桤木、马褂木在鄂西山区水土保持建设中的应用

摘要：为了增加鄂西山区水土保持林树种,促进区域林业项目建设和林种结构调整,本文选择桤木、马褂木、多土树种营建水土保持试验林,以生长量、郁闭度、根系生长量、地表枯枝落叶量等因子进行对比分析。结果表明：桤木、马褂木适应鄂西山区造林环境,成活率高,生长较快,林分郁闭快,根系发达,地表枯枝落叶量大,有良好水土保持和水源涵养能力;抚育管理难和成本低,经济效益较显著,能在鄂西山区水土保持建设中发挥示范作用。     

森林公益机能与林分结构关系的解析（Ⅶ）

一、前言关于森林公益机能的计量化方法,是以地下1m深处的粗孔隙量为水土保持机能指标,以A_0层的枯枝落叶和腐植质的总重量为洪水防止机能指标,以枯枝落叶的覆盖率为表面浸蚀防止机能指标,来作为各森林公     

黄土高原几种枯枝落叶吸水机理研究

用浸水法研究了枯枝落叶吸水机理。结果表明：枯枝落叶的吸水过程有３个特点：开始浸水时吸水量和吸水率大；浸水３ｈ后吸水率变小；２４ｈ基本保持不变。吸水的动态模型不因枯枝落叶种类而变化，均为二次抛物线，该方程有极大值，此值是反映枯枝落叶水文特性的主要特征值。     

陕北黄土丘陵区油松林枯枝落叶层蓄积量及其动态变化

枯枝落叶层作为土壤覆盖层(A层),对防止雨滴的直接击溅,降低水流速度,抑制土壤蒸发,促进降水入渗,控制水土流失,均有重要的作用,是继林冠之后森林水文效应的第二个活动层。研究并查明枯枝落叶层的蓄积量及其动态变化,将为确切评价林分的水文生态功能,合理经营水源涵养林和水土保持林提供科学依据;同时,对研究生态系统的物质循环,也有重要意义。     

黄土高原人工油松林枯枝落叶层的水土保持功能研究

自 1 8 68年巴乌尔研究栎类林枯枝落叶层的持水性以来 (苏宁虎 ,1 989) ,各国科研人员先后开展了森林枯枝落叶层截留降水、持水特性等方面的研究 (刘向东等 ,1 989;杨吉华等 ,1 993;Ｌａｗｓ,1 941 )。特别是黄土高原 ,植被稀少 ,人为活动剧烈 ,降雨集中 ,且雨强大 ,加之黄土的易蚀特性 ,水土流失十分严重 ,生态环境非常脆弱。 1 999年 ,江泽民总书记提出“再造一个山川秀美的西北地区” ,为本区的生态环境建设指明了方向。本项研究以人工油松林枯枝落叶层为对象 ,系统的研究了它的多项水土保持功能 (吴钦孝等 ,1 992 ;苏宁虎 ,1 988;Ｊａｋ…     

辽东山区主要林型枯枝落叶凋落量及分解转化率研究

以辽东地区三种主要林型一红松林、杂木林和柞树林为研究对象，研究三种林型枯枝落叶年凋落量及分解转化率。研究结果如下：1）三种林型中全年枯枝落叶凋落量以杂木林2．93t／hm2为最大，其次为红松林，柞树林内最小。2）凋落物量的季节性变化不同，阔叶树种（杂木林和柞树林）呈现出双峰状态（分别在5月份左右和10月份左右），针叶树种（红松林）呈现出单峰状态（10月份左右）。3）枯枝落叶组成成分中以枯叶占最多，其次为枯枝，繁殖体和其他。4）枯枝落叶分解转化率祚树林内最高为80．08％，杂木林内最低为76．38％。     

水土保持林的密度调控

以长江中上游地区的马尾松水土保持林为对象 ,从林分结构、林分生物产量的角度出发 ,通过研究马尾松水土保持林乔木层中枝叶生物量、林下植被生物量和枯枝落叶层生物量与林分密度 (株数密度或郁闭度 )之间的数学模型 ,提出了水土保持林经营的最适郁闭度为 0 .6 8,并编制出了马尾松水土保护林的最适经营密度数表。     

