圆形喷灌机注肥泵的设计与试验研究

圆形喷灌机的喷灌施肥一体化作业是国内外精准农业的研究热点,选用工作压力高、流量小且稳定的施肥装置是确保高均匀性喷灌施肥的技术关键.针对圆形喷灌机实际应用和作物施肥特点,设计了一台双缸柱塞式注肥泵,包括液力端、传动端、柱塞、密封及配套动力等,单缸设计流量为150 L/h,最大工作压力为1.0 MPa;对试制样机进行了历时100 h的耐久性试验、20%~100%行程范围的调节试验和30~50 Hz频率范围的变频调节试验.结果表明：研发的柱塞式注肥泵流量随着出口压力的增大而有所减少,但不同出口压力下,流量在100 h内的变异系数均小于5%;改变柱塞行程,泵的实际流量和理论流量几乎一致,两者间的最大差值在行程百分比为60%处,为理论流量值的7.5%;泵的流量随着电源频率的增大呈线性上升关系.试验还表明,改变柱塞行程和电源频率可以调节注肥泵的注肥流量,扩大注肥泵的流量范围.开发的注肥泵适用于圆形喷灌机等灌溉施肥系统,可实现施肥的精准控制.     

圆形喷灌机施肥灌溉均匀性及蒸发漂移损失

为了评估圆形喷灌机施肥灌溉均匀性和蒸发漂移损失量,通过测试圆形喷灌机入机压力为0.15 MPa时,与喷灌机连接的计量隔膜泵吸肥流量与工作比例间的关系.分析了计量隔膜泵吸肥性能,并通过田间试验测试圆形喷灌机水力性能,评估了不同肥料类型和肥液浓度的施肥灌溉均匀系数及蒸发漂移损失量.结果表明:计量隔膜泵吸肥流量实测值和理论值的标准均方根误差为8.9%,且流量控制精度在工作比例为60%~100%时(相对误差|RE|≤5.6%)远高于工作比例为20%~40%时(|RE|≥13.3%).圆形喷灌机行走速度百分数为100%时,径向肥液水深与施肥量的修正赫尔曼-海因均匀系数基本相等,其变化分别为80%~85%和78%~86%,均小于径向肥液浓度的均匀系数96%~99%.不同肥料类型和肥液浓度处理间灌水、肥液浓度均匀系数差异不具有统计学意义.当风速小于2 m/s时,利用圆形喷灌机进行施肥灌溉产生的蒸发漂移损失量占灌水量的比例为1.5%~10.1%.     

自走式大型喷灌机的发展与应用

大型喷灌机指工作功率大于３７．３kW，控制灌溉面积超过２６．７hm２的机型。其自动化程度高，单位资源量（电、水、人力）消耗少，生产效益高，代表了现代科学技术水平的喷灌机。１滚移式喷灌机通过安装在每节喷灌支管上的大滚轮（直径１～２m）进行定点喷灌。这种喷灌机１９３５年在美国开始使用，我国在黑龙江、新疆等地也有使用。该机为管端控制，监视系统安装在管的一侧，用按钮操作机组。这种机型结构简单，控制面积大，维修费省，但自动化程序低，需要人工调整滚轮位置，而且灌溉不均匀。２圆形喷灌机这种喷灌机因喷洒轨迹成圆形而…     

太阳能—电子技术在绞盘式喷灌机调速装置上的应用

通常使用一般的绞盘式喷灌机时,随着输水管卷入绞盘,绞盘有效直径不断改变,输水管管端的喷洒装置行走速度则不断提高.这样导致喷水量分布不均匀。奥地利鲍尔喷灌设备公司新生产的“Economy Star”绞盘式喷灌机,它装备有一个太阳能一电子调速装置,能够控制喷洒装置行走     

