Nutrient uptake,nitrogen use efficiencies,and energy indices in soybean under various tillage systems with crop residue and nitrogen levels after combine harvested wheat

Abstract

A field study was conducted during kharif (rainy season) to study nutrient uptake, nitrogen use efficiencies, and energy indices in soybean under various tillage systems with crop residue and nitrogen levels after combine harvested wheat for two consecutive years. The treatments included three planting methods (Happy Seeder sowing, Straw Chopper?+?Zero Tillage sowing and Conventional sowing) and four nitrogen levels (0, 75, 100, and 125% recommended nitrogen). Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake by seed and straw were significantly higher in Happy Seeder sowing than Straw Chopper?+?Zero Tillage sowing and conventional sowing. Agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, and apparent recovery were not influenced significantly by different planting methods whereas partial factor productivity, energy output, net energy, energy use efficiency, and energy productivity were significantly higher in Happy Seeder sowing than Straw Chopper?+?Zero Tillage sowing and conventional sowing. N and P uptake by seed and straw increased significantly from 0 to 75 and 75 to 100% recommended N and similar trend was found in K uptake by seed and straw. Agronomic efficiency, apparent recovery and energy output were increased up to 100% recommended N. However, partial factor productivity was decreased significantly with increase in N levels and physiological efficiency was not influenced significantly by different N levels.     

Effect of Tillage,Crop Residues of Preceding Wheat Crop and Nitrogen Levels on Biological and Chemical Properties of Soil in the Soybean–Wheat Cropping System

A 2-year field experiment was conducted to study the influence of three planting methods (Happy Seeder, Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage, and Conventional tillage) and four nitrogen rates (control, 75, 100, and 125% of recommended nitrogen) on the chemical and biological properties of soil. The results revealed that after soybean harvest, dehydrogenase activity and population of Bradyrhizobium sp. (LSBR 3) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were increased significantly in Happy Seeder sowing and Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage sowing than conventional sowing and population of Bradyrhizobium sp. significantly increased up to the 100% nitrogen level. There was no significant effect of different planting methods on soil chemical properties. Organic carbon and available nitrogen were increased significantly with an increase in the nitrogen level up to 100% nitrogen (N).     

Symbiotic parameters,growth, nutrient accumulation,productivity and profitability as influenced by integrated nutrient management in lentil (Lens culinaris)

Field experiments evaluated the effects of integrated nutrient management on symbiotic parameters, growth, nutrient accumulation, productivity and profitability of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). Application of recommended dose of nutrients (RDN, 12.5 kg N ha^?1 + 40 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) + 25 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 + seed inoculation with biofertilizers [Rhizobium + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) + plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)] + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg^?1 seed recorded the highest number & dry weight of nodules, leghaemoglobin content, root & shoot dry weight, plant height, number of pods plant^?1 and 100-seed weight. The next best treatment was RDN + seed inoculation with biofertilizers + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg^?1 seed. On the basis of mean of three-year data, the treatment of RDN + 25 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 + seed inoculation with biofertilizers + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg^?1 seed proved the best in realizing the highest grain yield (34.0%), gross returns (34.0%) and net returns (54.8% higher over control). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the grains and straw were significantly improved where RDN was applied in combination with seed inoculation, basal application of ZnSO₄ and seed treatment with 1 g ammonium molybdate than their single applications.     

Dry Matter,Nitrogen, Phosphorous,and Potassium Partitioning,Accumulation, and Use Efficiency in Transgenic Cotton-Based Cropping Systems

A better understanding of the fate of nutrients in transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields will improve nutrient efficiencies, will optimize crop growth and development, and may help to enhance soil quality. A study was made to evaluate and quantify the effect of cropping system [sole cotton and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropping with transgenic cotton] and nitrogen (N) management [control (0N), 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea, substitution of 25% RDN through farmyard manure (FYM), and substitution of 50% RDN through FYM] on dry matter (DM) and nutrient partitioning and accumulation by transgenic cotton and groundnut at New Delhi during 2006–2007. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed at 60, 90, and 120 days after sowing and at harvest. Results revealed that intercropping of groundnut with cotton did not significantly affect DM and nutrient partitioning in cotton, but residual soil fertility in terms of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) N showed an improvement in contrast to Olsen's P and ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc)–exchangeable K over sole cotton. At harvest, of total DM assimilated, leaves constituted 10–20%, stem 50%, and reproductive parts of cotton accounted for the rest. For each kilogram of seed cotton produced, the crop assimilated 61 g of N, of which 23 g was partitioned to harvested seed cotton. Substitution of 25% RDN through FYM, being on par with 100% RDN through urea, recorded greater DM, nutrient uptake in different parts of cotton, agronomic N-use efficiency (9.5 kg seed cotton kg N^?1), and apparent N recovery (83.3%) over 50% RDN substitution through FYM and control. The control, being on par with 50% RDN substitution through FYM, recorded significantly greater DM and nutrient uptake by intercropped groundnut over other treatments. Apparent N and potassium (K) balance at the end of study was negative in all treatments; however, the actual change in KMnO₄ N was positive in all the treatments except control. Our study suggests that intercropping of groundnut with transgenic cotton and substitution of 25% dose of N through FYM is sustainable in tropical countries.     

