Development of field-grown potato plants derived from meristem plants multiplied with different methods

Abstract

In the current multiplication technique first-generation seed tubers produced in the field by transplanting plants raised on peat in plastic rolls from plants cultured by repetitive multiplication using tip- and stem-cuttings and truncated plants are compared with in vitro micro-plants from the aspect of obtaining optimal-sized, disease-free seed tubers.

The objective of the study is to compare the dynamics of total plant dry mass and tuber dry mass of field-grown potato plants, and analyse the effect of the year and variety. Two local late-maturing potato varieties, Ants and Vigri, were used in the study. The field experiments were carried out in 2005–2007.

Significant impact of the multiplication method and experimental year on total plant dry mass and tuber dry mass was observed. The plants multiplied in vitro from micro-cuttings produced lower total dry mass and also lower tuber dry mass per m². The plants multiplied by tip- and stem-cuttings as well as truncated plants proved to be more adaptable to unfavourable weather conditions than in vitro plants; in a favourable year, however, the differences were insignificant. In the early phase of growth the ratio of the tuber dry mass to total plant dry mass increased more rapidly in the case of in vitro plants, whereas by the end of the growing season the relevant ratio was similar for all multiplication methods and years.

All developed multiplication methods are suitable for practical seed potato production in the field and ensure a reasonable potato crop.     

Compositional analysis of tubers from insect and virus resistant potato plants

Genetically modified potato plants that are resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, plus either the potato leaf roll virus or potato virus Y, have recently been commercialized. As part of the safety assessment for plants produced by modern biotechnology, the composition of the food/feed must be compared to that of the food/feed produced by an equivalent plant variety from a conventional source. The composition of important nutritional and antinutritional factors in tubers produced by virus- and insect-resistant potato plants were compared to tubers produced by conventional potato plants. Key nutritional, quality, and antinutritional components measured were total solids, vitamin C, dextrose, sucrose, soluble protein, and glycoalkaloids. Proximate analyses included fat, ash, calories, total protein, and crude fiber. Minor nutrients measured were vitamin B6, niacin, copper, magnesium, potassium, and amino acids. The results from these analyses confirm that tubers produced by insect- and virus-protected varieties are substantially equivalent to tubers produced by conventional potato varieties.     

陇中旱作区加工型马铃薯新品种筛选试验初报

陇中旱作区马铃薯种植历史悠久,马铃薯产业已成为当地的主导产业。为筛选出陇中旱作区优质抗旱的淀粉加工型和全粉加工型马铃薯新品种。以陇薯3号为对照品种,在陇中旱作区对引进适宜不同生态区域种植的8个加工型马铃薯新品种进行筛选比较试验。结果表明,陇薯16号、陇薯17号、甘农薯9号这3个品种生育期长(120～125 d),为晚熟或中晚熟品种;出苗率高,植株生长旺盛,主茎数多,大中薯率均高于80%;薯形为圆形或长卵圆形、薯皮光滑、芽眼浅、食味优(蒸煮食味综合评分分别为7.00、7.50、6.63分);干物质含量高,分别为253.0、243.2、249.0 g/kg,分别较对照品种陇薯3号增加6.0、-3.8、2.0 g/kg;还原糖含量分别为2.70、1.40、1.10 g/kg;折合产量分别为29 670、30 855、31 055 kg/hm2,分别较对照品种陇薯3号增产5.62%、9.84%、10.56%,可作为陇中旱作区全粉加工型品种推广种植。由于陇薯16号淀粉含量高达232.0 g/kg,也可作为陇中旱作区优质的高淀粉加工型品种进行推广。     

The effect of a mixture of two plant growth-promoting bacteria from Argentina on the yield of potato,and occurrence of primary potato diseases and pest – short communication

