滴灌施肥下不同栽培模式对马铃薯生长和水肥利用的影响

为了研究滴灌施肥灌溉条件下马铃薯配套的栽培模式,参考大型喷灌机灌溉条件下马铃薯的栽培模式,布置了"窄垄种植单行马铃薯"和"宽垄种植双行马铃薯"两种栽培模式,研究了滴灌施肥灌溉条件下两种栽培模式对马铃薯生长、产量和水肥利用效率等的影响。结果表明,在滴灌施肥灌溉下,通过负压计指导施肥灌溉,当滴头正下方20cm深度处的土壤水基质势低于-25kPa时进行施肥灌溉时,与"窄垄种植单行马铃薯"栽培模式相比,"宽垄种植双行马铃薯"的栽培模式能有效地改善根区土壤水分状况,促进马铃薯的生长,马铃薯不仅增产9.0%~18.0%,并且灌溉水利用效率提高了15.6%~46.0%,偏肥料生产力提高了17.5%~38.0%。     

脱毒马铃薯地膜滴灌高产栽培技术研究

脱毒马铃薯是辽南地区种植较多的经济作物。从种薯选择、田地选择、种薯准备、施肥、整地、田间管理、病虫害防治和收获等方面介绍脱毒马铃薯地膜滴灌高产栽培技术的操作要点,指出栽培过程中的注意事项,以期为辽南地区马铃薯高产栽培提供参考。     

沙地喷灌土壤基质势调控对土壤水分分布和马铃薯产量的影响

[目的]制定砂质土壤马铃薯的喷灌灌溉制度。[方法]选择“夏波蒂”(抗旱性弱)和“费乌瑞它”(抗旱性强)2种不同抗旱能力的马铃薯品种,通过2a的田间试验,研究了不同土壤基质势阈值对土壤水分状况、马铃薯产量与灌溉水利用效率等的影响,以确定马铃薯适宜的土壤基质势阈值来指导灌溉。2012年布置了3个处理,在马铃薯定苗后分别控制垄中心20cm深度处土壤基质势阈值为-20、-30和-40kPa,2013年增加了1个-10kPa处理。[结果]大型喷灌机灌溉条件下监控垄中心20cm深度处土壤基质势可较好地调控马铃薯农田的土壤水分状况;①指导灌溉的土壤基质势阈值越高,马铃薯生育期内0~30cm深度平均土壤基质势越高,并且变化幅度越平缓;土壤基质势阈值越低,0~30cm深度平均土壤基质势越低,且变化越剧烈;40cm深度以下土壤水分状况与土壤基质势阈值的关系不明显。②不同抗旱能力马铃薯品种的产量都随着土壤基质势阈值的降低而线性降低,当阈值低于-15.8 kPa时,土壤基质势每降低1kPa,产量降低1.8%,且主要表现在大薯(W≥250g)和中薯(150g≤ W<250g)质量的降低,单株结薯个数基本不受影响。③灌溉水利用效率随着土壤基质势的降低而线性增加,表现为土壤基质势每降低1 kPa,灌溉水利用效率升高1.3%。[结论]砂质土壤大型喷灌机灌溉或类似农业生产条件下,推荐监控垄中心20cm深度处土壤基质势来指导施肥灌溉,并且土壤基质势阈值建议为-15.8 kPa左右,在淀粉积累期之后可考虑适当地降低土壤基质势阈值,以获得高产和较高的灌溉水利用效率。     

Investigating water availability for introducing an additional crop yield in dry season on hill land at Rubirizi, Rwanda

The study explores the potential of introducing an additional crop during dry season in Rwanda, comparing the efficiency of in situ soil moisture conservation techniques to sustain rain-fed agriculture. Comparative study of in situ soil moisture conservation techniques in bench terraces and unterraced field with maize crop had been conducted from June 2007 to October 2007. Bench terrace increased the average soil moisture content in 90 cm soil depth by more than 50% than that of unterraced land. Within the bench terraced field compartment bund and ridges and furrows increased soil moisture by 19.5% and 27.9% higher than plain bed. In terms of efficiency of moisture conservation, ridges and furrows performed well with 85.8% followed by compartment bund with 75.9% in terraced field. Unterraced field conserved moisture very poorly with 13.9% efficiency inferring importance of bench terraces for soil moisture conservation. No maize grain yield was recorded in all the techniques because soil water depleted to 60% and above from the beginning of the cropping period inferring the need of supplementary irrigation. Analysis of rainfall, crop water demand and in situ moisture conservation reveals exciting opportunities for water productivity enhancements by integrating components of water management within the context of rain-fed farming through water harvesting and supplemental or microirrigation for dry spell mitigation. Detailed analysis is needed for feasibility of lift irrigation with different crops under different altitudes to derive suitable policy for hill land irrigation.     

