不同轮作模式农田钾养分表观平衡及其对土壤速效钾含量的影响

通过连续3年监测上海郊区43块定位农田,比较了50种作物以及5种不同轮作模式农田的钾养分表观盈余状况及其对土壤速效钾含量的影响。结果表明：(1)不同作物农田的钾养分盈余趋势为水生蔬菜类、果树类>旱作蔬菜≥草皮>大田作物;不同轮作模式农田钾养分盈余大小表现为作物轮作>菜作轮作>草皮单作>菜菜轮作>果树单作;(2)不同作物及轮作模式农田收获时土壤速效钾含量随土层的加深而逐渐增加,钾养分盈余多的农田土壤的表层速效钾含量也高;(3)不同作物及不同轮作模式农田钾养分盈余量与收获时土壤表层(0~30 cm)的速效钾含量呈正相关,但未达显著水平。     

不同轮作模式农田磷养分表观平衡及其对土壤Olsen-P含量的影响

通过连续3年监测上海郊区43块定位农田研究,比较了50种作物以及5种不同轮作模式农田的磷养分表观盈余状况及其对土壤Olsen-P含量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同作物农田的磷养分盈余趋势为水生蔬菜类果树类旱作蔬菜≥草皮大田作物;不同轮作模式农田磷养分盈余趋势为菜菜轮作果树单作菜作轮作草皮单作作物轮作;(2)不同作物及轮作农田收获后土壤Olsen-P含量随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,磷养分盈余量多的农田土壤Olsen-P含量也高;(3)不同作物以及轮作农田磷养分盈余与收获时土壤表层(0~30cm)的Olsen-P含量呈显著正相关。     

洱海流域北部农田养分平衡及残留特性研究

为减少农田氮磷流失,改善洱海水质、遏制富营养化发展,以洱海流域北部8个乡（镇）为研究区域,采用现场调查与分析测试相结合的方法研究了洱海流域北部10种典型轮作模式的施肥量、作物养分吸收量、农田养分盈余量以及土壤养分残留状况,对不同轮作模式农田养分平衡及残留特性进行了分析评价。结果表明,水稻-大蒜轮作模式下有机肥和氮肥的投入量显著高于其他模式,水稻-蔬菜作物轮作模式的磷肥投入量显著高于其他模式;不同轮作模式间土壤养分残留差异性以硝态氮最为突出：水稻-大蒜轮作条件下土壤硝态氮残留量达43.4mg.kg-1,明显高于其他轮作模式;10种轮作模式均处于养分盈余状态,以水稻-大蒜轮作模式养分盈余量最大,为1258.8kgN.hm-2和1472.7kgP2O5.hm-2;养分盈余量差异主要凸现在小春季作物上;土壤中易流失的硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷与氮磷肥的投入量和养分盈余均呈显著相关。表明水稻-大蒜和水稻-蔬菜轮作是洱海流域农田环境污染风险较高的种植模式,需要重点防控。     

半旱地不同栽培模式及施氮下农田土壤养分表观平衡状况研究

以在陕西关中地区连续7年的夏玉米冬小麦轮作体系定位试验为对象,采用养分投入量与作物养分携出表观平衡法分析了不同栽培模式及施氮量下土壤氮磷钾养分的平衡状况及其与土壤养分含量间的关系。结果表明,两种秸秆覆盖的模式（即覆草模式和垄沟模式）土壤氮磷钾养分的亏缺状况均较常规模式及控水模式低,说明秸秆还田在平衡土壤养分状况方面具有重要作用。当施氮量为每季N 120 kg/hm2时,土壤氮素基本达平衡状况;而施氮量达N 240 kg/hm2时,土壤氮素盈余量显著增加,平均达1471 kg/hm2。不同处理土壤氮平衡值与土壤 02 m剖面累积的硝态氮以及土壤磷、钾的总平衡值与土壤有效磷及速效钾间呈极显著正相关,土壤氮平衡值每增加100 kg/hm2,02 m土壤剖面硝态氮累积量增加约 38.3 kg/hm2;土壤磷、钾的平衡值每降低 100 kg/hm2,土壤有效磷和速效钾含量分别降低约 3.5 mg/kg和1.0 mg/kg,说明农田养分平衡盈亏决定了土壤养分的消长规律。     