施肥浓度对摇臂式喷头喷灌施肥均匀性的影响

为了研究施肥浓度对喷灌施肥均匀性的影响规律,选用摇臂式喷头10PY₂H,测量其喷灌施肥时肥液体积、施肥浓度、施肥量3种参数的径向分布.试验中,氯化钾溶液质量浓度(即母液浓度)分别为0,20,35,50,65,80 g/L.采用叠加法计算组合喷洒时3种施肥参数的均匀度CU、分布均匀度DU和统计均匀度U_s.分析表明施肥浓度对摇臂式喷头的灌水施肥影响呈现非线性特点.增加母液浓度对肥液体积分布和施肥浓度分布均匀性的影响相对较小,但对施肥量分布均匀性的影响十分显著.组合喷灌加剧了不同测点的数值差异.随着母液浓度增大,施肥量径向分布变化增大,当母液质量浓度增大到80 g/L时,施肥量主要集中在20%~60%射程处,导致施肥均匀性急剧下降;当母液质量浓度小于等于35 g/L时,远端90%~100%射程处的施肥浓度相对更高,与前人得出的滴灌施肥系统施肥浓度沿管道方向递减的规律相反.3个评价指标中,均匀度CU数值最高,分布均匀度DU总体数值最低、变化最大,且以DU变化最为明显,这说明了DU能反映低值区的施肥情况.喷灌施肥等值线图表明肥液与施肥量的分布规律相似,但施肥浓度的分布情况则相反,这可能与射程远端施肥浓度更大有关.     

基于异形喷嘴结构的低压喷头水力性能

对2种流量相等的出口截面形状为正方形和正三角形的异形喷嘴与圆形喷嘴进行了对比研究,研究其压力、喷嘴锥角、出口截面形状对流量、射程、喷灌强度和喷灌均匀性等水力性能的影响.结合试验和Matlab软件,分析低压下异形喷嘴在矩形布置下的组合均匀性,确定了组合喷灌均匀性最好的喷嘴型号及其最佳组合间距.研究表明:锥角一定时,喷嘴的流量和射程均随着压力增大而增大;压力一定时,喷嘴的流量和射程随着锥角变大而减小.低压条件下,异形喷嘴的喷灌均匀性较圆形喷嘴有极大改善,低压组合喷灌均匀性最佳的喷嘴为锥角45°的正三角形喷嘴,最佳组合间距为一个有效喷洒半径.异形喷嘴的组合均匀性系数比圆形喷嘴的高,说明在组合喷灌时选用异形喷嘴更能体现喷灌均匀性优势.     

柱塞式注肥泵的设计试验及精准施肥应用

为解决水肥一体化应用中施肥流量随着灌溉管道工作压力变化而波动导致施肥浓度不均匀的问题,设计了一种额定流量为300 L/h、最大工作压力为1.0 MPa的柱塞式注肥泵,对柱塞泵进行不同行程比例和电源频率下的工作流量试验,建立了工作流量与电源频率、行程比例及灌溉管道压力的拟合公式.结果表明:研发的柱塞泵工作流量与电源频率、...     

旋转折射式喷头水量分布与喷灌均匀性试验

为了研究喷头工作压力、喷嘴直径和安装间距对喷灌喷洒水深和喷灌均匀度的影响规律,选用喷嘴直径为2.98、3.37、3.77 mm的R3000型旋转式喷盘的折射式喷头进行了研究。测量了3种喷头在0.1、0.2、0.3 MPa工作压力下的径向水量分布,喷灌强度随着喷头工作压力或喷嘴直径的增加而增大。叠加计算了安装间距为2、3、4、5、6 m几种情况下的组合均匀性系数,并通过组合试验与计算结果进行对比,得出组合均匀性系数试验值与模拟计算值的误差在0.5%~11.0%之间,影响因素的主次顺序为喷头安装间距、工作压力、喷嘴直径。结果表明:喷嘴流量系数平均值在0.9以上,说明喷头的性能良好。3种喷嘴的最佳喷灌均匀性系数分别为75.9%、78.2%和85.1%。提出了自制R3000型旋转折射式喷头最佳组合间距为4 m的计算均匀性系数经验公式,为其在工程中的应用提供了理论数据。     

