籼稻体细胞无性系雄性不育突变体后代遗传及其恢保关系 …

对野败型保持系珍汕９７Ｂ、恢复系ＩＲ２４、ＩＲ２６和泰引１号等４个水稻材料的幼穗在不同的培养基上培养、再生植株及对其后代进行育性和测定鉴定及其它遗传分析,探讨了雄性不育变异株的恢保关系,结果表明：Ｄ ＩＲ２６、泰引１号和珍汕９７Ｂ的Ｒ１、Ｒ２群体中都获得了不同比率的雄性不育变异株。这些不育株的花粉败育可分为无花粉、典败、圆败和染败４种类型。     

野败型杂交水稻不育性及恢复性的遗传研究

用珍汕97A、珍汕97B、IR_(24)和明恢63为亲本,通过对F_2及回交等世代的分析,研究了野败型杂交水稻的不育性和恢复性的遗传方式,所得结果表明:野败型杂交水稻的不育性表现呈连续性变异,说明不育性是受多基因控制的数量性状。     

60Co γ射线辐照诱发创造水稻显性雄性核不育系

早籼品种浙9248干种子经300 Gy 60Co-γ射线辐照后,M1代植株的育性大幅下降,并出现了完全不育株.选用浙9248M1高不育株再经人工去雄后与G93-89杂交,所得杂种M2F1仍分离出雄性不育株.继续用浙9248回交,M3BC1-M6BC4群体中仍出现不育株与可育株,分离比为1:1.用早籼新品系浙辐504、H416,中籼新品系长丝软占、玉占,三系杂交籼稻保持系辐南B、351B及恢复系IR36、20964与BC2群体中的不育株杂交,所有杂交一代群体都出现不育株与可育株分离,比例接近1:1.此外,回交、杂交群体中分离出的可育株与不育株进行姐妹杂交,后代也按1:1分离出不育株与可育株.然而,所有可育株的后代,不管来自杂交、回交或是姐妹交,均未出现育性分离,表现正常可育.本实验所得的不育突变株及其衍生不育株的花药瘦小,花粉呈典败或圆败,自然结实率与套袋结实率很低.上述结果表明,诱发产生的不育系属显性雄性不育,由细胞核内单基因控制.     

~(60)Coγ射线辐照诱发创造水稻显性雄性核不育系

早籼品种浙 92 48干种子经 3 0 0Gy60 Co γ射线辐照后 ,M1代植株的育性大幅下降 ,并出现了完全不育株。选用浙 92 48M1高不育株再经人工去雄后与G93 89杂交 ,所得杂种M2 F1仍分离出雄性不育株。继续用浙 92 48回交 ,M3BC1 M6BC4群体中仍出现不育株与可育株 ,分离比为 1∶1。用早籼新品系浙辐 5 0 4、H41 6,中籼新品系长丝软占、玉占 ,三系杂交籼稻保持系辐南B、3 5 1B及恢复系IR3 6、2 0 964与BC2群体中的不育株杂交 ,所有杂交一代群体都出现不育株与可育株分离 ,比例接近 1∶1。此外 ,回交、杂交群体中分离出的可育株与不育株进行姐妹杂交 ,后代也按 1∶1分离出不育株与可育株。然而 ,所有可育株的后代 ,不管来自杂交、回交或是姐妹交 ,均未出现育性分离 ,表现正常可育。本实验所得的不育突变株及其衍生不育株的花药瘦小 ,花粉呈典败或圆败 ,自然结实率与套袋结实率很低。上述结果表明 ,诱发产生的不育系属显性雄性不育 ,由细胞核内单基因控制     

籼型“三系”杂交水稻雄性不育遗传理论的探讨

在“三系”配套之前,作者根据水稻的进化史,对野败不育材料所测品种的恢、保情况作了分析,认识到亲缘关系、生态差异和雄性不育的恢与保,存在着对立统一的辩证关系,从不育系的产生联想到恢复系的选育。后来从不同质源三系配套的明显差异,认为恢与保是相对的,恢复品种不局限于某一地区,其恢复基因也并不固定于某些品种中。实验证明,凡选用亲缘关系远、生态差异大的品种杂交,就容易找到保持系;反之,则容易测出恢复系。作者在1973年元月拟定的三系选育研究计划书中,曾提出要利用湖南的野败不育材料,与我国华南、台湾及东南亚热带地区的品种进行广泛测交筛选恢复系的方案,当年7月就发现了 IR24强恢复系,在我国首先实现籼型杂交水稻的“三系”配套,并较早地选出了威优、常优、南优、汕优、矮优一、二、三号等18个强优势组合。同时,提出了雄性不育遗传机理的初见,即“远缘(包括远距离)杂交、雄性不育的遗传,是决定于细胞质和细胞核的相互作用。如野生稻与栽培稻杂交,由于亲缘关系远,生态型差异大,质核不协调,其遗传信息就不能正常传递,从而破坏了花粉的正常发育,因此导致雄性不育;反之,育性则可恢复”。为了进一步证实,今后拟应用细胞遗传学、数量遗传学,生物化学、分子遗传学等方法,探索质核差异和互作的实质,以进一步了解雄性不育、杂种优势机理。     