Soil management and traffic effects on infiltration of irrigation water applied using sprinklers

Zero tillage and controlled traffic have been proposed as means for more productive and sustainable irrigated farming. Both practices affect soil infiltration characteristics and, therefore, should have effects on sprinkler irrigation performance. This study compared water infiltration and runoff in three sprinkler irrigation tests performed on an alluvial loam soil at different times during a maize (Zea mays L.)–cotton (Gossypium hirstium L.) rotation under two soil managements: permanent beds with crop residue retention (PB: planting beds maintained unaltered from year to year) and conventional beds with residues incorporated with tillage (CB: disc and chisel ploughing followed by rotavator pass and bed forming every year). Traffic was controlled and two types of furrows were distinguished in both tillage systems: with (+T) and without (−T) wheel traffic. The irrigation tests were performed on maize at full cover, on bare soil just before cotton sowing and on cotton with 50% ground cover. Infiltration and runoff were affected notably by both traffic and soil management. The soil under PB infiltrated more water than under CB, and −T furrows more than +T furrows. Considering the combined treatments, −T furrows in the CB system infiltrated more water than +T furrows in the PB system. A sprinkler irrigation model for simulating water application and soil infiltration and runoff was formulated. The model was used to analyse irrigation performance under infiltration characteristic of the CB and PB systems in trafficked and non-trafficked furrows. Five irrigation performance indicators were used to assess the various combinations of tillage and traffic: Wilkox–Swailes coefficient of uniformity; application efficiency; deep percolation ratio; tail water ratio; and adequacy. The model was used to develop operation diagrams and provided guidelines for making irrigation decisions in the new controlled traffic/permanent bed system and in a standard conventional system.     

河西绿洲灌区主要作物需水量及作物系数试验研究

利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了甘肃张掖绿洲主要作物各生育期参考作物蒸散量,利用农田水量平衡方程及土壤水分胁迫系数计算了作物实际蒸发蒸腾量,并计算比较了充分灌溉和非充分灌溉条件下不同生育期作物需水特征,确定了非充分灌溉条件下主要作物的作物系数。结果表明,非充分灌溉条件下,主要作物各生育期需水规律和充分灌溉具有一致变化趋势。非充分灌溉条件下,小麦、玉米、马铃薯全生育期作物系数平均值分别为0.81、0.7和0.73。在全生育期当中,随生育期的延续,主要作物叶面蒸腾比例逐渐增大,棵间蒸发逐渐减少。     

Crop yield and soil water restoration on 9-year-old alfalfa pasture in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China

The alfalfa pastureland in the semiarid Loess Plateau region of Northwest China usually has dry soil layers. A field experiment was conducted from October 2000 to October 2004 to examine soil water recovery and crop productivity on a 9-year-old alfalfa pasture. This experiment included six treatments: alfalfa pasture for 10-14 years, a conventional farming system without prior alfalfa planting, and four alfalfa-crop rotation treatments. For the rotation treatments, after 9 years of alfalfa selected crops were planted from 2001 to 2004 in the following sequence: (1) millet, spring wheat, potatoes, peas; (2) millet, corn, corn, spring wheat; (3) millet, potatoes, spring wheat, corn; (4) millet, fallow, peas, potatoes. The results showed that dry soil layers occurred in alfalfa pasture. We then plowed the alfalfa pasture and planted different crops. The soil water gradually increased during crop growth in the experimental period. The degree of soil water recovery in the four alfalfa-crop rotation treatments was derived from comparison with the soil water in the conventional system. After 4 years, the soil water recovery from the alfalfa-crop rotation systems at 0-500 cm soil depth was 90.5%, 89.8%, 92.2% and 96.7%, respectively. Soil total N content and soil respiration rate were high in the alfalfa-crop rotation systems. The yields of spring wheat in 2002, peas in 2003 and potatoes in 2004 in the alfalfa-crop rotation systems were not significantly different from yields in the conventional system. In the alfalfa-crop rotation systems, the yields of spring wheat and peas were greatly influenced by rainfall and were lowest in the dry year of 2004; the yields of corn and potatoes had a direct relationship with water use and were lowest in 2003. In summary, soil water in dry soil layers can recover, and crop yields in the alfalfa-crop systems were equal to those of the conventional system.     

