Source : sink ratio and leaf senescence in maize:: I. Dry matter accumulation and partitioning during grain filling

Whether the stay-green characteristic of recent maize hybrids is related to a larger source : sink ratio and/or a more efficient use of N during reproductive development was studied in a 3-year field experiment. The experiment was conducted with two short-season maize hybrids, Pride 5 (old) and Pioneer 3902 (recent), grown at two soil-N levels and with source : sink treatments during grain filling ranging from partial defoliation to no grain. Results confirmed that greater dry matter accumulation of Pioneer 3902, relative to Pride 5, was associated with greater leaf longevity. Change in stover weight from silking to maturity an indicator of the difference in supply and demand of assimilates during grain filling, varied from −30% with defoliation to +25% for the no sink treatment. The change was always greater in the new hybrid, indicating that the old hybrid was more source limited. Number of green leaves, an indicator of leaf longevity, was greatest when supply and demand of assimilates during grain filling were approximately equal. Leaf longevity was enhanced by an increase in soil N and the effect was larger in the high source : sink treatments, but differences in leaf longevity between the two hybrids were not influenced by soil-N level. In conclusion, increased leaf longevity of a new relative to an old hybrid was associated with a larger source : sink ratio during grain filling.     

Source : sink ratio and leaf senescence in maize:: II. Nitrogen metabolism during grain filling

Leaf senescence in a recent maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid is delayed relative to that in an older maize hybrid and the trait is associated with an improvement of the ratio of assimilate supply (i.e., source) and demand (i.e., sink) during grain filling. This study examined whether effects of source : sink ratio of leaf longevity in an old and more recent hybrid are associated with changes in leaf nitrogen (N) concentration and N uptake during grain filling. A 3-year field study was conducted with maize hybrids Pride 5 (old) and Pioneer 3902 (recent) grown at two soil-N levels: 150 kg⁻¹ N ha⁻¹ was broadcast in the high N treatment while none was added to the low N treatment. Four imposed source : sink treatments ranged from partial defoliation to no grain. Leaf N of the control treatments did not differ between the two hybrids, but the decline in leaf N from the control to the no-sink treatment was larger for Pioneer 3902 than for Pride 5. Total N uptake in above-ground portions was 10 and 18% greater in the new than in the old hybrid under low and high soil-N conditions, respectively. The difference in the total N uptake between the two hybrids could be attributed to post-silking N uptake. The proportion of N in the grain derived from post-silking N uptake was 60% for Pioneer 3902 and 40% for Pride 5 and this proportion was positively associated with the source : sink ratio. Higher rates of N uptake in Pioneer 3902 vs. Pride 5 appear to be, in part, the result of higher rates of dry matter accumulation of the newer hybrid during grain filling.     

黄淮海超高产夏玉米生长发育特性研究

比较研究超高产田(15 000 kg/hm2)和高产田夏玉米的产量构成、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、干物质积累特性和灌浆速率等指标差异,探索超高产夏玉米生长发育特性。结果表明,超高产田夏玉米较高产田增产15.6%,穗粒数多3.7%,百粒重增加8.9%,超高产主要依赖于百粒重的增加;吐丝后超高产田夏玉米叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值和总干物质积累量均高于高产夏玉米田,吐丝后10～40 d超高产夏玉米田子粒干物质阶段积累速率较高,吐丝50 d后,高产夏玉米田植株衰老,超高产夏玉米子粒仍维持一定的灌浆速率。超高产田夏玉米具有叶面积指数大、干物质积累多、叶绿素含量高和灌浆时期长等生长发育特性,有效增加穗粒数和粒重。     

春玉米叶片SPAD值与氮含量及产量的相关性研究

通过田间小区试验,研究不同时期玉米叶片SPAD值与叶绿素、氮含量及产量的相关性,确定SPAD值测定的最佳叶位及时期。结果表明,上位叶SPAD值对氮素的敏感时期顺序为12叶期>10叶期>8叶期;穗位叶SPAD值对氮素的敏感时期顺序为抽雄期>灌浆期>蜡熟期。叶片SPAD值可以很好的反映植株叶绿素和氮含量及产量水平,以某一特定叶片的SPAD值来诊断春玉米氮素营养状况和推荐追肥时期时,10叶期是较为理想的测定时期;作为早期预测玉米产量的指标,12叶期为最佳时期。测定SPAD值方法简便、快捷,不破坏叶片生长,可作为早期预测玉米产量的指标。     