川中丘陵区不同利用方式的土壤养分特征研究

通过实地调查、土壤采样分析和数理统计结合的方法，对川中丘陵区5种土地利用方式（水田、旱地、菜地、林地和荒草地）的土壤养分状况进行对比分析，结果表明．土地利用方式对土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量的影响达极显著（或显著）水平；在5种土地利用方式中．土壤有机质和全氮含量由高到低的顺序为：水田〉林地〉菜地〉旱地〉荒草地；土壤全钾和速效钾含量由高到低的顺序为：水田〉菜地〉旱地〉林地〉荒草地；土壤全磷含量由高到低的顺序为：菜地〉旱地〉林地〉水田〉荒草地。     

25年来种植业结构调整驱动的县域养分平衡状况的变化——以山东惠民县为例

本文以山东省惠民县为例,采用1984年全国第二次土壤普查和2004年土壤调查的实测数据以及历年农户调查结果和统计数据,系统分析了过去25年来惠民县种植业结构调整对该县养分平衡和土壤养分特征的影响。结果表明,惠民县种植业结构由以粮棉为主演变为以棉粮菜为主;该县的养分平衡状况为氮盈余6089～19405t,磷盈余259～7001t,钾亏缺2532～6712t;该县土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、速效磷含量分别增加了57%、22%、303%,速效钾含量则降低了6%。种植业结构的改变影响了农田氮、磷、钾养分的投入,进而影响到整个县域的养分收支平衡和土壤的养分含量,因此如何合理进行作物种植布局并优化不同种植体系的施肥技术将成为今后区域农业生产优质高效的主要方向。     

鲁北低平原内陆盐碱地不同种植方式对土壤理化性质的影响

采用农户调查和室内试验相结合的方式,研究内陆盐碱地农田管理方式对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,作物种植方式主要有小麦—玉米轮作、小麦—棉花轮作、西瓜—棉花套种、玉米—大豆间作和春玉米单作5种。这5种种植方式的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾平均含量分别为20.1,60.1,106.2和170.2mg/kg,不同种植方式间差异显著,西瓜—棉花套种方式的养分含量最高。不同种植方式下,土壤碱解氮含量最高值仅为70.2mg/kg,应适当增施氮肥;土壤速效磷含量平均值高于作物所需磷含量15mg/kg,应适当减少磷肥的施用;土壤速效钾平均值为170.2mg/kg,应根据作物对钾的需求特点,控制钾肥的使用。     

宁南旱区不同草粮轮作方式中前茬对春小麦产量和土壤性状的影响

2003-2005年在宁南旱区将10年生苜蓿耕翻后进行了9种轮作方式的试验,研究不同轮作方式中前茬对第三年春小麦产量、土壤养分、pH值和酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同轮作方式下的第三年春小麦产量及土壤养分、pH值、酶活性各指标间差异性达到显著水平。0-60 cm土层有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾平均含量均下降,降幅分别为0.05~2.24 g/kg,0.019~0.325 g/kg,0.118~12.280 mg/kg和8.87~166.88 mg/kg,pH值下降0.03~0.31。前一二年轮作作物对水肥料的消耗有叠加效应,且随耕作年限递减。轮作第一年作物对养分的消耗是主要的,而且作物种类不同,消耗量不同。第一年为春小麦的轮作方式对土壤氮素和磷素消耗最少,为谷子时次之,为马铃薯时最多。谷子是喜钾作物,前茬有谷子参与时对土壤速效钾消耗最多,有马铃薯时次之,有春小麦时最少。3种类型作物搭配组合的轮作方式,土壤有机质和速效磷含量降低最多。轮作方式中马铃薯和谷子产量高,耗水量大,导致土壤盐碱性保持较高水平。作物连作导致土壤脲酶活性降幅较大,马铃薯连作使碱性磷酸酶活性降低,禾本科作物连作的土壤蔗糖酶活性较高。     

辽西北沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分空间分布特征及间作效应

[目的] 研究辽西北沙地农林复合系统土壤养分的空间分布及其效应，从土壤养分角度探讨果农间作系统中果树和农作物对土壤养分的相互作用关系，为该区农林复合系统的可持续经营提供科学合理的依据。[方法] 以苹果与花生间作、花生单作、苹果单作为研究对象，对0-60 cm土层深度，0-300 cm水平距离范围内土壤养分含量进行测定和分析。[结果] 沙地间作系统中土壤有机质、速效钾极缺乏，全氮、碱解氮很缺乏，全磷缺乏，有效磷含量中等；间作系统在水平方向上，苹果树和花生植株对总养分有机质、氮、磷的竞争激烈位点位于果树带区，对有效养分氮、磷、钾的竞争激烈位点位于近果树作物区；在垂直方向上，各养分总体表现出了表聚性，间作系统对有机质、有效磷的竞争主要位于深土层，对全磷、速效钾的竞争主要位于表土层，对全氮、碱解氮表现为合作效应，表土层效应更高；与苹果单作、花生单作相比较，间作系统速效钾和有效磷含量呈现负效应。[结论] 沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分贫瘠，应在果树带区施用有机肥、磷肥，作物区施入钾肥，以减轻养分竞争，提高养分效应。     