In 2017, we conducted a field experiment to test the influence of a mixture of two plant growth-promoting bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azospirillum brasilense) on the yield of three potato varieties. In addition, the influence of the mixture on potato susceptibility to infection by the pseudofungus Phytophthora infestans and fungus Alternaria solani and to attacks by the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) was investigated. It was the first experiment of its kind in Europe. In the unusually hot and dry year, a positive influence on the yield (17%–31%) was found in all three varieties when the tubers were soaked in the bacterial mixture prior to sowing. We observed no significant differences in potato resilience/susceptibility to harmful organisms among the different treatments (soaked tubers, sprayed tubers, untreated tubers); however, there were significant differences in the productivity between the tuber varieties. The results of our research indicate the bacterial mixture used in this study has a high potential to support satisfactory potato yields under dry conditions and under low levels of infection by foliar fungal diseases and attacks by foliar insects.     

Establishment of Chlorophyll Meter Measurements to Manage Crop Nitrogen Status in Potato Crop

Management of nitrogen (N) use is necessary to promote maximum development and production of tubers. For this reason, chlorophyll meters have been used to make N-fertilizer recommendations in potato. An assay was carried out with increasing doses of N. To define the thresholds IV for potato crops, correlations among IV, ISN, RR, and N content had been established. IV is the green index of the leaf measured by the chlorophyll meter. This index estimates the chlorophyll content in the leaf and through this the N concentration in vegetal tissue, based on the assumption that N and chlorophyll content have a strong correlation. ISN is the sufficiency nitrogen index. It was determined as the relation between the green index reading of each experimental unit and the highest average green index reading of the assay. RR is the relative yield. It was calculated as the ratio between the yield of each treatment and the highest average yield of the assay. The results had shown that varieties did not present N deficiencies during the vegetative growth phase, with IV and ISN values respectively equal to 41 SPAD units and 93 percent. During the tuber bulking phase, the necessary IV and ISN thresholds to reach maximum yields, for N content equal to 3 percent, were, respectively, between 38.5 and 40.5 SPAD units and between 84 and 94.8 at 70 and 89 days after planting. We concluded that the chlorophyll meter is an appropriate tool to determine the nutritional status in potato crops.     

Distribution of selenium in different biochemical fractions and raw darkening degree of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers supplemented with selenate

Effects of Se fertilization on potato processing quality, possible changes in Se concentration and form in tubers during storage, and retransfer of Se from seed tubers were examined. Potato plants were grown at five selenate (SeO4(2-)) concentrations. Tubers were harvested 16 weeks after planting and were stored at 3-4 degrees C prior to analysis. The results showed that the Se concentration did not decrease during storage for 1-12 months. In tubers, 49-65% of total Se was allocated in protein fraction, which is less than found in plant leaves in a previous study. The next-generation tubers produced by the Se-enriched seed tubers had increased Se concentrations, which evidenced the relocation of Se from the seed tubers. At low levels, Se improved the processing quality of potato tubers by diminishing and retarding their raw darkening. The value of Se-enriched potato tubers as a Se source in the human diet was discussed.     

Influence of Drought Stress on Leaf Traits of Different Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) Varieties in Natural Environment

A study was carried out to explore leaf traits analysis of three strawberry varieties under different drought conditions in Malaysian upland environment in 2013. Plants of three strawberry varieties were grown in three different soil moisture levels including 25 percent (severe stress), 50 percent (mild stress), and 75 percent (normal irrigation) and remained for 60 days as a duration of stress to get appropriate observations of plants to drought stress. Significant differences were observed among varieties, treatments, and duration of drought stress in different traits (P < 0.05). Leaf area, leaf number, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index, leaf moisture, leaf expansion rate, and leaf yield were diminished under stress especially when treated with 25 percent of soil moisture level and 60 days of duration. Moreover, there were remarkable differences among plants in terms of leaf thickness in 25 percent, 50 percent, and control. Severe stress reduced leaf thickness significantly compared to other treatments.     