滇中高原区主要森林类型枯枝落叶层对降雨的截留功能

枯枝落叶层是森林植被对降雨再分配的第２作用层，也是对土壤发育具有重要影响的层次。在实测本区主要森林类型枯枝落叶量及其持水能力的基础上，采用１００ｍ２最大截留能力、１００ｇ枯枝落叶最大持水能力及最大持水率等指标对不同森林类型枯枝落叶量、组成及其发育情况进行了综合评价。     

防火林带景观树种枯落物的高效降解真菌筛选及效果评估

[目的]为森林防火和枯枝落叶的循环利用，筛选和优化菌株，并应用于防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶的降解。[方法]采用树种枯枝落叶叶片条降解法、降解失重法筛选出强降解菌株，再比较强降解菌株混合联用的降解失重效果，选出强降解菌株的混合联用组合，并分析其对枯枝落叶的降解效果和作用。[结果]通过比较11菌株对12种防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶的降解效果，筛选出绵皮卧孔菌(Pp)、康宁木霉(Tk₁)和云芝(Pv)等3株强降解菌株；3菌株单用及联用对檫树、红叶石楠和木荷枯枝落叶降解失重率分别为54.3%±2.3%和62.1%±3.3%。[结论]筛选出的3菌株单用及联用组合，Pp+Pv、Pv+Tk₁和Pp+Tk₁对防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶有明显的降解效果，可用于苏南丘陵山区的防火和枯枝落叶处理工作。     

不同密度杂种落叶松枯枝落叶营养元素的动态特征

对4种造林密度杂种落叶松枯枝落叶做了分解试验，对不同分解时期枯枝落叶中的N、P、K等元素进行了测定，结果显示：造林密度对枯枝落叶中氮、钾元素的初始含量有显著影响，而对其他元素影响不显著。枯枝落叶中的氮、钾、钙和镁元素在分解的第一年下降较快，而磷则是第二年的减少量高于第一年。造林密度为3300株/hm2和4400株/hm2的林分，在枯枝落叶的分解过程中，各养分浓度的减少量较大，密度过大或过小都不利于养分的归还。     

自然侵入阔叶树对琉球松人工林碳素及氮素动态的影响

对日本冲绳岛北部相同土壤条件下的琉球松纯林及其混交林的土壤氮素及有机碳素、地表凋落物量、枯枝落叶量以及土壤氮素矿化速率进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,琉球松纯林的地表凋落物层氮、碳平均贮量分别为133kg·hm- 2 和 7199kg·hm- 2 ,混交林则分别为 10 5kg·hm- 2 和 6 14 3kg·hm- 2 。然而 ,混交林地表 10cm矿质土层的氮、碳贮量则显著高于纯林 ,氮素比纯林多 4 93kg·hm- 2 ,碳素多 5 5 5 4kg·hm- 2 。在 30d的实验室培养实验中 ,混交林表层土壤的氮素矿化速率高于纯林 18% ;而且 ,混交林的落叶和土壤的碳氮比值亦明显低于松纯林。混交林土壤的年平均矿化氮素 (NH4 NO3- )浓度高于纯林 2 2 %。与松纯林相比 ,混交林通过枯枝落叶年平均氮素归还量多 4 3 7kg·hm- 2 ,碳素归还量多 16 5 5kg·hm- 2 。混交林具有较高的氮素归还量 ,主要是混交林的针叶含氮含量较高以及大量的高含氮量的阔叶落叶所致。上述结果充分说明针阔混交导致了林分氮素循环的变化。     

Some nutrient dynamics associated with litterfall and litter decomposition in hoop pine plantations of southeast Queensland, Australia

Litterfall was collected over a 12-month period with littertraps in hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations aged 10, 14 and 62 years in southeast Queensland, Australia. The bulk of litterfall occurred during spring, mainly as hoop pine foliage with the annual litterfall ranging between 6.0 and 10.9 t ha⁻¹, respectively, for the younger stands (10 and 14 years) and the mature 62-year old stand. The amount of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) recycled annually through litterfall was lower in the younger stands (28–37 kg N ha⁻¹ and 4.4–5.3 kg P ha⁻¹) compared with that of the mature stand (85 N ha⁻¹ and 6.2 kg P ha⁻¹). The N and P retranslocated during senescence varied across the three stands studied with a trend for N and P retranslocation to increase as availability of soil mineral-N decreased.