芝麻、花生和田菁秸秆还田的化感效应研究

采用盆栽模拟实验研究了具化感作用的芝麻（Sesamum indicum）、花生（Arachis hypogaea）和田菁（Sesbania cannabina）秸秆全株还田对萝卜（Raphanus sativus）、黑麦草（Lolium multiforum）和黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）生长及土壤养分状况的影响,旨在评价秸秆还田释放养分与化感作用对后茬作物幼苗生长效应的综合影响。结果表明：秸秆还田能改善土壤养分状况,对后茬作物幼苗生长具有较好的促进作用。3种作物秸秆还田促进幼苗生长的大小顺序为花生秸秆〉田菁秸秆〉芝麻秸秆〉对照,其中芝麻秸秆对土壤速效磷、速效钾含量提高最大,而花生和田菁秸秆对土壤有机质、全氮的贡献值远远高于另两种处理。3种秸秆还田均对后茬作物幼苗生长和土壤养分具有促进作用,其释放的养分因子占主导作用,而化感作用并未明显表现出阻碍后茬作物幼苗生长。可能原因在于秸秆还田后导致较高pH和土壤养分利于植物生长,并影响了秸秆化感物质的活性和化感作用的发挥。     

黄土丘陵草地土壤营养元素含量迁移及分布

系统研究黄土丘陵草地土壤理化性质、草地和农地营养元素迁移与富集,以及土壤养分剖面分布特征的基础上,试验结果表明:黄绵土、灰钙土及黑垆土为黄土丘陵区主要土壤类型;（2）黑垆土与黄绵土土壤颗粒组成含量差异较大,黑垆土成壤过程有隐粘化现象;（3）黑垆土表层及深层养分含量普遍高于黄绵土;（4）土壤养分在坡面与土壤剖面呈指数分布,土壤有效N、P、K含量北坡>西南>南坡;（5）提高草地生产力,防治土壤肥力退化的根本途径是增加草地养分输入,（6）提高豆科牧草对土壤深层养分的利用,可实现“生物聚肥”效应,培肥土壤。     

NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND USE EFFICIENCY BY TROPICAL LEGUME COVER CROPS AT VARYING PH OF AN OXISOL

Oxisols comprise large soil group in tropical America. These soils are acidic and have low fertility. Use of tropical legume cover crops in cropping systems is an important strategy to improve fertility of these soils for sustainable crop production. Data are limited on nutrient uptake and use efficiency of tropical cover crops under different acidity levels. The objective of our study was to evaluate growth and nutrient uptake parameters of sixteen tropical legume cover crops under three soil pH (5.1, 6.5, and 7.0) of an Oxisol. Shoot dry weight was influenced significantly by pH and cover crop treatments and their interactions, indicating that cover crops used had differential responses to changing soil pH levels. Overall, shoot dry weight decreased when soil pH was raised from 5.1 to 7.0, indicating acidity tolerance of cover crops. Nutrient concentration (content per unit of dry weight), uptake (concentration X dry weight), and nutrient use efficiency (dry weight of shoot per unit of nutrient uptake) varied significantly among cover crops. The variation in nutrient uptake and use efficiency among cover crop species was associated with variation in shoot dry matter production. Significant variation among crop species in dry matter production and low C/N ratios (average value of 14.25) suggest that cover crops which produced higher dry matter yield like white jack bean, gray mucuna bean, black mucuna bean, mucuna bean ana, and lablab are important choices for planting in tropical soils to recover large amount of macro and micronutrients, and to prevent such nutrient leaching in soil plant systems.     