1份~(60)Co-γ射线诱变玉米雄性不育突变体的遗传分析

为了研究一个新玉米雄性不育突变体的遗传模式,将~(60)Co-γ射线诱变选育的玉米K305雄性不育突变体姊妹交群体在不同地点、不同年份、不同季节种植,采用室内花粉镜检与田间调查相结合的方法进行育性鉴定。通过不育株姊妹交、测交及测交组合的自交和回交后代,进行细胞核效应分析;以具有正常细胞质的自交系为母本,育性完全恢复的测交种及姊妹交群体中的可育株为父本进行反交,对其反交的F1及F2进行细胞质效应分析。结果表明,不育株雄穗无花药外露,花药干瘪,败育彻底,不育性状稳定;姊妹交和回交后代育性分离比例为1∶1,自交后代育性分离比例为3∶1,不育性状表达与细胞质的改变无关。说明该突变体是由隐性单基因控制的可遗传的"无花粉型"细胞核雄性不育,为其进一步开发利用奠定了基础。     

籼型杂交稻不育系农A的选育

用珍汕９７Ｂ×钢枝占的后代与珍汕９７Ａ连续回交１８代育成的籼型杂交水稻不育系农Ａ,株高８３．７ｃｍ左右,播种至抽穗天数早季７５ｄ,晚季７６ｄ,株型紧凑,叶片数１４片,每穗粒数２４５．４粒,千粒重２３ｇ,长粒型,颖壳淡金色。自交结实率为０％,花粉总不育度９９．９９％,柱头外露率７５％左右,颖花张开角度较大、异交率高、繁殖制种产量高。经与多个恢复系配组,其产量及构成产量因素的性状的配合力均较强。     

一种基于花器形态特征、育性、恢保关系和分子标记的新型甘蓝型油菜雄性不育材料的鉴定和分类

细胞质雄性不育(cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS)材料的创制已成为油菜(Brassica napus)遗传改良和杂种优势利用的有效手段.通过甘蓝型油菜品种Pfnergy(PF)与陇油2号(Longyou 2)的杂交,在后代中发现了植物学形态特征不同于油菜品种玻里马(Polima cytoplasmic male sterility,Pol CMS)的雄性不育材料PL (Pfnergy×Longyou 2)CMS.为了明确PL CMS不育系是否为一种不同于现有雄性不育系的新型不育材料,本研究以Pol CMS和Ogura不育系(Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility,Ogu CMS)为对照,分别从花器表型特征、不育性、恢保关系和DNA分子标记这4个方面进行了对比分析.结果表明,雄性不育系PL CMS的植物学形态特征与Ogu CMS和Pol CMS的不同.PL CMS的不育株率和不育度都达到了100％,而Ogu CMS的不育株率和不育度分别是98.5％和99.71％,Pol 5A的不育株率和不育度分别是93.84％和99.36％.PL CMS的恢保关系与Pol CMS、Ogu CMS的完全不同.Pol CMS的保持系和恢复系都是PL CMS和Ogu CMS的保持系,而PL CMS的恢复系是Pol CMS和Ogu CMS的保持系,且Ebolite-04冬134和Ebleme-04冬151仅是PL CMS的恢复系.mtDNA的随机扩增多态性DNA(randomamplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)标记结果表明,研究中所用的3类不育系被聚为3类.研究表明,PLCMS为一种不同于Pol CMS和Ogu CMS的新型不育系,这一结果有助于扩大油菜种质资源的类型,避免不育材料的单一化和遗传脆弱性.     