Decomposition of the hoop pine foliage component of litter was also studied in the same stands using a litterbag technique and mass-balance analysis. The estimated half-life of hoop pine foliage mass ranged between 1.5 and 1.8 years. Litter-mass loss was strongly correlated with litter substrate quality indicators of N, C, P, C/N ratio, lignin, lignin/N ratio and polyphenols. During the course of the study, there was no difference in litter-mass loss between the stands of different ages. During the 15-month period, the order of element release from the hoop pine litter was K>Na>C>Mg>P, with N, Ca and Mn generally demonstrating varying degrees of net accumulation. During the course of the study, the lignin/C ratio of the hoop pine litter increased from 0.61 to 0.96. This suggested that the litter-C was predominantly in a recalcitrant form and, therefore, the associated N was unlikely to be rapidly released in the hoop pine litter layer.     

Comparison of litterfall production in three forest types in Jeju Island,South Korea

Litterfall, which is influenced by physical and biological factors, is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to investigate monthly litterfall production in three forests in Jeju Island differentiated by forest composition and precipitation: Cheongsu(Quercus glauca as the dominant species;low precipitation), Seonheulb(Q. glauca as the dominant species;high precipitation), and Seonheulm(Q. glauca and Pinus thunbergii as the dominant species;high precipitation). Litterfall was collected monthly from April to December 2015 and divided into leaf litter, twig, bark, seeds, and unidentified materials.Seasonal patterns of litterfall production varied across stands according to their species composition. However,the amount of leaf litterfall and total litterfall were comparable among stands, ranging from 362 to 375 g m-2 for leaf litter and 524 g m-2 to 580 g m-2 for total litterfall.Oak leaf litter in May was the highest in all stands, while needle litter was the highest in December in Seonheulm.High twig litterfall in July may be attributable to high rainfall with strong winds and storms during the rainy season. Although forest type and climate factor had no influence on litterfall amounts in this study, the pattern of litterfall production was species dependent, suggesting diverse effects on carbon and nutrient cycling in these forests.     

Seasonal and spatial variation of nitrogen dynamics in the litter and surface soil layers on a tropical dry evergreen forest slope

Seasonal and spatial variability of litterfall and NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ leaching from the litter layer and 5-cm soil depth were investigated along a slope in a tropical dry evergreen forest in northeastern Thailand. Using ion exchange resin and buried bag methods, the vertical flux and transformation of inorganic nitrogen (N) were observed during four periods (dry, early wet, middle wet, and late wet seasons) at 15 subplots in a 180-m × 40-m rectangular plot on the slope. Annual N input via litterfall and inorganic N leached from the litter layer and from 5-cm depth soil were 12.5, 6.9, and 3.7 g N m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively, whereas net mineralization and the inorganic N pool in 0–5-cm soil were 7.1 g N m⁻² year⁻¹ and 1.4 g N m⁻², respectively. During the early wet season (90 days), we observed 82% and 74% of annual NO₃⁻ leaching from the litter layer and 5-cm soil depth, respectively. Higher N input via leaf litterfall in the dry season and via precipitation in the early wet season may have led to higher NO₃⁻ leaching rate from litter and surface soil layers during the early wet season. Large spatial variability in both NO₃⁻ vertical flux and litterfall was also observed within stands. Small-scale spatial patterns of total N input via litterfall were significantly correlated with NO₃⁻ leaching rate from the surface soil layer. In tropical dry evergreen forests, litterfall variability may be crucial to the remarkable seasonal changes and spatial variation in annual NO₃⁻ vertical flux in surface soil layers.     

Fine litterfall and nutrient dynamics during forest regrowth in the humid subtropics of north-eastern India

Fine litterfall and nutrient return patterns were studied in three subtropical humid forest stands (7-, 13- and 16-year old), regrowing after selective tree cutting in north-eastern India. The seasonality of fine litterfall was unimodal, with a peak during spring and a trough during rainy season in the forest regrowths of three different ages. The rate of fine litterfall increased with increasing basal area of the woody vegetation during forest regrowth. Leaf litter accounted for 83% of the total litterfall. N concentration was maximum during autumn and minimum during rainy season; nutrient concentrations were highest in the leaf litter. Seasonal variation in P concentration was small. Maximum and minimum input of N and P to the forest floor through fine litter coincided with the respective periods of litter production.     