Light Intensity Effects on Growth and Micronutrient Uptake by Tropical Legume Cover Crops

ABSTRACT

Cover crops are important components of a sustainable crop-production system in plantation crops such as cacao (theobroma cacao), coffee (Coffee arabica), oil palm (Elaeis Spp.), and banana (Musa Spp.). Optimal growth of cover crops in plantation agriculture is determined by adaptability of crop species, light intensity reaching their leaf canopies, and their nutrient-use efficiencies, including those of micronutrients. An experiment was conducted in a climatically controlled growth chamber to evaluate the influence of levels of light intensity on growth and micronutrient [boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] uptake parameters in legume cover crops. Two photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 200 and 400 μmol m^?2 s^?1) light treatments were imposed on nine legume species (joint vetch (Aeschynomene americana), sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), Crotalaria rchroleuca, showy crotalaria (crotalaria spectabilis), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsute L.), lab-lab (Lablab purpureus), sesbania (Sesbania microcarpa), Brazilian stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)). Overall, light intensity significantly affected growth, micronutrient uptake, and use-efficiency ratios; with few exceptions, interactions between cover crop species and PPFD were also significant. Such PPFD × crop species interactions show that the cover crops used in this study differed in growth and nutrient-uptake parameters under the conditions imposed. Sunhemp, cowpea, sesbania, and lab-lab species were superior in producing shoot dry weight and in nutrient accumulation compared with other species at lower as well as at higher PPFD levels. Interspecific differences in nutrient influx and transport were observed. Influx and transport of micronutrients was in the order Mn > B > Fe > Zn > Cu. Overall, growth, nutrient uptake, and use-efficiency ratios were higher at higher PPFD than at lower PPFD. Results of this study indicate that the use of proper crop species at adequate light intensities is an important component of successful cultivation of cover crops in plantation agriculture.     

Analysis of Foliage Phosphorus Requirements of Radiata Pine Plantations

Monitoring of foliage nutrients in forest plantations is used as a method to identify nutritional problems and recommend ameliorations. A requirement is the development of nutrient bench marks and these are usually a single concentration based on the level at which symptoms appear. The critical level is defined as 90% of optimum growth below which it is expected that growth responses to applied nutrients would be obtained. The phosphorus critical level at different ages in radiata pine has been developed showing a decline with age from 0.18% P at 2 years to 0.12% after 15 years. A typical standard level applied is 0.14% P which would underestimate young stands and overestimate older stands. Routine assessments in plantations show patterns of decline in P over time, on some soils they generally remain above the critical levels, others below, and some move into deficiency with time.     

陵县试区土壤速效磷、钾养分的演变浅析

本文研究了山东省陵县土壤养分定位监测试区土壤速效磷、钾养分随时间的变异。结果表明,1992～2002年10年间,耕层土壤速效磷含量呈上升趋势,增加0 33mg L-1 a-1;而土壤速效钾含量呈下降趋势,降低1 52mg L-1 a-1。土壤速效磷和速效钾养分时间变异趋势与土壤磷养分平衡处于盈余状态和钾养分平衡处于亏缺状况有关,土壤 作物系统内磷素(P)盈余平均为38 6kg hm-2 a-1,其实际平衡盈余率大大超过合理的范围,磷肥用量明显偏高,未得到合理高效利用;而钾素(K)亏缺平均为95 7kg hm-2 a-1,其实际平衡亏缺率略低于允许平衡亏缺率,若试区土壤钾素长期处于亏缺状态,会明显降低土壤供钾能力。     

华北冬绿肥作物二月兰的营养特征研究

二月兰可作为冬季绿肥作物引入华北地区农田种植,与春玉米等作物形成良好的粮肥复种体系,在华北地区有着广阔前景.本试验调查分析了二月兰从返青到成熟的养分含量及累积状况,结果表明,二月兰植株体的养分含量较高,盛花期其干物质氮、磷、钾含量分别为2.99％、0.42％和2.99％,且产量较高.二月兰对氮、钾的累积量大,对磷的累积量较小.盛花期二月兰的养分已累计完成了总量的86.3％～94.0％,是进行翻压的最适宜时期.二月兰的养分累积过程符合Logistic方程y=k/(1 +ae-bx),氮、磷、钾最大累积速率出现的先后顺序为磷最早、氮次之、钾最晚.     