氮素供应对春玉米产量及冠层部分指标的影响与相关分析

采用辽宁地区5个地方品种进行低、中、高3个氮素水平的比较试验(N0:不施氮、N1:112 kg/hm~2、N2:225 kg/hm~2),探究氮素对玉米冠层指标的影响及与产量因素的相关性。相关、逐步回归分析表明,随着施氮量升高,品种产量和穗粒数显著提高。不同氮素水平下,冠层指标与产量因素相关性有差异。穗粒数在N0处理下,与吐丝期叶氮比(SLN)和叶片氮浓度呈负相关,相关强度排序为吐丝期SLN吐丝期叶片氮浓度;N1处理下,与乳熟期LAI呈正相关,与吐丝期叶片氮浓度和吐丝期绿叶数呈负相关,相关强度排序为吐丝期叶片氮浓度乳熟期LAI吐丝期绿叶数;N2处理下,穗粒数与冠层指标相关性不显著。百粒重在N0处理下,与吐丝期穗位叶SPAD值呈正相关,与吐丝期LAI和乳熟期穗位叶SPAD值呈负相关,相关强度排序为吐丝期LAI吐丝期SPAD乳熟期SPAD;N1处理下,与乳熟期穗位叶SPAD值呈正相关,与乳熟期LAI呈负相关,相关强度排序为乳熟期LAI乳熟期SPAD值;在N2处理下,与吐丝期比叶面积(SLA)、SLN、乳熟期绿叶数呈负相关,相关强度排序为吐丝期SLN、SLA乳熟期绿叶数。     

Effect of defoliation and drought stress on yield components and chlorophyll content of wheat

In order to examine the effects of source restriction and drought stress on yield components, flag leaf chlorophyll content and Relative Water Content (RWC) of wheat cultivars, a greenhouse experiment was carried out at Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, during 2009-2010. The wheat cultivars including Shiraz, Bahar, Pishtaz, Sistan and Yavaros were sown in 5 kg plastic pots. The source manipulation treatments including control (C), defoliation of all leaves (D1), defoliation of all leaves except the flag leaf (D2) and defoliation of all leaves except the flag leaf and penultimate leaf (D3), were imposed at anthesis. Results showed that source restriction decreased number of grain per spike significantly in Shiraz cultivar under drought stress condition. Maximum 100-grain weight was observed in C treatment of Yavaros and Shiraz under well-watered condition. Among the defoliation treatments under drought stress condition, D2 in Pishtaz and D1 in Shiraz had the highest (3.66 g) and lowest (2.71 g) 100 grain weight, respectively. In all cultivars drought stress decreased main shoot yield significantly but in Pishtaz and Sistan decreasing rate was less than the other cultivars. RWC in Shiraz decreased sharply from 92.1% in well-watered to 66.7% (27.5% reduction) under drought stress at 10 DAA. After anthesis, Pishtaz and Sistan maintained higher content of flag leaf chlorophyll (from 49.4 to 56.8 SPAD unit) under drought stress condition. Generally, selection and culture of cultivars that had small responses to defoliation might be a useful strategy in yield improvement of wheat in areas where the water availability is low.     

灌浆后期去叶对夏玉米生长发育及子粒含水率的影响

以郑单1002为材料,设置灌浆中后期(灌浆36 d)不同穗部及穗下不同数量的去叶处理,研究去叶后对玉米群体光合性能、冠层结构、产量以及子粒含水率等的影响。结果表明,穗部叶及穗部以下叶保留3~4片叶,产量不降低;去叶较多情况下表现为减产;不保留穗位叶较对照减产了12.36%,子粒千粒重下降是导致减产的主要原因。去叶后直接导致玉米群体叶面积指数下降,无截取散射略微增加;保留3~4片叶处理,叶片光合性能表现出一定补偿效应,净光合速率高于对照处理,羧化效率略有升高;去叶处理降低灌浆后期子粒含水率,不保留穗位叶片处理较对照处理相比,在灌浆44、52、60 d,子粒含水率分别下降了8.14、8.75、17.84个百分点。     

Calibrating the leaf colour chart for need based fertilizer nitrogen management in different maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes

Large field to field variability restricts efficient fertilizer N management when broad based blanket recommendations are used in maize (Zea mays L.). To achieve higher yields and to avoid nitrogen (N) deficiency risks, many farmers apply fertilizer N in excess of crop requirement in maize. Field experiments were conducted for five years (2005–2009) to establish and evaluate threshold leaf colour to guide in-season need based fertilizer N topdressings in four maize genotypes. Colour (of the first top maize leaf with fully exposed collar) as measured by comparison with different shades of green colour on a leaf colour chart (LCC) and maize grain yield was significantly correlated. The Cate–Nelson plot of chlorophyll (SPAD) meter/leaf colour chart values against relative grain yield of 0.93 for the experiments conducted during first two years indicated that LCC shade 5 during vegetative growth stages and LCC shade 5.5 at silking stage (R1) can guide crop demand driven N applications in maize. Evaluation of the established threshold leaf greenness during the next three years revealed that fertilizer N management using LCC 5 starting from six-leaf (V6) stage to before R1 stage resulted in improved agronomic and N recovery efficiency in different maize genotypes. There was no response to fertilizer N application at R1 stage. The study revealed that in maize, fertilizer N can be more efficiently managed by applying fertilizer N dose based on leaf colour as measured by LCC than blanket recommendation.     

玉米自交系氮高效指标的筛选及综合评价

以47个玉米自交系为材料,测定玉米自交系在低氮和正常氮处理下株高、穗位高、叶绿素SPAD值、吐丝期叶面积指数、吐丝期干重、全株干重、产量、子粒氮积累量、全株氮积累量和氮肥生产效率等10个指标,以耐低氮指数为参数,结合其变异系数,运用相关性分析、主成分分析和隶属函数法对其氮高效能力进行综合评价。结果表明,叶绿素、全株干重、产量、子粒氮积累量、全株氮积累量和氮肥生产效率等可作为玉米自交系氮高效能力的筛选指标。通过聚类分析,筛选得到PH6WC、郑58、PH6WC×郑58、PH6WC×D1798Z、D1798Z×521、HCL645×C7-2、HCL645×C7-2×单598、外杂二环系、美杂二环系×郑58、DH351×郑58、XL21×PH6WC共11个低氮高效型玉米自交系。     

耐密性玉米冠层结构对密度的响应

以华美1号和郑单958为材料,以1.5万株为梯度,共设置12个密度处理,种植密度自1.5万株/hm~2增至18万株/hm~2,研究探讨高产高效春玉米的冠层结构特征和光合特性。结果表明,华美1号在12.0万株/hm~2时产量达到最高,为15 912.8 kg/hm~2;郑单958在6.0万株/hm~2时产量最高,为13 685.9 kg/hm~2。在适当高的种植密度内(华美1号为9.0万~13.5万株/hm~2,郑单958为6.0万~9.0万株/hm~2),华美1号吐丝期最大LAI达4.19~5.30,群体穗位层透光率达17.57%~23.79%;郑单958吐丝期最大LAI达4.71~6.54,群体穗位层透光率达17.77%~23.66%。冠层内透光率、叶夹角、茎粗、叶片厚度、净光合速率和叶绿素相对含量均随密度增加而不同程度下降。华美1号穗位层及穗位层以上LAI占全株叶面积比例高,叶片小而厚,穗位层透光率好,各项冠层指标不同程度优于郑单958。     

Responses of rice leaf thickness,SPAD readings and chlorophyll a/b ratios to different nitrogen supply rates in paddy field

The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of different nitrogen (N) application rates to some morphological and physiological features of leaf blades, including leaf thickness, chlorophyll content at different leaf ages and chlorophyll a/b ratios. A paddy field and a cement tank experiments were conducted simultaneously. Rice leaf thickness was measured through a specially developed displacement sensor. Meanwhile, chlorophyll content was estimated using chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and spectrophotometer after ethanol extraction of leaf samples. With the increase of N application, leaf thickness became thinner and chlorophyll a/b ratios decreased. Moreover, the sensitivity of the SPAD readings of the same leaf at different leaf ages to N rates was assessed through coefficients of variation (CV). CV of SPAD readings increased from 8.8% to 21.6% during leaf lifetime, which indicates that SPAD readings became more and more sensitive to nitrogen rates as leaf aged. Therefore, SPAD readings of the lower leaves, which were physiologically older than the upper ones, were more sensitive to nitrogen rates.     