单跨圆形喷灌机反冲式水马达动力与水力特性研究

在下注水反冲式水马达装置满足整机喷洒均匀性和塔架车田间通过能力的前提下,对其动力性能和水力性能进行了研究。建立了单跨水动圆形喷灌机反冲式水马达驱动力矩、转速和工作流量的计算模型,分析了影响水马达驱动扭矩和转速的因素。研究结果表明:通过改变水马达工作压力调控转速实现所需灌水深度的方法比增大喷嘴直径来增加水马达工作流量和加长旋转臂长度更有效、操作性更强;水马达结构及水力设计必须与整机通过性能和喷洒均匀性优化组合,才能满足整机通过性能要求,并使整机喷洒均匀系数符合农业灌溉要求。     

压差吸入式喷灌施肥器介绍

压差吸入式喷灌施肥器是在喷灌机喷水灌溉的同时，将可溶于水的肥料、土壤改良剂、除草刺、杀虫剂等化肥或农药均匀连续地注入喷灌系统，充分混合后随灌溉水喷洒到受控作物叶面及土壤上，从而达到增加作物根部和叶面的营养吸收，促进作物生长的目的。喷灌施肥效果表现为：快速营造作物的水、肥适宜环境，满足作物生长需求，作物产量可增加14％以上；使肥料利用率达到70％；减少化肥对土壤、地下水的污染。     

Field evaluation of fertigation uniformity as affected by injector type and manufacturing variability of emitters

Fertigation with microirrigation systems is increasing in popularity. Uniformity of fertigation is important for many reasons. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of injector types and emitters on fertigation uniformity by simultaneously measuring the distributions of water application, solution concentration, and fertilizer applied within a subunit of microirrigation system. Three conventionally used injectors, a water-driven piston proportional pump, a venturi device, and a differential pressure tank, were evaluated with three different emitters. The results indicated that both manufacturing variability of emitters and injector types had a very significant effect on the uniformity of fertilizer applied, while the uniformity of water application was mainly dependent on emitter type. The uniformity of solution concentration was dependent on injection methods. Emitters having a higher manufacturer’s variation produced a more nonuniform distribution of water application and fertilizer applied. For a given emitter type, a differential pressure tank produced considerably higher coefficients of variation (Cv) for water application and fertilizer applied than a proportional pump or a venturi injector because a differential pressure tank released fertilizer in a decreasing rate with time. To obtain a uniform fertigation distribution, an injector that can inject fertilizers in a constant rate is recommended. The relationship between water application uniformity and fertigation uniformity for a microirrigation system was established for different injection methods. Cv for fertilizer applied was very close to water application Cv for a microirrigation system using a proportional pump or a venturi injector as an injection device. However, fertilizer Cv for a differential pressure tank was approximately double of the water application Cv. The injection method and injector performance should therefore be considered in the design of microirrigation systems.     

Spatial and temporal distributions of nitrogen and crop yield as affected by nonuniformity of sprinkler fertigation

Deep percolation and nitrate leaching are important considerations in the design of sprinkler systems. Field experiments were therefore conducted to investigate the influence of nonuniformity of sprinkler irrigation on deep percolation and spatial distributions of nitrogen and crop yield during the growing season of winter wheat at an experiment station in Beijing, China. Three experimental plots of a sandy clay loam soil in the 0–40 cm depth interval and a loamy clay soil below 40 cm were irrigated with a sprinkler irrigation system that had a seasonal averaged Christiansen irrigation uniformity coefficient (CU) varying from 72 to 84%. Except for the fertilizer applied before planting, fertilizer was applied with the sprinkler irrigation system. The corresponding seasonal averaged CU for fertigation varied from 71 to 85%. Daily observation of matrix water potentials in the root zone showed that little deep percolation occurred. Consequently, the effect of sprinkler uniformity on deep percolation was minor during the irrigation season for the soil tested. Intensive gravimetric soil core samplings were conducted several times during the irrigation season in a grid of 5 m × 5 m for each plot to determine the spatial and temporal variation of NH₄-N and NO₃-N contents. Soil NH₄-N and NO₃-N exhibited high spatial variability in depth and time during the irrigation season with CU values ranging from 23 to 97% and the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.04 to 1.06. A higher uniformity of sprinkler fertigation produced a more uniform distribution of NH₄-N, but the distribution of NO₃-N was not related to fertigation. Rather it was related to the spatial variability of NO₃-N before fertigation began. At harvest, the distribution of dry matter above ground, nitrogen uptake, and yield were measured and the results indicated that sprinkler fertigation uniformity had insignificant effects on the parameters mentioned above. Field experimental results obtained from this study suggest that sprinkler irrigation if properly managed can be used as an efficient and environment-friendly method of applying water and fertilizers.     