Crop yields and nutrient uptake by rainfed wheat and mungbean as affected by tillage,fertilization, and weeding

Field experiments were conducted on rainfed wheat and mungbean for two consecutive seasons on a Udic Ustocrept to evaluate the effect of tillage techniques, fertilization, and weeding on crop yields and nutrient uptake. Tillage techniques were conventional, zero, and deep tillage. Fertilizer treatments consisted of a control, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and farmyard manure plus fertilizer. Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was 2,404 kg/ha under conventional tillage, 2,008 kg/ha under zero tillage, and 2,839 kg/ha under deep tillage. Total dry matter of wheat was 7,612 kg/ha under deep tillage, 6,671 kg/ha under conventional tillage, and 6,016 kg/ha under zero tillage. Fertilizer application increased wheat grain yield by 112% and total dry matter by 150% over the control. Weed biomass of wheat was 57% greater under zero tillage than under conventional tillage. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) grain yield was 371 kg/ha under conventional tillage, 248 kg/ha under zero tillage, and 367 kg/ha under deep tillage. Mungbean total dry matter yield was 2,018 kg/ha under deep tillage, 1,814 kg/ha under conventional, and 1,143 kg/ha under zero tillage. Dry weed biomass in mungbean was 38% greater under zero tillage and 6% lesser under deep tillage than that of conventional tillage. Nitrogen and P uptake by weeds was greater under zero tillage compared with conventional and deep tillage.     

Productivity,Quality and Soil Health as Influenced by Organic,Inorganic and Biofertilizer on Field Pea in Eastern Himalaya

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive years of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 to study the effect of biofertilizers in conjunction with organic and inorganic sources of nutrient management on productivity, quality and soil health on field pea at ICAR RC for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre Jharnapani, Nagaland, India. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with five nutrient sources in main plots and four treatment of biofertilizers with zinc in sub plots. Results indicated that the application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) through inorganic + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost significantly improved root nitrogen (N) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) of roots, NA activates, seed yield (1153 and 1262 kg ha^?1), straw yield (2182 and 2332 kg ha^?1) in the year of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012, respectively. Nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) uptake by seed and straw, protein content, protein harvest, soil organic carbon (SOC), available N, P, K, S, Zn and economics significantly higher with 100% RDF through inorganic + 50% RDN through vermicompost during both the years. Seed inoculation with biofertilizers along with 5 kg Zn ha^?1 markedly enhanced the root N content, CEC of roots, nitrogenase activities (NA), seed yield (1080 and 1193 kg ha^?1), straw yield (1978 and 2128 kg ha^?1), nutrients [N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn)] uptake, soil organic carbon (SOC) (%), and available N, P, K, S, and Zn of pea in both the years, respectively. These sources also give more income and benefit cost ratio per rupees invested.     