不同马铃薯品种(系)对增强UV-B辐射的形态响应

UV-B辐射对植物的形态建成有着重要的作用,并且随着地表UV-B辐射的加剧也必将对作物产生影响。本研究通过测定株高、节距、叶面积和根冠比等几个重要的形态指标,分析在增强UV-B辐射条件下马铃薯不同品种的形态响应差异,为综合评价UV-B辐射对马铃薯的影响和耐受性品种选育奠定基础。试验以4个普通和3个彩色马铃薯品种(系)为材料,采用自然光照(CK)和2个增强的UV-B辐射[2.5 k J?m-2?d-1(T1)、5.0 k J?m-2?d-1(T2)]进行处理,分别于处理15 d、30 d和45 d时测定株高、节距、叶面积和比叶重,收获时测定根冠比。最后得出几个形态指标的响应指数(RI),并以累积胁迫响应指数(CSRI)对试验品种的耐受性做出评价。结果显示:在增强UV-B辐射处理后,多数品种呈现株高降低、节距缩短、叶面积减小、比叶重增加的一致性变化趋势,且随着处理强度的增加和时间延长,处理与对照间的差异愈加显著。各品种对UV-B辐射的形态响应存在显著差异,普通品种的株高、节距、叶面积受UV-B辐射抑制较为明显,地上部分的生物量减幅较大,如‘合作88’地上部分(鲜重)RI值在T1、T2处理下分别为-60.28、-70.44,‘丽薯6号’则为-58.61、-66.44;彩色品种受到的影响较小,‘转心乌’地上部分RI值分别为107.75、21.4,‘21-1’为41.49、-45.72。随着地上生物量增长受到显著抑制,地下部分特别是根系也受到明显的影响,普通与彩色品种间根系RI值的变化规律与地上部分一致。由于地上部分生物量的减幅更显著,各品种(系)的根冠比均比对照增大(T2)。T1、T2处理下5个品种的CSRI值显示‘合作88’(-133.35、-240.85)与‘丽薯6号’(-104.09、-160.2)在增强的UV-B辐射处理下形态特征受到了显著的抑制;彩色品种(系)‘转心乌’(275.97、51.26)、‘21-1’(96.8、-142.17)比普通品种‘合作88’、‘丽薯6号’受到的影响相对较小,显示具有一定的UV-B辐射耐受性。     

种子引发对水分胁迫下大豆幼苗生理特性的影响

试验研究了种子引发处理对弱抗旱"晋豆19号"和强抗旱"晋大53号"两个大豆品种种子膜透性、可溶性蛋白含量、种子发芽指标的影响及在干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗生理特性的变化.结果表明:种子引发处理使两个大豆品种种子的膜透性显著降低,可溶性蛋白含量显著升高,且不同程度地提高了两个品种的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数;幼苗在水分胁迫加重时(6～9 h),与未引发处理比,引发处理下两个品种幼苗叶片膜透性减小,MDA含量降低,SOD、POD活性和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量升高.表明对种子进行引发处理,通过提高幼苗保护酶活性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量,增强了大豆幼苗的耐旱性.试验还表明,引发处理对弱抗旱品种"晋豆19号"产生的耐早效应优于强抗旱品种"晋大53号".     

Effects of selenium treatments on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and concentrations of soluble sugars and starch

The effect of selenium (Se) treatments on potato growth and Se, soluble sugar, and starch accumulation was investigated. Potato plants were cultivated in quartz sand without or with sodium selenate (0, 0.075, 0.3 mg Se kg(-1) sand). In young potato plants, Se treatment resulted in higher starch concentrations in upper leaves. The tuber yield of Se-treated potato plants was higher and composed of relatively few but large tubers. At harvest, the starch concentration in tubers did not differ significantly between treatments. The higher Se addition (0.3 mg Se kg(-1)) may have delayed the aging of stolons and roots, which was observed as high concentrations of soluble sugar and starch. Together with the earlier results showing elevated starch concentration in Se-treated lettuce, the findings of this research justify the conclusion that Se has positive effects also on potato carbohydrate accumulation and possibly on yield formation.     