沙地大型喷灌机施肥灌溉配套鱼鳞坑对马铃薯生长和水肥利用的影响研究

为了实现沙地上大型喷灌机施肥灌溉下马铃薯的水肥高效利用,通过田间试验研究了大型喷灌机施肥灌溉条件下配套水土保持措施——鱼鳞坑对马铃薯生长、水肥利用效率等的影响。结果表明,在大型喷灌机条件下,通过负压计指导施肥灌溉,当垄中心20cm深度处的土壤水基质势低于-15kPa时进行施肥灌溉时,在马铃薯垄间挖鱼鳞坑,能有效地改善根区土壤水分状况,促进马铃薯的生长,不仅马铃薯增产22.1%~33.3%,还使肥料偏生产力提高了33.3%~36.8%。     

机械注入式施肥装置研制与应用

介绍了一种经济实用型机械注入式施肥装置，该施肥装置采用耐腐蚀泵将肥料原液强行注入灌溉管网并与灌溉水进行混合从而获得一定浓度的灌溉液。灌溉液浓度通过标有流量示值的手动流量调节阀进行调节，从而实现节水灌溉微滴灌系统灌溉过程的比例施肥控制。灌溉液浓度控制准确度明显高于文丘里式和压差式，可用于滴灌系统的准确经济施肥。     

中国水肥一体化施肥设备研究现状与发展趋势

为了促进中国水肥一体化施肥设备的研究开发及推广应用,总结分析了中国水肥一体化施肥设备科研、生产及实际应用中存在的问题,概述了施肥设备的发展现状,重点阐述分析了文丘里施肥器、压差施肥罐、比例施肥泵、柱塞泵及固体肥料溶解施肥装置等常用施肥设备的技术特点、研究进展和存在问题等.在此基础上,基于绿色农业发展理念和农业物联网的发展需要,指出施肥设备的发展亟需结合作物区域种植特点,综合施策,创新发展多种先进施肥装备及技术,建立节水节肥技术综合管理体系,重点研究管路中水肥流动规律、优化设计方法、产品研发与标准化、灌水施肥制度与智能水肥一体化系统,实现施肥设备的多功能、低能耗及精准化、水肥一体化系统的信息化与智能化,切实有效提高水肥利用率.     

Analysis, assessment, and improvement of fertilizer distribution in pressure irrigation systems

The transformation of traditional irrigation systems into pressure irrigation networks allows water users associations to use central fertigation systems. For efficient fertigation management, however, it is essential to obtain uniform distribution of the injected fertilizer through the system and to understand the hydraulic processes that take place in the central fertigation system. This will allow users to implement strategies that improve fertilizer distribution. In this work we develop a new methodology to improve fertilizer distribution uniformity and apply it to a case study. The results show how fertilizer distribution can be improved by means of proper scheduling of irrigation deliveries. The best results are obtained when fertigating sectors operate without non-fertigating sectors and there are not intermediate irrigations without fertilizer, achieving an improvement of the fertilizer distribution of 10.5%. In addition, this work highlights the difficulties of obtaining uniform distribution of fertilizer in a centralized irrigation system when there are users that do not want to make use of it.