化肥减量配施黄腐酸降低盐渍农田NaCl含量提高氮磷养分有效性的协同效应

  【目的】  土壤盐渍化以及肥料过量施用严重限制着黄河三角洲盐渍化地区农业的可持续发展。综合分析氮、磷肥优化减量及其与黄腐酸配施对盐渍农田土壤肥力、冬小麦产量以及养分吸收利用的影响,可为该区盐渍农田化肥减施增效提供理论依据。  【方法】  以黄河三角洲中度盐土[pH 7.73、电导率 (EC) 1.18 dS/m]为研究对象进行室内盆栽试验,试验设5个施肥水平,分别为常规氮磷肥用量 (N100P100)、氮肥常规用量的85% (N85P100)、氮肥常规用量的70% (N70P100)、磷肥常规用量的85% (P85N100)、磷肥常规用量的70% (P70N100);每个处理下又分为添加、不添加黄腐酸 (H) 两个处理,并且以不施肥料和黄腐酸的处理为对照(CK) ,共11个处理。在冬小麦苗期和收获期,分别采集0—10 和10—20 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤有效磷、硝态氮、EC、pH和盐分离子组成。在收获期,测定冬小麦籽粒产量、全氮及全磷含量。  【结果】  化肥减量配施黄腐酸处理降低了冬小麦苗期和收获期0—10 cm土层硝态氮含量,提高了收获期10—20 cm土层硝态氮含量。0—10 cm土层土壤有效磷含量随着氮肥施用量的增加呈现降低的趋势。随着施氮量的增加,土壤溶液EC、Na+、Ca2+、Cl－含量增加,而Mg2+含量减少。与N100P100相比,N85P100、N70P100、P85N100、P70N100处理下的土壤Na+含量分别降低了29.74%、55.84%、28.62%和43.25%,Cl－含量分别降低了37.68%、43.81%、26.11%和14.53%。与相同养分量处理相比,N100P100+H、N85P100+H、N70P100+H、P85N100+H、P70N100+H处理下的Na+含量分别下降了64.63%、31.20%、5.14%、32.66%、30.59%,Cl－含量分别下降了66.74%、55.07%、35.93%、53.56%、70.44%。处理N85P100、N70P100、P85N100、P70N100的冬小麦产量与N100P100没有显著差异,N70P100+H和P85N100+H的冬小麦产量显著高于N70P100和P85N100。氮、磷素吸收效率均随着氮肥施用量的增加而减少,与N100P100相比,N85P100、N70P100处理下的氮素吸收效率分别提高11.22%、29.37%。与单施化肥处理相比,化肥减量配施黄腐酸处理均能够提高冬小麦产量、氮、磷素吸收效率和偏生产力。通过相关分析发现,土壤盐分是降低作物产量的直接原因,其中,Na+、Cl－和EC与氮素吸收效率、偏生产力及磷素吸收效率、偏生产力呈显著负相关。  【结论】  黄河三角洲盐渍农田的主要盐分是NaCl,Na+、Cl－含量决定着EC值,与氮素吸收效率、偏生产力及磷素吸收效率、偏生产力呈显著负相关。化肥减量可显著减少土壤盐分含量,配施黄腐酸能够显著降低土壤中的Na+和Cl－含量,缓解盐碱胁迫对作物的影响,提高冬小麦产量、氮、磷素吸收效率和偏生产力。减施氮肥能够提高冬小麦苗期和收获期0—10 cm土层的有效磷含量,减施氮肥30%时的土壤有效磷含量高于减施氮15%和常规施氮量。     

不同覆盖措施下旱地冬小麦的氮磷钾需求及其生理效率

【目的】目前西北旱地小麦水肥管理与保水栽培多集中于产量和水分利用效率的研究,养分效率以及养分吸收后形成小麦籽粒产量和养分含量能力的报道相对较少。本研究探讨了不同覆盖措施对黄土高原旱地冬小麦氮磷钾需求和生理效率的影响,为提高黄土高原旱地冬小麦养分效率,以及为促进小麦的高效优质生产提供理论依据。【方法】以冬小麦为供试作物,在陕西省永寿县连续进行了 4 年田间定位试验,以不施氮肥为对照,施 N 195 kg/hm2 (N1 农户模式)、 N 150 kg/hm2 (N2 农户减氮),全膜穴播、垄覆沟播和秸秆覆盖,共 6 个处理,3 个覆盖处理施氮量均为 150 kg/hm2 。调查分析了冬小麦籽粒产量、籽粒养分含量、籽粒产量形成和籽粒养分含量形成的氮磷钾需求及生理效率。【结果】减氮无覆盖处理较常规施氮处理籽粒产量形成的需氮量显著降低 5.3%,其他指标均无显著性差异。在 150 kg/hm2施氮条件下,与无覆盖相比,垄覆沟播的产量未增加,但提高了地上部吸氮量,籽粒产量形成的需氮量显著增加 2.6%,籽粒产量形成的氮生理效率降低 6.3%;全膜穴播籽粒产量显著增加 6.9%,地上部吸氮量提高 11.3%;秸秆覆盖产量增加 3.5%,地上部吸氮量显著增加 13.2%,籽粒产量形成的需氮量显著增加 8.5%,籽粒产量形成的氮生理效率降低 3.9%。与相同施氮量无覆盖相比,垄覆沟播地上部吸磷量和吸钾量未增加,全膜穴播地上部吸磷量和吸钾量分别显著增加 15.6%、23.4%,籽粒产量形成的钾生理效率显著降低 10.6%;秸秆覆盖地上部吸磷量和吸钾量分别显著增加 13.2%、24.4%,籽粒产量形成的磷、钾生理效率分别显著降低 9.9%、15.1%。在施氮量由 195 kg/hm2 减至 150 kg/hm2 后,与无覆盖相比,采用垄覆沟播技术未能增加小麦产量,但增加了地上部的吸氮量,从而提高了籽粒产量形成的需氮量,降低了氮的生理效率;采用全膜穴播技术提高了籽粒产量,同时增加地上部吸氮量,但未增加籽粒产量形成的需氮量和氮生理效率;采用秸秆覆盖技术增加了产量,同时增加地上部吸氮量,而籽粒产量形成的需氮量也增加,从而降低了籽粒产量形成的氮生理效率。【结论】旱地小麦生产中为保证籽粒产量和营养品质,需增加地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖的氮肥用量。     