不同玉米品种叶片衰老动态变化及其化学调控

以玉米品种豫单2002和郑单958为材料,研究叶片衰老动态变化及其化学调控效应.结果表明,与郑单958相比,豫单2002叶片在吐丝前期生长较快,中后期下部叶片功能期较短,叶片发生早衰,叶面积下降迅速,衰老速率激增,产量显著低于郑单958.经植物生长复合调节剂拌种能维持较长的叶片功能期和较大的叶面积,豫单2002增产9.8%,达到显著差异水平(P<0.05);郑单958产量与对照差异不显著.植物生长复合调节剂拌种能有效防止叶片早衰,提高玉米产量,尤其对早衰型玉米品种豫单2002.     

玉米自交系耐淹性鉴定与评价

以39份玉米自交系为材料，大喇叭口期通过田间涝害模拟筛选试验，测定叶绿素(SPAD值)、地上部干物质量、绿叶数等9个指标以及各指标耐淹系数，对自交系耐淹性进行评价。结果表明，淹水条件下叶绿素(SPAD值)、地上部干物质量、绿叶数、抽雄期、吐丝期、株高受到严重影响，对地上部干物质量影响最大，地上部干物质量和株高、绿叶数呈显著相关或极显著相关，可作为田间鉴定玉米自交系耐淹性的有效指标。采用综合耐淹性状作为评价参数，经聚类分析表明，先玉335选育二环系、 X1141/昌7-2、中农大678选育二环系等8个自交系属耐淹型自交系，京157/京52B、京157/MO17、京157/PHNB2等12个自交系属敏感型自交系。     

冬油菜叶片SPAD的时空分布和氮素诊断的叶位选择

在大田试验条件下测定分析不同施氮水平冬油菜关键生育期SPAD值的时空分布特征,并对不同叶位及叶片不同部位SPAD值与叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量、植株全氮含量及籽粒产量之间的相关性进行分析,探求应用SPAD仪诊断油菜氮素营养状况的最佳测试叶位及位点。结果表明,油菜主茎顶部4片完全展开叶SPAD值存在显著空间差异,增加施氮量能显著提高各叶位叶SPAD值,同时减少叶位间的差异;六叶期、蕾薹期以顶4叶（TL4）SPAD值对氮素的敏感性最大,初花期和盛花期则最低。不同部位间,六叶期和初花期以中部SPAD值对施氮量增加的响应最敏感,盛花期则最迟钝,蕾薹期介于顶部和基部之间。综合分析认为,应用SPAD仪监测油菜氮素营养状况的最佳测试叶位和位点为主茎顶4片完全展开叶中部,该部位SPAD值与叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量和植株全氮含量之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平,满足氮素营养快速诊断的要求。     

化控剂对玉米光合作用、农艺性状和产量的影响

以密植中穗型品种辽单1211和稀植大穗型品种辽单120为试材,研究不同化控剂种类和喷施时期对玉米光合作用、形态指标和产量的影响。结果表明,喷施化控剂提高了玉米灌浆期穗位叶光合速率,9展叶期和12展叶期,在“吨田宝”化控剂处理下,辽单1211和辽单120穗位叶光合速率分别达到了最高值。和对照相比,喷施化控剂降低了玉米的株高和穗位高;喷施“康丰利”化控剂增加了辽单1211茎粗;喷施“吨田宝”缩短玉米的茎基部节间长度。产量结果表明,在9展叶期喷施“吨田宝”化控剂,可以显著地提高辽单1211产量;在6展叶期喷施“康丰利”化控剂,辽单120产量最高。     

Modelling leaf production and crop development in maize (Zea mays L.) after tassel initiation under diverse conditions of temperature and photoperiod

Prediction of the initiation, appearance and emergence of leaves is critically important to the success of simulation models of crop canopy development and some aspects of crop ontogeny. Data on leaf number and crop ontogeny were collected on five cultivars of maize differing widely in maturity and genetic background grown under natural and extended photoperiods, and planted on seven sowing dates from October 1993 to March 1994 at Gatton, South-east Queensland. The same temperature coefficients were established for crop ontogeny before silking, and the rates of leaf initiation, leaf tip appearance and full leaf expansion, the base, optimum and maximum temperatures for each being 8°C, 34°C and 40°C. After silking, the base temperature for ontogeny was 0°C, but the optimum and maximum temperatures remained unchanged. The rates of leaf initiation, appearance of leaf tips and full leaf expansion varied in a relatively narrow range across sowing times and photoperiod treatments, with average values of 0.040 leaves (°Cd)⁻¹, 0.021 leaves (°Cd)⁻¹, and 0.019 leaves (°Cd)⁻¹, respectively. The relationships developed in this study provided satisfactory predictions of leaf number and crop ontogeny (tassel initiation to silking, emergence to silking and silking to physiological maturity) when assessed using independent data from Gatton (South eastern Queensland), Katherine and Douglas Daly (Northern Territory), Walkamin (North Queensland) and Kununurra (Western Australia).     