基于作物生长模型的冬小麦灌溉方案研究

利用作物生长模拟模型(PS123),以黄淮海平原曲周砂壤土种植的冬小麦为例,对2 280个不同淡水灌溉方案和2 055个微咸水灌溉方案进行了模拟研究,分析了不同灌溉方案对作物生产力、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,曲周地区多年冬小麦平均生产潜力为11.27 t/hm2,冬小麦最高生产潜力的最小需水量为240 mm,与目前节水灌溉试验相吻合;通过灌溉方案模拟,提出了在冬小麦生育期淡水灌溉1到4次,获得高产的最佳灌溉方案;在灌溉4次的冬小麦生产体系中,建议冬前用淡水灌溉,返青后可以考虑1～2次微咸水灌。     

基于K-means聚类算法的草莓灌溉策略研究

为进一步提高日光温室封闭式栽培下草莓灌溉水肥利用率,研究了基质含水率和温度影响下的草莓灌溉策略优化方法。采用土壤水分传感器对草莓果期基质含水率进行实时监测,通过对基质含水率随时间变化的规律分析,并结合日平均温度进行K-means聚类分析,提出一种草莓优化灌溉策略。试验结果表明,灌溉第1阶段基质含水率快速上升,在灌溉结束时达到峰值,每次灌溉基质含水率平均提高21.5个百分点;第2阶段快速下降,在20 min内基质含水率平均下降3.5个百分点;第3阶段变化趋于平稳,在30 min内基质含水率平均下降1.2个百分点。在每个灌溉周期内,含水率呈线性下降趋势,在整个果期内,其斜率随日平均温度的升高逐渐增加,由0.0114增加至0.0365。研究结果表明,根据基质含水率变化和日平均温度区间进行定量灌溉,理论上果期每株草莓仅需要4.51 L水,可节水15.4%,该方法能有效提高水肥利用率,实现节水节肥。     

膜下滴灌马铃薯对水肥调控的响应研究进展

马铃薯作为保证国家粮食安全的全球第四大粮食作物，对水肥需求量较大，水肥成为制约马铃薯可持续发展的重要因素。膜下滴灌水肥调控技术可通过合理的水肥配施达到节水节肥和水肥高效利用目的，在实现马铃薯高产优质的同时，提高作物根层土壤酶活性，稳定土壤肥力。本文综述了膜下滴灌水肥调控对马铃薯产量、品质、水肥利用和根层土壤酶活性的影响，旨在为马铃薯水肥调控技术的推广和应用提供重要借鉴和参考。     

宽垄沟灌覆膜条件下土壤水分运移初探

宽垄沟灌作为一种大田作物栽培灌水方式已逐步受到关注.为研究灌水前后水分在垄沟间的运移及再分布,本试验在大棚内模拟宽垄沟灌垄上覆膜栽培条件以及灌水方案,采用中子仪进行水分观测.试验数据显示,在本试验条件下,垄背剖面的两个观测点表层,灌水前其含水量仅为田间持水量的65%和66%,灌水后垄沟水分的侧向入渗,144 h(6 d)分别达到田间持水量的73%和80%,408 h(17 d)达到田间持水量的78%和79%.试验结果表明,在宽垄沟灌覆膜条件下,水平向及垄背垂直向含水量梯度的存在导致水分侧向及向垄背的补给明显,且在覆膜条件下,垄背蒸散发损失少,起到减少土壤水分无效损耗、高效利用之效果.     

储水灌溉及覆膜对土壤水分及小麦出苗的影响

对不同储水灌溉定额和覆膜时期的研究结果表明,储水灌溉可增加0～120cm土层土壤贮水量,适度降低储水灌溉定额,对播种期和出苗期0～10cm土层土壤含水率影响不明显,头水期0～40cm土层土壤含水率与对照之间的差异不显著,春小麦出苗率提高;及早覆膜,有利于提高播种期和出苗期0～10cm土层、头水期0～40cm土层土壤含水率,以及播种至三叶期0～25cm土层地温。春小麦全膜覆土穴播栽培的适宜储水灌溉定额为600m3/hm2,覆膜时期为储水灌溉前覆膜,与对照相比,播种期及出苗期0～10cm土层土壤含水率分别提高7.36%和8.29%,头水期0～40cm土层土壤含水率提高2.78%,基本苗及出苗率分别增加26.34万株/hm2和5.44%,节水900m3/hm2。     

Effects of drip irrigation frequency on soil wetting pattern and potato growth in North China Plain