Influence of Long-term Tillage,Straw, and N Fertilizer Management on Crop Yield,N Uptake,and N Balance Sheet in Two Contrasting Soil Types

Field experiments (established in autumn 1979, with monoculture barley from 1980 to 1990 and barley/wheat–canola–triticale–pea rotation from 1991 to 2008) were conducted on two contrasting soil types (Gray Luvisol [Typic Haplocryalf] loam soil at Breton; Black Chernozem [Albic Agricryoll] silty clay loam soil at Ellerslie) in north-central Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of tillage (zero tillage and conventional tillage), straw management (straw removed [S_Rem] and straw retained [S_Ret]), and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha^?1in S_Ret, and only 0 kg N ha^?1in S_Rem plots) on seed yield, straw yield, total N uptake in seed + straw (1991–2008), and N balance sheet (1980–2008). The N fertilizer urea was midrow-banded under both tillage systems in the 1991 to 2008 period. There was a considerable increase in seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha^?1 under both tillage systems. On the average, conventional tillage produced greater seed yield (by 279 kg ha^?1), straw yield (by 252 kg ha^?1), and total N uptake in seed + straw (by 6.0 kg N ha^?1) than zero tillage, but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie. Compared to straw removal treatment, seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw tended to be greater with straw retained at the zero-N rate used in the study. The amounts of applied N unaccounted for over the 1980 to 2008 period ranged from 1114 to 1846 kg N ha^?1 at Breton and 845 to 1665 kg N ha^?1 at Ellerslie, suggesting a great potential for N loss from the soil-plant system through denitrification, and N immobilization from the soil mineral N pool. In conclusion, crop yield and N uptake were lower under zero tillage than conventional, and long-term retention of straw suggests some gradual improvement in soil productivity.     

控释尿素不同施用条件下冬小麦产量和氮素利用效应

采用田间试验方法研究了控释尿素不同施用条件对冬小麦产量、氮素利用和经济效益的影响。试验共设7个处理,即CK(空白处理,不施氮肥)、100%PU10/0(普通尿素全量基施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、100%PU6/4(60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、80%PU6/4(60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 192 kg·hm-2)、100%CRU(全量树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、80%CRU(80%树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 192 kg·hm-2)和40%CRU+40%PU(40%树脂包膜控释尿素+40%的普通尿素基施,N 192 kg·hm-2)。结果表明,无论是产量效应还是氮素利用效应,树脂包膜控释尿素(CRU)处理总体优于普通尿素(PU)处理,尤其树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素配施(40%CRU+40%PU)效果最佳,以7 709 kg·hm-2的产量、36.44%的氮肥吸收利用率、15 946元·hm-2的相对净收入达到处理间最高水平。该处理在减少氮素投入量的情况下,不仅促进了冬小麦增产,而且显著提高了肥料的利用率,拥有较高的产投比。因此,树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素的配施处理(40%CRU+40%PU)是本试验条件下最优的氮肥处理。     

耕作和秸秆还田方式对半干旱区黑土玉米养分积累分配与产量的影响

  【目的】  黑龙江半干旱区玉米生产长期采用传统旋耕垄作,秸秆资源没有得到有效利用。研究不同耕作和秸秆还田方式对玉米养分积累分配及产量的影响,为实现半干旱区黑土玉米高产稳产田间管理提供理论依据 。   【方法】  于2019和2020年在黑龙江省肇州县进行玉米田间试验。共设置7个处理:旋耕垄作(Con)、免耕秸秆移除(T1)、免耕秸秆还田(T2)、秸秆深翻+垄作深松(T3)、秸秆深翻+平作深松(T4)、秸秆碎混+垄作(T5)、秸秆碎混+平作(T6)。在玉米关键生育时期取样分析玉米干物质积累量,成熟期取样分析植株养分积累与分配,并测定产量。  【结果】  不同耕作和秸秆还田方式对玉米产量影响显著(P<0.01)。与Con相比,T2、T3和T4处理提高了玉米单位面积穗数、穗粒数和产量,以T4处理的效果最佳,增幅分别为15.4%、12.0%、17.7%;与Con相比,T4处理的氮钾积累量分别显著提高24.8%、15.3%,T3显著提高氮素积累量20.4%。所有处理中,T1的玉米氮磷钾养分积累量最低;氮磷钾积累量T2处理较T1分别提高了17.5%、10.7%、5.8%,T4较T6分别提高了18.6%、11.8%、10.6%,T3较T5分别提高了9.9%、1.4%、6.3%。在秸秆深翻还田下,T4与T3处理的养分累积和产量均无显著差异。  【结论】  与旋耕垄作处理相比,秋季秸秆深翻还田配合春季苗期深松,无论平作或者垄作,均可显著促进玉米养分的积累,其提升玉米氮磷钾收获指数、干物质转运能力、单位面积穗数、百粒重和产量的效果优于免耕秸秆还田和秸秆碎混还田配合平作或者垄作,是适宜该地区的耕作措施。     