Fertility Response of Potato to Municipal Wastewater and Inorganic Fertilizers

This study evaluated fertilizer contribution of municipal wastewater on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation in a split-plot experiment having two factors: water quality with 5 levels and fertilizer with 2 levels. Irrigation by raw wastewater supplied 16, 13, 13, 23, 1.7, and 83% of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) requirement of potato, respectively. Wastewater compared to freshwater, improved plant height, vigority, area coverage, leaf area index (LAI), stem per plant, number and weight of tuber per plant, above-ground dry matter (ADM), and tuber yield of potato. Averaged over 3 years, irrigation by 75 and 100% (raw) wastewater with recommended standard fertilizers produced the maximum, but identical, tuber yield. Wastewater raised N, P, and K contents in potato plants and tubers. Irrigation by wastewater could reduce the fertilizer requirement of potato by 10–15%. However, it caused high accumulation of total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC) on potato skin, restricting the use of the produce.     

不同马铃薯品种对Cd、Pb吸收累积的差异

采用田间试验法,以中南地区主要种植的11个马铃薯品种为研究对象,测定马铃薯植株各部位重金属Cd、Pb含量,探讨不同品种的马铃薯对Cd、Pb的吸收累积差异,为马铃薯的安全种植提供实践参考。结果表明:Cd—Pb复合污染下,马铃薯块茎鲜重、茎叶鲜重以及根、茎叶、块茎中Cd、Pb含量在品种间均表现出显著差异。11个马铃薯品种块茎Cd含量范围为0.39～0.67 mg/kg,超标率100%,块茎Pb含量为0.16～0.43 mg/kg,超标率81.8%。马铃薯各部位Cd、Pb含量均呈现根茎叶块茎的分布特点;马铃薯对Cd的富集系数为2.35～5.56,对Pb富集系数为0.11～0.22,马铃薯富集转运Cd的能力大于Pb。尽管复合重金属靶标危险系数(TTHQ)法评价显示,金湘等5种马铃薯的TTHQ值1,对人体健康风险较小,但结合块茎Cd、Pb含量,建议污染区种植的马铃薯作为工业原料使用更安全。     

Selection criteria for potato tubers to minimize acrylamide formation during frying

A number of parameters linked to the selection of potato tubers were evaluated with regard to their potential to influence acrylamide formation in French fries. The formation of acrylamide, which is a potential human carcinogen, can be minimized for a big extent by the selection of an appropriate tuber. This study focused on the following selection criteria: variety as influenced by storage time and soil type, underwater weight, and tuber size. A total of 16 varieties were compared, concerning their potential for acrylamide formation. From that survey, certain varieties, such as Tebina and Quincy, could be appointed as unsuitable for frying. The differences in the potential of acrylamide formation between the varieties could mainly be explained by the reducing sugar content of the potato (R2 = 0.82, n = 96). The investigated type of soil and storage time at 8 degrees C appeared to have a minor influence on the acrylamide formation during frying. On the other hand, the tuber size of the potato did contribute in a significant manner to the acrylamide formation. Smaller tubers were more susceptible to acrylamide formation and should be avoided in the frying process. The last selection parameter, the underwater weight, appeared to be of minor importance in the acrylamide formation. On the basis of these simple selection criteria, it is possible to make a first screening of potatoes to reduce the acrylamide formation during frying.     

