr;M Cu(2+) treatment significantly reduced P(i) uptake capacity of all plants and decreased NH(4) (+) uptake capacity of seedlings colonized by S. luteus or T. terrestris. The 32 &mgr;M Cu(2+) 1-h shock treatment reduced specific NH(4) (+) and P(i) uptake rates of roots colonized by S. luteus to 39 and 77%, respectively, of the original rates. The Cu(2+) 1-h shock treatment reduced the NH(4) (+) uptake rate of NM plants by 51%.     

兴凯赤松3个中国种源及家系苗期试验

在天然分布区以外进行引种试验,连续3 a的试验结果表明:兴凯赤松种源间以及种源内家系间苗木高生长差异达显著水平,且苗高生长节律与樟子松相近。各种源兴凯赤松播种后出苗均较快,9月末苗高基本停止生长,越冬前能及时封顶,可以安全越冬。苗圃育苗1 a和2 a生苗木高生长差别较小,但Msn(密山)种源3 a生苗高生长较快。在干旱的立地条件下进行人工林培育,Jdg(鸡东)种源表现出较大的生长潜力,其中部分家系高生长甚至超过CK(樟子松青山种源),地径生长量与CK基本相近。表明其生长潜力和抗旱、耐瘠薄能力远远高于Msn种源,是值得重视的种源。     

采金矿体迹地森林更新的技术研究

对大兴安岭地区采金矿体迹地森林更新技术 ,包括造林树种选择 ,土壤改良 ,造林季节 ,造林方法及不同苗木类型造林等进行深入分析和研究 ,结果表明 :樟子松、落叶松的造林表现优于红皮云杉 ;三个树种造林效果与播种季节无关 ,而与客土措施相关密切 ,最适宜的播种造林技术为客土播种 ;容器苗造林明显优于裸根苗 ;甜杨扦插造林最适宜插穗长度为 30～ 35cm ;最佳土壤改良措施为客土 +有机肥 +化肥。     

Ectomycorrhizas and cadmium toxicity in Norway spruce seedlings

We studied the effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization by Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton S238 and Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. 533 on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Norway spruce seedlings (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings were exposed to 0 (control), 0.5 or 5 &mgr;M CdSO(4) for 9 weeks in a sand culture system with frequent addition of nutrient solutions. In pure culture, P. involutus and L. bicolor showed similar Cd tolerance. However, in symbiosis, the Cd treatments decreased colonization by L. bicolor but not by P. involutus. Paxillus involutus ameliorated the negative effects of 0.5 &mgr;M Cd on shoot and root growth and chlorophyll content of old needles, whereas L. bicolor did not. Mycorrhizal colonization did not affect Cd concentrations of old needles and roots of seedlings. Despite differences between the ectomycorrhizal fungi in colonization and ability to alleviate Cd toxicity of seedlings, both species reduced Cd concentrations of young needles to a similar degree compared with nonmycorrhizal seedlings. However, in the 0.5 &mgr;M Cd treatment, the Cd content of needles of seedlings colonized by P. involutus was increased, whereas the Cd content of needles of seedlings colonized by L. bicolor was similar to that of needles of nonmycorrhizal seedings. When the amount of Cd translocated to needles was expressed on a root length basis to account for differences in the size of the root systems, the amount of Cd translocated to the needles was similar in seedlings mycorrhizal with P. involutus and in nonmycorrhizal seedlings. All mycorrhizal seedlings were similarly affected by 5 &mgr;M Cd, indicating that the amelioration efficiency of ectomycorrhizal fungi is dependent on the metal concentration to which the roots are exposed. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn were decreased by 5 &mgr;M Cd to a similar extent in both nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings. In contrast to L. bicolor, P. involutus increased P uptake and altered patterns of root branching. We conclude that mycorrhizas alleviate Cd-induced reductions in growth of Picea abies seedlings. Although the two mycorrhizal fungi examined differed in their ability to alleviate Cd toxicity, these differences were not related to differences in Cd uptake or translocation to the shoot of the mycorrhizal seedlings. We suggest that amelioration of Cd toxicity by P. involutus may be a result of improved P nutrition or changes in root morphology, or both.