On-Farm Participatory Technology Development Effects on Resource Conservation Technologies in Rainfed Upland Paddy in Himachal Pradesh,India

Rice is a major cereal crop in Himachal Pradesh, a Himalayan state of India, where paddy acreage is about 78,000 ha with a low average yield of 19.62 q ha^?1 due to rainfed upland farming. High seeding rates and poor resource-use efficiency of conventional fertilizer nitrogen (N) management practices in rainfed upland paddy have also been major production constraints in rainfed upland ecosystems. To validate and refine the production technology on seed rate and fertilizer N management, the Farm Science Centre, Sundernagar, India, conducted numerous on-farm trials (OFTs) during 2006–2010 under an on-farm participatory technology development approach to enhance resource use efficiency through these resource conservation technologies and boost the paddy productivity in the region. Results of two OFTs conducted during Kharif 2006 in the Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh on different seed rates under different sowing methods on VL Dhan-221 and Sukaradhan-1 (HPR-1156) cultivars suitable for rainfed upland conditions revealed that the seed rate at 80 kg ha^?1 sown in rows 20 cm apart resulted in the greatest average paddy productivity to the tune of 25.6 q ha^?1 besides greater profitability, followed by a seed rate at 60 kg ha^?1 sown in rows 20 cm apart (25.2 q ha^?1), over the earlier State Agricultural University (SAU)–recommended practice, that is, seed rate at 100 kg ha^?1 in rows 20 cm apart. This refinement in the seed rate was accepted by the participating farmers of the region. The greatest average benefit/cost (B/C) ratio was observed in plots with seed rate at 60 kg ha^?1 sown in rows 20 cm apart. Based on these results and data compilation from other locations of the state, now the SAU has refined the seed rate from earlier recommendation of 100 kg ha^?1 to 60 kg ha^?1 in rows 20 cm apart as well as 80 kg ha^?1 through broadcast method under rainfed upland paddy in Himachal Pradesh. Results of two OFTs conducted during Kharif 2009 on integrated nutrient management in rainfed upland paddy revealed that farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t ha^?1 + nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N, P, K) at 15:30:30 kg ha^?1 at sowing followed by 15 kg N ha^?1 15 days after sowing (DAS) and remaining the N [i.e., 30 kg N ha^?1] at tillering (45–50 DAS) resulted in the greatest grain yield of 29.85 and 31.67 q ha^?1 in VL Dhan-221 and HPR-1156, respectively, with respective greater yields of 35.99 and 36.51% over farmers’ practice, besides better profitability. To further standardize fertilizer N split doses and assess their effect on paddy productivity, another OFT was conducted during Kharif 2010 under rainfed upland paddy conditions in HPR-1156. The results revealed that NPK at 60:30:30 kg ha^?1 (whole of P and K as basal, 50% N at 15 DAS, 25% N each at 45–50 DAS and 70–75 DAS splits) resulted in better grain yield (34.3 q ha^?1) and net profitability (?29,786 ha^?1) over other treatments. Overall, it is concluded that these resource conservation technologies developed under the OFT participatory approach can enhance the rainfed upland paddy productivity and strongly show that there is dire need to split the N requirement of rainfed upland paddy in 2–3 splits to reduce the fertilizer N losses, enhance resource-use efficiency, and increase productivity and profitability in Himachal Pradesh, India.     