草铵膦对转基因抗草铵膦马铃薯田间杂草的防效及安全性评价

为了解草铵膦对转基因抗草铵膦马铃薯田间杂草的防效及对马铃薯和环境的安全性,本研究在转基因抗草铵膦马铃薯苗期向田间杂草和马铃薯茎叶定向喷施有效成分分别为0(G0)、847.5(G1)、1 271.25(G2)和1 695 g·hm^-2(G3)的草铵膦,系统比较了药后1、4、11和20 d时马铃薯叶片丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,药后30和45 d时马铃薯植株的平均株高、茎直径、根茎叶鲜干重和杂草株数,以及成熟期马铃薯块茎营养品质、单株产量、土壤和块茎中草铵膦残留在各处理间的差异。结果表明,药后不同时期,各处理间的马铃薯叶片MDA和Pro含量、SOD和CAT活性均无显著差异。药后30和45 d时,除各草铵膦处理区的根茎叶鲜干重显著高于清水对照外,各处理间的马铃薯株高、茎直径和成熟期块茎营养品质均无显著差异,说明试验剂量的草铵膦对马铃薯生长发育及品质无显著影响。与清水对照相比,各剂量的草铵膦对杂草均有明显的防除效果,且可以明显地提高马铃薯的单株产量,杂草的株、鲜重防效和成熟期马铃薯单株产量在各处理间的差异均依次表现为G3>G2>G1,但在土壤和块茎中均未检测到草铵膦残留。综上,采用有效成分1 695 g·hm^-2草铵膦可以有效防除杂草,对马铃薯安全,且在土壤和马铃薯块茎中未检出草铵膦残留。本研究结果为草铵膦的科学使用提供了理论依据。     

晚香玉γ射线辐照的生物学效应

用剂量分别为15、20、25、30和35Gy的60Co γ射线辐照处理晚香玉单瓣、重瓣两个品种的种球,以未辐照种球为对照,以通过60Co γ射线辐照处理筛选出优良品种。结果表明：各处理对植株的生长和发育均有影响,主要表现在出苗率降低,植株变矮,开花延迟,花期延长。15Gy和20Gy处理组的植株辐照损伤较小,长势相对较好,尤以20Gy更为突出,2品种间单瓣的耐辐照能力较重瓣强。运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）方法对不同辐照剂量下的2个品种的植株叶片进行同工酶分析,结果表明,在20和25Gy剂量下,过氧化物酶、酯酶和过氧化氢酶的活性最强。经农艺性状及同工酶分析,初步筛选出2个晚香玉品种的适宜辐照剂量为20Gy。     

收获期马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数测定与影响因素分析

为了建立马铃薯块茎在土薯分离机构和振动筛上发生碰撞时的碰撞模型,该文基于质点对固定面的碰撞动力学理论在自制测定装置上对马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数进行了试验测定。对块茎碰撞恢复系数的主要影响因素碰撞材料、下落高度、块茎质量、含水率、跌落方向和马铃薯品种等进行了混合正交试验和单因素试验。混合正交试验结果表明,各因素对马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数的影响顺序为:碰撞材料、下落高度、块茎质量、含水率、跌落方向和马铃薯品种,其中碰撞材料、下落高度、块茎质量和含水率影响较为显著。单因素试验结果表明,马铃薯与65Mn钢、橡胶、马铃薯和土块间块茎碰撞恢复系数依次减小,其中新大坪的值分别为0.791 2、0.710 5、0.663 2、0.525 3,陇薯7号的值分别为0.762 7、0.695 2、0.690 4、0.563 1;马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数随着下落高度、块茎质量和含水率的增加而减小,回归方程决定系数均大于0.9。研究结果可为马铃薯收获机挖掘及土薯分离装置关键部件的优化设计提供参考。     

Nutrition Accumulation,Remobilization, and Partitioning in Rice on No-Tillage Soil

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of no-tillage (NT) on nutrient uptake, remobilization, and partitioning in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Results showed that nitrogen (N) concentrations in stem and panicle in NT were lower than those in conventional tillage (CT). However, leaf N concentration was relatively higher in NT plants after heading stage. No significant difference was found in phosphorus (P) concentration between two tillage treatments before heading stage. However, at mature stage, NT had higher P concentration in panicle. The NT plants had higher potassium (K) concentrations in both leaf and stem than CT ones before heading stage. At maturity stages, the difference about the nutrient accumulation between the two tillage treatments varied with plant organs. The NT plants had significantly higher stem and leaf nutrient accumulations than CT ones at late stages, while at early stage, the difference between the two tillage treatments varied with location and year. Both N and K harvest index (NHI and KHI) was significantly higher in NT plants than in CT plants, but the difference between the two tillage treatments in P harvest index (PHI) was changeable over year and location. The NT plants had lower nutrient utilization efficiency in comparison with CT plants.     