The effect of irrigation frequency on soil water distribution, potato root distribution, potato tuber yield and water use efficiency was studied in 2001 and 2002 field experiments. Treatments consisted of six different drip irrigation frequencies: N1 (once every day), N2 (once every 2 days), N3 (once every 3 days), N4 (once every 4 days), N6 (once every 6 days) and N8 (once every 8 days), with total drip irrigation water equal for the different frequencies. The results indicated that drip irrigation frequency did affect soil water distribution, depending on potato growing stage, soil depth and distance from the emitter. Under treatment N1, soil matric potential (ψ_m) Variations at depths of 70 and 90 cm showed a larger wetted soil range than was initially expected. Potato root growth was also affected by drip irrigation frequency to some extent: the higher the frequency, the higher was the root length density (RLD) in 0–60 cm soil layer and the lower was the root length density (RWD) in 0–10 cm soil layer. On the other hand, potato roots were not limited in wetted soil volume even when the crop was irrigated at the highest frequency. High frequency irrigation enhanced potato tuber growth and water use efficiency (WUE). Reducing irrigation frequency from N1 to N8 resulted in significant yield reductions by 33.4 and 29.1% in 2001 and 2002, respectively. For total ET, little difference was found among the different irrigation frequency treatments.     

Irrigation management in arid areas affected by surface crust

The effects of supplemental irrigation and irrigation practices on soil water storage and barley crop yield were studied for a crust-forming soil at the University of Jordan Research Station near Al-Muwaqqar village during the 1996/97 growing season. An amount of 0.0, 48.9, 73.3, 122.2 and 167 mm supplemental irrigation water were applied. The 48.9, 73.3 and 122.2 mm applications were applied through surface irrigation into furrows with blocked ends, and the 0.0 and 167 mm applications via sprinkler irrigation. The greatest water infiltration and subsequent soil storage was achieved with the 122.2 mm application followed by the 73.3 mm irrigation, both surface applied. Application efficiency (the fraction of applied water that infiltrated into the soil and stored in the 600 mm soil profile) and soil water storage associated with supplemental blocked furrow irrigation was significantly greater than with supplemental sprinkler irrigation. For arid zone soil, which has little or no structural stability, application of supplemental irrigation water via short, blocked-end furrows prevents runoff and increases the opportunity time for infiltration, thereby increasing the amount of applied water that is infiltrated into the soil and stored in the soil profile. Supplemental irrigation, applied by a low-rate sprinkler system, was not as effective because of the low infiltration rates that resulted from the development of a surface throttle due to dispersion of soil aggregates at the soil surface. The differences in stored water had a significant effect on grain and straw yields of barley. Without supplemental irrigation, barley grain and straw yields were zero in natural rainfall cultivation with a total rainfall of 136.5 mm. Barley yields in the control treatment, with a 167 mm supplemental sprinkler irrigation were low being 0.19 and 1.09 ton/ha of barley grain and straw, respectively. Supplemental irrigation through blocked-end furrows increased barley grain and straw yields significantly compared with supplemental sprinkler irrigation to a maximum of 0.59 and 1.8 ton/ha, respectively. The improvement coming from the increased water storage associated with furrows. Since irrigation water is very limited if available, farmers are encouraged to form such furrows for reducing runoff from rainfall thereby increasing the amount of water available for forage and field crop production.     

新型地下灌溉技术的试验研究

针对地下灌溉中容易出现的埋在地下的灌水器的堵塞现象和土壤含水率的分布问题,提出一种新型地下灌溉技术。新型地下灌溉技术将水(或水肥的混合液)和空气充分混合为一体,由埋于作物下方的灌水器以一定的压力输出水气二相流,由气相流带动水分在土壤中浸润、扩散,从而将水(或水肥的混合液)送达作物根部,是一种高效节水灌溉技术。用气相流带...     

覆膜方式对不同生态区大豆产量和水分利用效率的影响

全膜微垄沟播种植技术是在全膜双垄沟播技术的基础上创新研发的一种集覆盖抑蒸、垄面集雨、垄沟种植为一体的新型地膜覆盖技术。【目的】明确西北半干旱雨养区地膜覆盖条件下旱地大豆在不同生态区产量的差异。【方法】于2014—2016年进行大田定位试验,以露地无覆盖(CK)为对照,设置了3种覆膜方式,分别为全膜微垄沟播(T1)、全膜双垄沟播(T2)、全膜覆土穴播(T3),研究半湿润偏旱区、半干旱区、半干旱偏旱区3种不同生态区地膜覆盖对大豆产量及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】与CK相比,在3个生态区均以T1处理产量最高,T2处理次之,T3处理最低;其中全膜微垄沟播不同生态区比较:半湿润偏旱区>半干旱区>半干旱偏旱区,分别较露地无覆盖CK增产58.5%、78.1%和95.3%;水分利用效率分别较CK提高65.9%、57.6%和56.1%。尤其在年降雨量500～600 mm生态区全膜微垄沟播增产效应最明显,平均产量达到4 318.2 kg/hm2,最高达到4 353.3 kg/hm2,较CK增产58.5%。【结论】大豆全膜微垄沟播种植技术在西北半干旱雨养区,增产效果明显,其推广应用可有效提高该区降水资源的高效利用,实现旱作雨养区大豆稳产高产。     