快中子辐射诱导普通小麦细胞质雄性不育的研究

用１４ＭｅＶ快中子辐射（丰抗１３／抗锈７９１）Ｆ１代种子，诱发普通小麦雄性不育，获得了普通小麦细胞质雄性不育类型，并对其恢保关系和雄性不育小孢子败育的特点与提型不育类型作了比较研究，结果表明，普通小麦细胞质雄性不育的恢保关系和雄性小孢子败育的特点基本相同。     

水稻CMS-WA和CMS-Y育性恢复基因Rf3和Rf4的等位性分化

为了检测水稻第1染色体上恢复基因Rf3和第10染色体上恢复基因f4的等位性分化,利用8个携带Rf3基因座位,16个携带f4基因座位的染色体单片段代换系(chromosome single segment substitution line,SSSL)和华粳籼74(HJX74)为父本,野败型(WA)细胞质雄性不育系珍汕97A(ZsA)和Y型(Y)细胞质雄性不育系Y华农A(HnA)为母本杂交,采用分子标记辅助选择的方法,鉴定携带基因型Rf3rf3/Rf4rf4的F1杂种株并对其花粉和小穗育性进行考察.结果表明:(1)24个SSSLs和HJX74对于2个不育系的恢复力存在着显著的不同,携带Rf3基因座位的SSSLs恢复力均低于携带Rf4基因座位的SSSLs,并且低于对照品种HJX74;SSSL S6对于WA-CMS的花粉小穗育性分别为7.2％和15.5％,对于Y-CMS的花粉小穗育性分别为1.3％和12.4％,表现出最弱的恢复力;SSSLs S14-S18和SSSL S20对这2种不育系的平均花粉和小穗育性分别高于70％和85％,表现出较强的恢复力.(2)在恢复基因Rf3和Rf4基因座分别鉴定出3个和4个等位基因,由弱到强依次命名为Rf3-1、Rf3-2、Rf3-3和Rf4-1、Rf4-2、Rf4-3、Rf4-4,受体亲本HJX74的基因型为Rf3Rf3/Rf4Rf4,其Rf3的恢复性强于Rf4恢复性.(3)在HJX74的遗传背景下,WA型不育细胞质的可恢复性好于Y型不育细胞质.     

Sesbania spp., Aeschynomene indica and Crotalaria spp. are amide-exporters

Abstract

Extract

Leguminous plants consist of two groups, amide-exporting and ureide-exporting plants. The former legumes export a large fraction of fixed-N in the form of amides (asparagine and glutamine), and the latter legumes in the form of ureides (allantoic acid and allantoin). Another characteristic of the nodules is the enrichment in ¹⁵N. There are two types of legumes: one characterized by the enrichment with ¹⁵N in N₂-fixing nodules, in contrast to the other where the enrichment does not occur. The first investigation by Shearer et al. (1982) suggested that the nodules exporting fixed-N in the form of ureides were enriched in ¹⁵N unlike those exporting it in the form of amides. Soybeans, mungbean, and cowpea belong to the former group and groundnut, alfalfa, white clover to the latter. Although pea and faba bean were first classified into the latter group (Shearer et al. 1982), a recent investigation (Yoneyama 1988) showed that these nodules were also enriched in ¹⁵N.     

Genetic relationship and diversity of Mangifera indica L.: revealed through SCoT analysis

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most economically grown fruits in the tropical and subtropical areas around the world. In the present study, start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were employed to investigate the genetic diversity of 73 mango accessions obtained from Guangxi province, China. A total of 275 bands were amplified by thirty-four SCoT primers, of which 203 (73.82%) were polymorphic. Genetic similarity between accessions was in the range of 66.2–94.2% with an average of 78.8%. The observed highest genetic similarity value (94.2%) was found between ‘Ren Mian Mango’ and ‘Hong Hua Mango’, the observed lowest genetic similarity value (66.2%) was found between‘Xia Mao Xiang Mango’ and ‘India No. 15’. These coefficients were utilized to construct a dendrogram using the unweighted pair group of arithmetic means. All the accessions were grouped into four (A, B, C, D) clusters and correspond well with their geographical origin and their known history. These results have an important implication for mango’s rue germplasm characterization, improvement, management and conservation.     