Management practices of macronutrients for potato for smallholder farming system at alluvial soil (Entisols) of India

In the present study, seven fertilizer treatments [T₁, 50% NPK; T₂, 100% NPK (Recommended dose of fertilizer, 200–65.4–124.5 kg N-P-K ha^?1); T₃, 150% NPK; T₄, 100% PK; T₅, 100% NK; T₆, 100% NP and T₇, control (zero NPK)] with four replications were assessed in the new alluvial soil zone (Entisols) of West Bengal, India. The objectives of the study were to generate information on potato productivity, profitability, indigenous nutrient supply and net gain/loss of NPK in post-harvest soil. Plants grown under higher NPK supply resulted in higher tuber yield and there were significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in total yield with nutrient omissions. Nutrient?limited yields were 19.78, 2.83 and 1.77 t ha^?1 for N, P and K, considering total tuber yield (28.24 t ha^?1) obtained under 100% NPK as targeted yield. Indigenous nutrient supply of N, P and K were estimated at 24.1, 22.34 and 110.22 kg ha^?1, respectively that indicates higher K?supplying capacity of experimental soil as compared to N and P. Net income (US$1349 ha^?1 year^?1) and B:C ratio (1.91) was highest with 100% NPK, and further addition of NPK (150%) resulted in decrease on net return (US$1193 ha^?1 year^?1) and B:C ratio (1.73).     

兴电灌区主要带田养分循环与平衡研究

以兴电灌区6种主要带田种植模式为对象,采用田间实地调查,在典型地块划定小区按籽粒、秸秆和根茬三部分测重并取样分析化验的方法,研究了各模式的养分输入与输出状况及其养分循环与平衡特征。结果表明:除小麦/黄豆带田出现氮亏空外,其它5种带田种植模式的氮、磷、钾循环都是良好的,但其平衡条件是有足够的农家肥投入和有豆科作物的共生固氮。农家肥提供了总氮量4.62%~8.93%、总磷量17.34%~22.31%、总钾量72.61%~82.07%的养分;豆科作物提供了总氮量14.08%~42.45%的养分;化肥氮和磷占其养分输入总量的52.27%~76.06%和61.40%~70.91%;由降水和灌水携入的N,P,K分别占其养分输入总量的8.35%~12.04%,3.72%~7.74%和9.20%~17.48%。从施肥结构来看,6种带田种植模式的氮、磷、钾养分输入比例极不合理,在生产上应提倡"控氮、增磷"策略,同时注重化学钾肥的施用,并推行秸秆还田和高茬收割技术,以提高养分循环再利用的效率。     

缺苞箭竹密度对叶片养分动态和养分利用效率的影响

The monthly dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and stocks in leaves, resorption efficiency, and resorption proficiency as well as leaf-level use efficiency, nutrient productivity, and mean residence time were studied to understand the effect of stem density of dwarf bamboo (Fargesia denudata Yi) on leaf-level N and P use efficiency in three dwarf bamboo stands with different stem densities under bamboo-fir (Picea purpurea Mast.) forest over one growing period in the Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. Dwarf bamboo density had little effect on the dynamics pattern of both N and P concentrations, stocks, resorption efficiency, and resorption proficiency, but strongly affected their absolute values and leaf-level use efficiency. Higher density stands stored more nutrients but had lower concentrations. There was a clear difference in the resorption of limiting nutrient (N) and non-limiting nutrient (P) among the stands. Phosphorus resorption efficiency, N resorption proficiency, and P resorption proficiency increased with increase of stem density, but no significant variation of N resorption efficiency was found among the stands. Moreover, the higher density stands used both N and P more efficiently with higher N productivity and higher P mean residence time, respectively. Higher P productivity was found in the lower density stands, but there was no clear variation in the N mean residence time among stands. These suggested that the higher density stands may have more efficient strategies for utilizing nutrients, especially those which are limiting.     

Dry matter production and nutrient accumulation in Crotalaria spectabilis shoots

Among Crotalaria L. species, Crotalaria spectabilis stands out for its good adaptation to various production systems in the Brazilian cerrado, high nutrient cycling, reduction of weeds incidence, and antagonistic action on the nematode population. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize dry matter production and macronutrient accumulation in plant shoots at different growth and development stages. The experimental design consisted of random blocks, with 12 cutting times and 5 repetitions. At each collection, the plants were divided into leaves, stems?+?branches, pods, and seeds, for macronutrient level determination. The stem?+?branches are the primary drain on nutrients during the formation of reproductive structures. Macronutrient concentration in the shoots exhibited the following order: K?>?N>Ca?>?P>Mg?>?S and the order of nutrient export in seeds was N?>?K>P?>?Ca?>?S>Mg. Cutting aimed at nutrient supply to the soil should be conducted before pod formation, and at the end of the cycle for biomass production.