覆膜滴灌紫薯农田水热传输规律及其对环境因子的响应

农田水热传输过程的量化对于农业用水管理和作物灌溉制度的制定具有重要意义。本文利用波文比通量观测系统实测数据和气象站资料,对覆膜滴灌紫薯农田的水热通量变化规律及其对环境因子的响应进行了研究。结果表明：潜热通量是全生育期覆膜滴灌农田能量支出的主要部分,显热通量和土壤热通量支出占比较小,全生育期潜热通量、显热通量、土壤热通量支出占比分别为69.12%、25.14%、6.57%。不同天气条件下,显热通量的大小和变化范围均小于潜热通量。潜热通量对降雨和灌溉的响应最为显著,且降雨影响程度大于灌溉。净辐射、气温对潜热通量的影响较大,表层土温和风速变化的影响则较低,各环境因子主要通过直接和间接作用共同对潜热通量产生影响。该研究成果可以深化对覆膜滴灌紫薯农田水热传输规律的认识,为作物高效用水提供理论依据。     

膜孔灌溉评价方法的研究

膜孔灌溉是在传统的地面沟畦灌和地膜栽培基础上发展起来的节水灌溉新技术。本文通过对水流前峰在沟畦中的行进距离与时间进行幂指数回归，确定行进方程的有关参数；由水量平衡模型确定入渗方程ｚ＝ｋｔｎ。根据行进方程和入渗方程，推导出灌水均匀度Ｅｄ，灌溉效率Ｅａ，深层渗漏损失ＤＰＲ和尾水废泄损失ＴＷＰ公式，并计算和评价不同条件下的灌水质量，以确定最优灌水指标和有关参数，达到节水灌溉目的。     

多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运移模拟试验研究

为了指导密植作物的滴灌系统合理设计,通过室内物理试验模拟了多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运移过程,重点研究了不同滴头流量下交汇湿润体内的土壤水分时空动态分布规律．多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运动遵循先点源入渗、再湿润锋交汇和最后形成湿润带的规律．灌水结束时,土壤水分分布呈现湿润体上部复杂、下部相对简单的特征．湿润体上部,在滴头下方存在土壤含水率相对较高的区域,2个滴头之间近地表处存在土壤含水率相对较低的区域;湿润体下部同一深度土层上的含水率有趋于一致的趋势．灌水结束后,由于土壤水分再分布,同一深度土层上含水率差异逐渐减小．灌水量相同条件下,灌水结束时,滴头流量小的入渗深度较大,湿润体内土壤平均含水率较低;灌水结束后,受土壤水分再分配的作用,不同滴头流量下入渗深度的差异较灌水结束时有所减小．     

不同喷灌水氮组合对马铃薯耗水、产量和品质的影响

为了探讨黑龙江省克山县圆形喷灌机条件下不同水氮组合对马铃薯的耗水规律、产量和品质的影响,同时确定节水、节肥、高产目标下适宜的水氮组合方式,试验设置了2个灌水水平:灌水总量W1(80 mm)和W2(100 mm);4个追氮量水平:F1(45 kg/hm²),F2(56.6 kg/hm²),F3(70 kg/hm²)和F4(86.6 kg/hm²);2个施氮频次:C1为块茎膨大期1次施入,C2为块茎膨大期分2次施入,并选择雨养区作为对照.结果表明:马铃薯全生育期耗水量为313~332 mm,块茎膨大期耗水量最大,占全生育期耗水总量63.4%~66.0%,幼苗期和块茎形成期是需水关键期,应结合马铃薯生长状况和当地雨水情况,适当进行补充灌溉;相比于其余处理,W2F4C2处理产量最高,达到46 525 kg/hm²;不同水氮组合间马铃薯的淀粉、维生素C、粗蛋白含量及商品薯率无显著差异,粗蛋白含量随着施氮量的增加呈现先降低后升高的趋势.综合比较,建议在黑龙江半湿润地区,可采用高水(100 mm)高肥(86.6 kg/hm²)高频次(块茎膨大期分2次施入)的方案.