外源硒对芒果硒含量及果实营养品质的影响

探讨叶面喷施和土施外源硒对芒果叶片和果实硒含量、果实矿质元素含量及营养品质的影响，以期为富硒芒果的安全生产提供理论依据和技术支持。以“桂热 82号”芒果为试材，叶面喷施以亚硒酸钠为硒源，设置0.0、25.0、50.0、100.0、150.0和 200.0 mg/L 6个浓度水平，于生理落果结束后，每 15 d喷施一次，连喷 2次。土施设置亚硒酸钠处理和硒酸钠处理，施肥量为 10 g/株，于花期沟施。结果表明，芒果叶片和果实中的硒含量随着叶面喷硒浓度的增加而递增。叶面喷施 50 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著提高果实 Vc含量，200 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著提高果实K、可滴定酸含量，100～ 200 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著降低果实Zn、Ca含量。土施相同量的亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠均可显著提高芒果叶片和果实硒含量。土施硒酸钠叶片和果实硒含量显著高于亚硒酸钠。土施 10 g/株亚硒酸钠显著降低果实 Ca、Mg含量，土施 10 g/株硒酸钠显著提高果实 K、Vc含量，降低果实 Ca含量。叶面喷硒和土壤施硒均可显著提高芒果叶片和果实硒含量，其中叶面喷硒提高幅度远大于土壤施硒提高幅度。土施硒酸钠比亚硒酸钠更容易被芒果吸收。富硒芒果生产上推荐叶面喷施 25.0～ 50.0 mg/L亚硒酸钠，或者土施 10 g/株硒酸钠。     

Collection and Characterization of Citrus indica Tanaka and C. macroptera Montr.: Wild Endangered Species of Northeastern India

Citrus indica and C. macroptera are the wild endangered species of Citrus occurring in northeastern India. Surveys were undertaken in this region for ascertaining distribution, studying variability and for collection of germplasm of these two species. C. indica, an endemic species of this region, was collected from the Citrus Gene Sanctuary located in buffer zone of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in the Garo hills of Meghalaya. In addition, a putative natural hybrid of C. indica and C. limon was collected for the first time from the south Garo hills. C. macroptera had much wider distribution and was collected from Mizoram and Meghalaya states. In Jantia hills of Meghalaya, natural populations of this species are in a highly threatened state. The two species were unevenly distributed all over the explored territory. Morphological characterization of leaves, fruits and seeds indicated the presence of sizable variability within collected accessions of these two Citrus species. Indigenous technical knowledge gathered on the use and socio-economic importance indicated commercial potential for these two species in northeastern India. However, lack of cultivation of these species and clearing of forest cover at an alarming rate has led to an urgent need to adopt complementary conservation strategies to safeguard these species and to ensure their availability for future utilization. A major emphasis on developing methods for their propagation, multiplication and regeneration in in situ and ex situ conditions is required.     

马兰黄酮类化合物的提取及其抗氧化活性

为了探索以亚临界水萃取马兰黄酮类化合物的效果,以得率为指标,通过单因素和正交试验,优选其萃取工艺参数,并对所得黄酮类化合物的抗氧化性能进行测定。结果表明,在压力为5.0 MPa,温度160℃、提取时间25 min、水料比为20∶1 mL/g的条件下马兰黄酮类化合物的得率为9.01%。与水和乙醇回流提取法（马兰黄酮类化合物得率分别为5.12%和7.13%）相比,亚临界水萃取在提取时间和得率方面均有明显的优势,所得马兰黄酮类化合物在一定浓度范围内具有较强的清除自由基和抗氧化能力。研究结果为马兰黄酮类化合物的开发提供参考。     

Provenance variation in seed germination and seedling growth of Acacia nilotica ssp. indica in India

Summary Acacia nilotica ssp. indica, a multipurpose tree species occurs throughout semi-arid India. The present study reports the variation in seed germination and seedling growth of 21 sites (provenances) collected between the latitude 11°N and 31°23N, and 19 m to 650 m altitude throughout India. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the sites for seed germination that varied from 16 to 90% in the incubator, and 14 to 84% in the nursery. Significant variations were also observed in seedling growth up to 28 days in the incubator. There was no significant relationship between seed germination and seedling growth and the latitude or longitude of the original seed source. However, in general the South Indian provenances showed lower germination as compared to North Indian provenances. The observations are important for selection of vigorous provenances concerning seed germination and early seedling growth.     

The possible role of organic acids as allelochemicals in Tamarindus indica L. leaves

Tamarindus indica L. is well known for its acidic nature and allelopathic potential, but to date, little is known about its organic acids playing their role as allelochemicals. Hence, in the present study, identification, quantification, and contribution of organic acids present in its leaf extract were conducted using the principle of bioassay-guided procedure. High pressure liquid chromatography identified four organic acids, viz. citric, malic, oxalic, and tartaric acids, in its leaf aqueous extract with the predominance of oxalic acid (7.5 g kg^?1 leaves fresh weight) followed by tartaric acid (7.3 g kg^?1). The allelopathic activity of identified acids and aqueous extract was evaluated on lettuce seedlings growth based on the specific activity (EC₅₀). The crude extract reduced radicle growth more adversely than hypocotyl at the concentration of 2.5 g L^?1 (EC₅₀). It hindered the normal physiological growth process through weak and curly seedlings, and necrosis of their tips. Among the identified acids, oxalic acid had the highest specific activity (40 mg L^?1) and citric acid had the lowest (>1000 mg L^?1). As a consequence of its high contents, the total activity, a function of specific activity and concentration, of oxalic acid (188) was found higher followed by tartaric acid (146). The contribution of both acids influencing the specific activity of the crude extract was then turned out to be 74%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report identifying the oxalic and tartaric acids as growth inhibitors in tamarind leaves and quantifying their contribution in its allelopathic expression. Based on the total activity, the results suggested that oxalic and tartaric acids are the major allelochemicals in tamarind leaves. The allelopathic potential of these acids might promote the development of natural herbicides as an alternative to the synthetic ones in a most sustainable manner.     