氮肥形态对马铃薯氮素积累与分配的影响

采用田间试验的方法,研究了不同氮肥形态对氮素在马铃薯不同器官中的吸收和运转分配及产量的影响。试验结果表明:铵态氮肥对马铃薯地上干物质积累量的增加作用最明显,施氮处理马铃薯块茎干物质积累量比对照增加50.37%～71.38%;马铃薯各器官中含氮量随生育期推进逐渐下降,其中,茎和叶下降幅度较大;马铃薯各器官中氮含量生育前期表现为叶片>地上茎>根,进入块茎形成期以后,则叶片>根>地上茎>块茎。施氮在马铃薯生育前期有利于茎对氮素的吸收和储存,后期又可以促进茎中的氮素向叶片和块茎转移。施氮各处理产量较对照增加19.28%～63.86%,NH4+-N处理对氮的吸收、积累与分配影响最大,且产量最高,达到39 410.2 kg.hm-2。     

Effect of Nutritional Treatments on Physiological Characteristics and Tuberization of Potato Plants under Hydroponic Sand Culture

Under hydroponic condition, number and size of potato tubers are usually controlled by nutritional factors such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and pH. The main objective of the present study was to find an appropriate combination of N, P, and pH (with respect to tuber number) under hydroponic sand culture and to evaluate the physiological traits affected by nutrients and pH. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was conducted. Results showed that higher phosphorus concentration for 10 days increased tuber number per plant, but tuberization was not influenced by nitrogen interruption and intermittent reduction of pH. Neither N, P, nor pH treatments affected total nitrogen concentration of potato leaf, stem, and tuber. Higher phosphorus concentration increased the level of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), induced tuberization and thereby increased net photosynthesis rate of potato plants.     

Zinc nutrition affects alfalfa responses to water stress and excessive moisture

The interactive effect of applied zinc (Zn) and soil moisture on early vegetative growth of three alfalfa (lucerne) (Medicago sativa L.) varieties was investigated in a sand‐culture pot experiment to test whether there is link between Zn nutrition and soil moisture stress or excessive moisture tolerance in alfalfa plants. Three varieties (Sceptre, Pioneer L 69, and Hunterfield) with differential Zn efficiency (ability of a variety to grow and yield well in a Zn deficient soil is called a Zn‐efficient variety) were grown at two Zn levels (low Zn supply: 0.05 mg Zn kg^‐1 of soil, adequate Zn supply: 2.0 mg Zn kg^‐1 of soil) and three levels of soil moisture (soil moisture stress: 3% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis; adequate soil moisture: 12% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis; excessive soil moisture: 18% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis) in a Zn deficient (DTPA Zn: 0.06 mg kg^‐1 soil) siliceous sand. Zinc treatments were applied at planting, while soil moisture treatments were applied three weeks after planting and continued for two weeks. Plants were grown in pots under controlled temperature conditions (20°C, 12 h day length; 15°C, 12 h night cycle) in a glasshouse. Plants grown at low Zn supply developed Zn deficiency symptoms, and there was a severe solute leakage from the leaves of Zn‐deficient plants. Adequate Zn supply significantly enhanced the leaf area, leaf to stem ratio, biomass production of shoots, and roots, succulence of plants and Zn concentration in leaves. At low Zn supply, soil moisture stress and excessive moisture treatments significantly depressed the shoot dry matter, leaf area and leaf to stem ratio of alfalfa plants, while there was little impact of soil moisture treatments when supplied Zn concentration was high. The detrimental effects of soil moisture stress and excessive soil moisture under low Zn supply were less pronounced in Sceptre, a Zn‐efficient alfalfa variety compared with Hunterfield, a Zn‐inefficient variety. Results suggest that the ability of alfalfa plants to cope with water stress and excessive soil moisture during early vegetative stage was enhanced with adequate Zn nutrition.