Tillage and N application effects on crop yield,N uptake and soil properties in a corn-based rotation

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of tillage methods (conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT)) and N rates (0, 50, 150, 250 kg N ha^?1) on crop yield, N uptake and soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density (BD), total N (TN), electrical conductivity (EC), pH and soil nutrient contents on a clay-loam near Hashtgerd, Iran. A successive corn-based rotation (2012–2014) was conducted as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design in which tillage methods were considered as main plots, and N rates as subplots. Tillage had no significant effect on corn 2012 and canola 2012–2013 grain yields. CT and MT systems showed different critical N rates to reach their maximum grain yield in corn (2013) and wheat (2013–2014). MT system required more N application to reach its maximum grain yield. Tillage × N rate effect on none of the soil properties was significant. Tillage had no significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on soil pH, BD, TN and SOC. However, soil EC of 0–5 cm depth in MT system was higher than CT system by 64%. MT system under higher N application could increase corn grain yield, but on the other hand probably adversely changes soil chemical properties.     

Immediate Effects of Time and Method of Alfalfa Termination on Soil Mineral Nitrogen,Moisture, Weed Control,and Seed Yield,Quality, and Nitrogen Uptake

Three field experiments were conducted on Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf) soils in northeastern Saskatchewan to compare the effects of alfalfa (Medicago sativa Leyss) stand termination with tillage and herbicides at different times on mineral nitrogen (N) (ammonium-N and nitrate-N) and moisture content of soil in spring (experiments 1 and 2), soil moisture, volunteer alfalfa and dandelion control, plant density, seed yield, protein concentration and N uptake for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L), canola (Brassica rapa L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops (experiment 3). Termination treatments included combinations of times (in mid-June after cut 1, in mid-August after cut 2 and in mid-May during spring) and methods [tillage alone, herbicides alone (glyphosate + 2,4-D amine and also clopyralid + 2,4-D ester in experiment 3) and these herbicides + tillage]. Tillage alone significantly increased spring soil nitrate-N levels over herbicides alone or herbicides + tillage. Termination after cut 1 had the highest levels of soil nitrate-N. There was little effect of time and method of termination on soil ammonium-N and moisture content in spring. Herbicides + tillage generally provided better control of both volunteer alfalfa and dandelion in the four crops than tillage or herbicides alone. In general, alfalfa termination with herbicides alone significantly reduced plant density, seed yield, and N uptake of all crops and protein concentration of cereals only due to effects on levels of soil nitrate-N, dandelion control, and crop injury by clopyralid or 2,4-D residues in soil. Plant density, seed yield, N uptake and protein concentration of crops tended to decline with delay in termination time. The results of this study support the use of some tillage in alfalfa stand termination in helping to control volunteer alfalfa and dandelion and optimize annual crop yields and quality.     

Productivity,nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil fertility as influenced by cotton-based cropping system with integrated nutrient management practices in semi-arid tropics

Field experiments were conducted on cotton to evaluate the different cotton-based intercropping system along with balanced nutrient management practices on enhancing cotton productivity. Cropping systems have been considered as main plots and nutrient management practices have been considered as subplots. The results showed that cotton + onion system recorded the highest cotton equivalent yield (CEY) of 2052 and 1895 kg ha^?1 which was on par with cotton intercropped with dhaincha, which recorded 2010 and 1894 kg of CEY ha^?1 in both the seasons. Combined application of 100% recommended NPK with bioinoculants (S₅) registered highest CEY in both the seasons. Cotton intercropped with dhaincha (M₂) recorded highest uptake of N, P, and K. Among the nutrient management practices, application of 100% recommended NPK with bioinoculants (S₅) showed highest uptake of N, P, and K. A similar trend was noticed in the post-harvest soil fertility too and it is significantly higher under cotton + dhaincha and application of 100% recommended NPK with bioinoculants treatment compared to 100% recommend NPK alone. It could be concluded from these results that crop productivity can be improved and soil fertility status can be sustained with integrated plant nutrient management practices.     

氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响。结果表明,适宜氮肥运筹方式、配施有机肥和坐水种均能显著增加春玉米产量,氮肥两次追肥处理的产量较一次追肥处理的产量增加10.6%～17.0%,配施有机肥增产10.3%～18.0%,坐水种增产9.1%,配施有机肥并坐水种增产20.4%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥及配施有机肥并坐水种均能显著提高春玉米干物质最大积累速率和积累总量,分别提高干物质最大积累速率11.1%～29.5%、28.0%～28.8%和32.1%,依次提高干物质积累总量11.9%～15.5%、21.2%～24.4%和26.9%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均可提高N、P、K养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量,养分最大吸收速率以K最高,N居中,P最低;养分吸收总量以N最高,K居中,P最低;养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早（57.2～60.4 d）,N居中（65.3～68.5 d）,P最晚（71.4～74.8 d）,三者均早于干物质积累最大速率出现的时间（82.5～89.3 d）。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均有利于N、P、K养分由营养体向籽粒的转运量、转运效率、籽粒中养分含量以及氮肥利用率的提高,养分转运效率以P最高（59.3%～66.1%）,其次是N（41.5%～55.1%）,K最低（35.9%～38.0%）。在本实验条件下,施氮量为225 kg/hm2,基肥:拔节肥比1:3,配施有机肥结合坐水种,为最佳施肥处理。     