外源有机酸对美人蕉耐性和Cr吸收、迁移的影响

采用营养液培养试验,研究外源有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸)对Cr污染水体中美人蕉(Canna indicaL.)的耐性、对Cr的吸收和迁移能力的影响。结果表明,各有机酸均不同程度地增强了美人蕉的耐性,促进Cr吸收和向地上部迁移。不同有机酸和同种有机酸不同浓度(4,8,16 mmol/L)的影响效果不尽相同。就耐性特征而言,16 mmol/L的草酸能够明显提高美人蕉生物量和促进根系生长,其影响效果要大于柠檬酸和酒石酸;就Cr吸收和迁移特性而言,影响大小为柠檬酸>酒石酸>草酸,尤以16 mmol/L的柠檬酸效果最为显著,而酒石酸和草酸分别在8 mmol/L,16 mmol/L时最利于Cr的吸收和迁移。因此,在本试验条件下16 mmol/L的柠檬酸较适合Cr污染水体的植物修复。     

Antioxidant properties and phytochemical characteristics of extracts from Lactuca indica

Lactuca indica (Compositae) is an edible wild vegetable, used as a folk medicine in anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and other medications in Asia. This is the first scientific evaluation of the chemopreventive therapeutic properties of L. indica using five antioxidation assay systems. An extract from L. indica was found to possess significant free radical scavenging activity, effectively protecting phix174 supercoiled DNA against strand cleavage and reducing oxidative stress in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Moreover, extracts of L. indica almost totally inhibited nitric oxide production and the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, at a dosage of 100 microg/mL, in LPS-stimulated macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Bioactivity-guided chromatographic fractionation and metabolite profiling coupled with spectroscopic analyses revealed that the six phenolic compounds, that is, protocatechulic acid (1), methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (2), caffeic acid (3), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4), luteolin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (5), and quercetin 3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (6), are the major antioxidative constituents in the L. indica extract.     

美人蕉（Canna indica Linn.）和芦苇（Phragmites australis L.）人工湿地对含铬生活污水的净化效果及植物的生理生态变化

选取美人蕉（CannaindicaLinn.）、芦苇（PhragmitesaustralisL.）为植物材料,以不同浓度K2Cr2O（7分别含0、1、20、50mg.L-1Cr6＋）的生活污水作为Cr6＋污染源,研究了不同浓度Cr6＋及处理时间下两种湿地对污水净化效果、植物体Cr6＋积累量及根系活力（TTC）、叶片超氧化歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、净光合速率（Pn）和丙二醛（MDA）等生理指标的影响。结果表明：（1）在试验的初期30d内,随处理时间的延长,两种人工湿地COD、氨氮去除率均呈逐渐上升的趋势,30d后,随着Cr6＋处理时间的延长及Cr6＋浓度的逐渐升高,两种湿地系统对COD、氨氮去除率均逐渐下降。在20、50mg.L-1Cr6＋处理条件下,两种湿地对COD、氨氮的净化效果显著低于对照及1mg.L-1Cr6＋处理,对照与1mg.L-1Cr6＋处理条件下差异不显著。（2）在不同Cr6＋浓度处理下,两种人工湿地对TP净化效果的能力较为稳定,同时随处理时间的延长,美人蕉、芦苇体内Cr6＋积累量逐渐加大。（3）1mg.L-1Cr6＋处理可提高美人蕉和芦苇的TTC、叶片的SOD、POD、Pn,而20、50mg.L-1Cr6＋处理对以上指标均有不同程度的抑制作用,且抑制效果与处理浓度、时间呈正相关。（4）MDA含量随处理时间的延长和浓度升高呈逐渐增加趋势。可见,低浓度Cr6＋能有效促进美人蕉、芦苇生长,使之能够维持正常的净化功能,因此,利用它们作为人工湿地植物来修复Cr6＋污染具有一定的实用价值。