生物炭对郑单958生理生化指标及产量的影响

采用大田试验,研究生物炭与氮肥配施对郑单958玉米子粒产量、不同生育时期SPAD值、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合特性及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响,明确生物炭对玉米生理生化指标与产量的效应。结果表明,不同炭氮施量处理中,正常施肥配施5 000 kg/hm~2生物炭处理表现出明显的优势,成熟期玉米叶片SPAD值和叶面积指数(LAI)分别比不施生物炭处理(对照)高46.22%和37.22%。正常施肥配施生物炭处理玉米的净光合速率(Pn)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均高于CK,且高施炭量处理明显高于低施炭量处理,有效提高了玉米叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性,延缓玉米衰老。添加生物炭处理郑单958产量最高可达12 076.35 kg/hm2,比对照增产10.23%,表现为穗长、穗粒数和百粒重的增加。     

A Quantitative Trait Locus for Chlorophyll Content and its Association with Leaf Photosynthesis in Rice

Leaf photosynthesis, an important determinant of yield potential in rice, can be estimated from measurements of chlorophyll content. We searched for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) value, an index of leaf chlorophyll content, and assessed their association with leaf photosynthesis. QTL analysis derived from a cross between japonica cultivar Sasanishiki and high-yielding indica cultivar Habataki detected a QTL for SPAD value on chromosome 4. This QTL explained 31% of the total phenotypic variance, and the Habataki allele increased the SPAD value. Chromosomal segment substitution line (CSSL) with the corresponding segment from Habataki had a higher leaf photosynthetic rate and SPAD value than Sasanishiki, suggesting an association between SPAD value and leaf photosynthesis. The CSSL also had a lower specific leaf area (SLA) than Sasanishiki, reflecting its thicker leaves. Substitution mapping under Sasanishiki genetic background demonstrated that QTLs for SPAD value and SLA were co-localized in the 1,798-kb interval. The results suggest that the phenotypes for SPAD value and SLA are controlled by a single locus or two tightly linked loci, and may play an important role in increasing leaf photosynthesis by increasing chlorophyll content or leaf thickness, or both.     

常用玉米杂交种的耐旱性研究

耐旱玉米种质的筛选是提高产量、保护自然资源及实现农业可持续发展的重要手段.以河北省生产上常用的14个玉米杂交种为材料,对各种质的子粒产量、干物量、雌雄穗开花间隔、穗位高/株高、叶片衰老指数等指标进行了综合考察,得出各种质的综合耐旱指数,对进一步筛选耐旱玉米种质有一定指导意义。     

源调节对移栽玉米物质生产及子粒养分含量的影响

以辽单566为试材,2017年进行基质育苗,长至5叶1心进行剪叶、断根处理,剪叶处理设置0、15%、30%3个水平,断根处理设置未断根与断根2个水平,7月1日移栽至大田。结果表明,在剪叶15%处理下,叶片、茎秆转运量、转运率以及子粒的贡献率显著增加,果穗的穗粗和千粒重也显著上升。同时,剪叶断根显著降低了吐丝至成熟期叶片、茎秆中干物质转运率及子粒贡献率,使得干物质积累量减少。随着剪叶面积的增加,可以在一定程度上缓解断根造成的不良影响。移栽玉米进行源调节后,对子粒淀粉、蛋白质、氨基酸和脂肪含量的效应不同,子粒脂肪含量不易受源库关系改变的影响,无明显变化。蛋白质含量和氨基酸含量在苗期移栽后减少15%叶源时达到最大;同时去除植株的叶源和根源,会显著降低子粒中蛋白质和氨基酸的百分含量。淀粉百分含量表现在苗期移栽后减少15%叶源和根源时达到最大。