播种方式与缓控释氮肥一次性基施对冬小麦干物质积累转运和产量的影响

  【目的】  研究不同新型缓控释氮肥一次性施用在宽幅播种和常规条播技术下对小麦产量和干物质积累与转运的影响,为小麦生产中缓控释肥的推广应用提供支撑。  【方法】  于2020—2021年小麦生育季,以冬小麦品种‘泰农18’和‘太麦198’为试材,在山东省泰安市和潍坊市两试验点开展了大田试验。主区设置播种方式常规条播和宽幅播种,副区设置4个肥料处理:常规分次施肥对照（F1）、稳定性氮肥一次性施用（F2）、腐植酸控释掺混氮肥一次性施用（F3）、树脂包膜氮肥与常规尿素7∶3掺混一次性施用（F4）。调查了小麦群体光合速率、干物质积累与转运、花后氮素吸收、产量及产量构成因素等指标。  【结果】  与常规条播相比,宽幅播种小麦单位面积穗数、花后氮素吸收量、花后群体光合速率、群体光合高值持续期、花后干物质生产量分别平均提高48.0×104/hm2、12.4 kg/hm2、7.9 μmol CO₂/(m2·s)、5.6天、920.7 kg/hm2,进而产量平均提高了902.6 kg/hm2。小麦花后干物质生产量与群体光合高值持续期、群体光合高值持续期与花后氮素吸收量呈显著线性正相关关系。与F1相比,F2、F3和F4处理的花后氮素吸收量、花后群体光合高值持续期和花后干物质生产量均明显降低,但是宽幅播种下3个处理的小麦花后氮素吸收量和花后群体光合高值持续期的降低量分别为21.8 kg/hm2和2.6天,均小于对应的常规条播,花后干物质生产量的降低量(631.4 kg/hm2)可由其花前干物质向籽粒转运的增加量(551.7 kg/hm2)所弥补,进而产量与常规分次施肥持平。常规条播下,F2、F3和F4处理的小麦花后氮素吸收量和花后群体光合高值持续期降低量较大,分别平均为27.2 kg/hm2和4.5天,导致其花后干物质生产量的降低量过高(1054.8 kg/hm2),未能被其花前干物质向籽粒转运的增加量(540.6 kg/hm2)所弥补,进而产量低于F1处理。3个控释肥料处理之间在所有测定项目上没有显著差异。  【结论】  宽幅播种较常规条播可显著提高小麦产量。新型氮肥一次性施用在常规条播下会降低小麦产量,而在宽幅播种由于花前较高的干物质积累和运转量补偿了花后干物质积累量的下降,不会降低小麦产量,3种新型肥料的施用效果没有显著差异。因此,在宽幅播种条件下,可以采用新型氮肥一次基施替代传统的分次施肥,而在常规条播条件下,应慎重考虑采用新型氮肥一次性基施。     

Effects of Biomethanated Spentwash on Soil Properties,Nutrient Availability,Uptake, and Yield of Soybean–Wheat Sequence on Inceptisol

The research aimed to study the effect of presown application of primary biomethanated spentwash (PBSW) on soil properties, nutrient availability, uptake and yield of soybean–wheat sequence on Inceptisol. The field experiment with randomised block design was initiated during 2007–8 and present observation was recorded during 2009–10 and 2010–11.The five treatments were, recommended dose (RD) of NPK (T₁), 100% RD of N through PBSW without (T₂) and with P chemical fertilizer (T₃), 50 and 25% RD of N through PBSW + remaining N and P through chemical fertilizers (T₄,T₅), respectively. The results revealed that the soil physical properties and microbial populations were improved in T₂ and T₃. The lowest soil pH and pHs were observed in T₂. The soil electrical conductivity, organic carbon, exchangeable sodium percentage and sodium adsorption ratio of soil extracts and available K were increased with the increase in PBSW as compared to RD-NPK. The soil available N and P were decreased as PBSW increased at all the soil depths. The greatest yields and total N,P,K uptake of soybean and wheat were observed in T₅.     

Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on growth,nutrient partitioning,and uptake of major nutrients by soybean under varied nitrogen application levels

Rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration causes fertilization effects resulting in enhanced crop biomass and yields and thus likely enhances nutrient demand of plants. Hence, this field study was carried out to investigate the effects of elevated CO₂ and N on biomass yield, nutrient partitioning, and uptake of major nutrients by soybean (Glycine max L.) using open‐top chambers (OTCs) of 4 m × 4 m size. Soybean was grown in OTCs under two CO₂ [ambient and elevated (535 ± 36.9 mg L^?1)] and four N levels during July to October 2016. The four N levels were N₀, N₅₀, N₁₀₀, and N₁₅₀ referring to 0, 50, 100, and 150% recommended dose of N. Both CO₂ and N significantly affected biomass and grain yield, though the interaction was non‐significant. CO₂ enrichment produced 30–65% higher biomass and 26–59% higher grain yield under various N levels. As compared to the optimum N application (N₁₀₀), the CO₂‐mediated increment in biomass yield decreased with either lower or higher N application, with the response being lowest at N₁₅₀. As compared to ambient concentration, elevated CO₂ resulted in significant reduction of seed P concentration at all N application levels but at N₁₅₀, an opposite trend was observed. The decrease in seed P was maximum at N₀ and N₅₀ (7–9%) and by 3% at N₁₀₀, whereas there was a gain of 7.5% at N₁₅₀. The seed N and K concentrations were not affected either by CO₂ or N application. Total N, P, and K uptake at harvest were significantly affected by CO₂ and N, but not by CO₂ × N interaction. Elevated CO₂ resulted higher uptake of N by 18–61%, P by 23–62%, and K by 22–62% under various N treatments.     

大豆养分专家系统在我国大豆主产区的应用与评价

  【目的】  平衡施肥是实现作物高产高效的主要因素,而推荐施肥方法是实现作物平衡施肥的重要手段。本研究通过田间试验评价养分专家系统 (Nutrient Expert,NE) 推荐施肥在我国大豆上的应用效果。  【方法】  于2014—2015年在春大豆产区 (东北三省) 进行了21个田间试验,2017—2018年在夏大豆产区 (安徽、江苏、河南) 进行了11个田间试验。所有试验采用当地大豆品种,设置3种施肥处理,包括大豆养分专家系统 (NE) 推荐施肥、基于土壤测试的推荐施肥 (OPTS) 和农民常规施肥 (FP) 处理,分析比较了各施肥处理的肥料用量、大豆产量、养分吸收量及经济效益。  【结果】  在春大豆产区,NE和OPTS处理较FP处理明显提高了辽宁省的氮肥用量和吉林省的磷肥用量,提高了黑龙江和吉林省的钾肥用量,而NE和OPTS处理间氮磷钾肥用量相似;在夏大豆产区,所有试验NE和OPTS处理推荐的氮磷钾肥用量均显著高于FP处理。在春大豆产区,黑龙江、吉林和辽宁省OPTS处理的大豆产量较FP 处理分别增加了135、518 和478 kg/hm2,经济效益分别增加了699、1684和856元/hm2;NE处理的产量较OPTS处理分别增产了167、542和1225 kg/hm2,经济效益分别增加1096、2591和4610元/hm2;OPTS处理的氮吸收量较FP提高了9.1%～32.3%,钾吸收量提高了0～41.4%,且显著提高辽宁省的磷肥偏生产力;在黑龙江,NE处理氮、钾吸收量分别显著高于OPTS处理13.6%和23.5%。在夏大豆产区,安徽和江苏省OPTS与FP处理的产量相似,而河南、安徽和江苏省NE处理的大豆产量较FP 处理分别增加了1021、694和622 kg/hm2,经济效益分别增加了3991、3955 和2069元/hm2;河南省NE和OPTS处理的大豆产量和经济效益相似,而安徽和江苏省NE处理的大豆产量较OPTS处理分别增产868和545 kg/hm2,经济效益分别增加2876和2823元/hm2。同时,除安徽省钾吸收量外,OPTS处理与FP处理氮磷钾吸收量均无显著差异;而NE处理氮磷钾素吸收量较FP处理分别提高了15.8%～41.3%、19.0%～35.5%和23.9%～27.3%,并且NE处理提高了江苏省氮磷肥的偏生产力。  【结论】  与农民常规施肥相比,测土施肥和养分专家系统推荐施肥处理在东北的春大豆产区氮磷肥用量没有显著变化,在夏大豆产区的氮磷钾肥用量显著增加;测土施肥与农民常规施肥处理的大豆产量和经济效益相似,而养分专家系统推荐施肥处理的产量和经济效益较农民常规施肥显著增加。因此,养分专家系统推荐施肥更有利于养分的平衡优化、大豆产量和经济效益的提高,同时不需土壤分析测试,是一种简捷高效的推荐施肥方法。