试论火与兴安落叶松种子发芽条件的关系

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)自然分布区大兴安岭的立地条件和种子发芽条件的特殊性,导致了兴安落叶松天然更新的特殊性。瘠薄的棕色针叶林土,生长季短、冬季漫长以及土壤表层较厚的死地被物层增加了天然更新的难度。然而兴安落叶松的天然更新效果却是令人满意的。兴安落叶松在母树林冠下更新良好,只是在某些林型如草类落叶松林的成熟林冠下更新不良;而在3—10年的择伐迹地和火烧迹地上平均每公顷有13500株幼树。大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松火烧迹地天然更新良好的奥秘何在?火灾后兴安落叶松的种子发芽条件如何?火灾在这方面的作用是什么?作者从天然更新的关键之一——种子     

Development of a numerical model for evaluating the effect of litter layer on evaporation

A numerical model (LITEM) to evaluate the effect of the litter layer on evaporation was developed and used to estimate evaporation, soil temperature and soil water content. This model includes a sub-model to estimate the resistance of the litter layer to evaporation with its thickness and volumetric water content. The resistance of the litter layer to evaporation increases as volumetric water content of the litter layer decreases and as its thickness increases. Evaporation data in a deciduous broad-leaved forest measured using microlysimeter was simulated by the LITEM. The simulation showed good agreement with the measurement, and sound performance of the sub-model in simulation was also certified. According to the measurement for 2 days, evaporation from soil of 1.5 cm and 2 cm litter layers to that from bare soil was reduced to 47% and 61%, respectively. Loss of soil water content in three soils (bare soil, 1.5 cm litter layer and 2 cm litter layer) by evaporation was simulated by the LITEM, and the LITEM reasonably expressed the trend of volumetric soil water content. The simulated soil temperatures also showed good agreement with the field data.     

Decomposition of litter and soil organic matter—can we distinguish a mechanism for soil organic matter buildup?

This synthesis paper presents a model for estimating the buildup of soil organic matter in various types of coniferous forests. The knowledge used was obtained from a well‐studied forest with good Iitterfall data, decomposition information and validation measurements of the soil organic matter layer. By constructing a simple model for litterfall, and the information on maximum decomposition levels for litter, we could estimate the annual increase in soil organic matter and extend this to encompass stand age. The validation measurement and the estimated amount of soil organic matter differed by about 8 or 26% over a 120‐yr period, depending on the litterfall model. The estimated increased storage of soil organic matter as a consequence of climate change was found to be drastic. We thus found that the soil organic matter layer would grow about four times as fast as a result of the needle component only. This estimate was based on a comparison between latitudes with a difference of 17°.     

欧亚大陆地上森林凋落物的研究

根据一个包括471个林分的森林凋落物数据库,本文对欧亚大陆森林生态系统的凋落物产量进行了估计。结果表明:欧亚大陆森林生态系统凋落物产量为每年6.53 Pg (1 Pg = 1015g),其中二分之一发生在热带和亚热带森林,三分之一发生在寒带森林,剩余的发生在温带森林。因此,在欧亚大陆森林生态系统中,森林凋落物每年从森林植被转移大约2.94 Pg 碳到土壤亚系统。表3参18。 关键词:碳流动;欧亚大陆森林;森林凋落物     

杉木乳源木莲混交对地力影响的初步研究

对１０年生乳源木莲与杉木的混交林及杉木纯林的林地枯枝落叶量及分解速率、土壤理化性质等进行调查分析。结果表明：混交林结构林地物理性质优于杉木纯林，土壤水稳性团聚体组成多，土壤疏松多孔；土壤有机质、全Ｎ、全Ｐ分别比杉木纯林提高１２．２％、１１．８％和４．５％，土壤速效养分（Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ）亦分别提高２９．６％、１０．５％、１０．１％，该混交对地力改良有积极作用。