Effects of metomidate hydrochloride sedation on blood glucose and marketability of transported threespot gourami Trichogaster trichopterus

Our objectives were to determine whether sedation with metomidate hydrochloride (hereafter, "metomidate") during transportation of threespot gourami Trichogaster trichopterus would prevent an increase in blood glucose levels and improve fish marketability (i.e., based on appearance and behavior) in comparison with unsedated controls. Threespot gourami are obligate air-breathers that possess a labyrinth organ, enabling the fish to respire air above the water surface; these fish should be lightly sedated during transport. Fish were transported for approximately 24 h via truck and domestic airline. Blood was sampled at 0, 2, 6, and 12 h posttransport ation, and appearance and behavior were observed at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h and 7 d posttransportation. Metomidate concentrations tested were 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mg/L. At the concentrations tested, metomidate neither inhibited elevations in blood glucose nor improved marketability. Fish that were transported with 0.3-mg/L metomidate were less marketable based on behavioral indices, and fish that were transported with 0.4-mg/L metomidate had higher glucose levels than control fish. Use of metomidate as a transport sedative for threespot gourami should be considered with caution and may be problematic at the concentrations tested; however, further research examining additional indices of stress may clarify metomidate use for this species.     

蜂胶对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响

将复制糖尿病模型的 72只SD大鼠随机分为模型组 ,蜂胶水提液低剂量组、高剂量组 ,蜂胶醇提液低剂量组、高剂量组和阳性对照组 (拜糖苹 ) ,另取 12只为正常组。除正常组和模型组外 ,各组分别给予不同的试验药物。给药过程中 ,每周取血一次 ,测空腹血糖 ,给药 7周后 ,取血测定空腹血糖和果糖胺。试验结果表明 ,蜂胶水提液和醇提液均能控制糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖的升高 ,并且随着时间的延长效果越来越明显。     

Analysis of Short-Term Cortisol Stress Response in Channel Catfish by Anesthetization with Metomidate Hydrochloride and Tricaine Methanesulfonate

The ability of the anesthetics metomidate hydrochloride and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) to mitigate the cortisol stress response of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus was evaluated during a 10-min confinement stress. The cortisol concentrations of Channel Catfish anesthetized in metomidate hydrochloride remained consistent throughout the 10-min exposure; however, for fish anesthetized with MS-222 and nonanesthetized fish, cortisol concentrations were approximately 7- and 22-fold higher, respectively, than the baseline concentrations. While both anesthetics reduced cortisol concentrations relative to those of nonanesthetized fish, these results suggest that MS-222 is an appropriate anesthetic to use during the initial 5 min of sedation and that metomidate hydrochloride is appropriate for longer periods of sedation.

Received November 18, 2014; accepted April 9, 2015     

Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth,nutrient utilization and whole‐body composition of blue gourami,Trichogaster trichopterus fingerlings

Nine semi‐purified diets were prepared with three levels each of protein (300, 350 and 400 g/kg) and lipid (60, 80 and 100 g/kg) and fed ad libitum to Trichogaster trichopterus fingerlings (0.61 ± 0.03 g) in triplicate groups (10 fish/replicate) for 90 days to determine optimum dietary protein and lipid levels. Twenty‐seven flow‐through fibre‐reinforced plastic tanks (200 l capacity each with 100 l of water) were used for rearing the fish. The dietary protein, lipid and their interactions had significant effects (p < 0.05) on weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, nutrient retention and digestibility, but not on hepato‐ and viscerosomatic indexes (p > 0.05). Dietary protein and the interaction of protein with lipid had significant effect (p < 0.05) on whole‐body dry matter, lipid and energy contents, but not on protein and ash contents (p > 0.05). But, the dietary lipid had significant (p < 0.05) effect on whole‐body dry matter, protein, lipid and energy contents except the ash contents (p > 0.05). For each level of dietary protein, the increase in dietary lipid resulted significant increase (p < 0.05) in whole‐body lipid contents without affecting the protein and ash contents (p > 0.05). Based on better growth and dietary performances, the optimum dietary protein and lipid levels of blue gourami fingerling are 350 and 80 g/kg diet respectively.     

盐酸沙拉沙星在蛋鸡体内的血液动力学的研究

为研究盐酸沙拉沙星在蛋鸡体内血液动力学 ,选用成年健康蛋鸡 6 5只进行试验。按 10mg/kg体重口服给药后 ,测定血清中盐酸沙拉沙星的含量。结果表明 :盐酸沙拉沙星在血液中经时过程符合一级吸收一室模型 ,其理论方程为Cb=1.0 36 (e-0 .173 5t-e-2 .0 57t)。Ka 为 1.6 0 2 5h-1、Cmax为 0 .74 2 9μg/mL、tmax为 1.5 80 7h。由抗生素后效应及药动学参数 ,建议临床给药口服方案为 10 .12mg/kg。     

盐酸沙拉沙星在蛋鸡组织和血液中相关性的研究

研究盐酸沙拉沙星在蛋鸡组织和血液中的相关性，选用成年健康蛋鸡65只进行试验。按10mg/kg口服给药后，测定血清和组织中盐酸沙拉沙星的含量，通过一元线性回归分析、多元线形回归分析及多元曲线回归分析，从而确定两者之间的相关性。     

葡萄糖氧化酶对鸡蛋品质的影响

在基础日粮中分别添加0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%葡萄糖氧化酶用于饲喂26周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,研究其对鸡蛋品质的影响。试验结果表明:蛋鸡日粮中添加葡萄糖氧化酶对改善鸡蛋品质有一定的作用。蛋鸡日粮中添加0.3%葡萄糖氧化酶显著提高了蛋壳厚度、哈氏单位和蛋比重(P<0.05);添加0.3%～0.4%葡萄糖氧化酶能显著降低蛋黄中胆固醇含量,以0.4%添加组效果最明显(P<0.01);各试验组间蛋形指数、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄相对重和蛋壳相对重差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

刺五加对糖尿病动物模型的降血糖影响初探

为了探讨长白山天然野生刺五加对实验性糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响,试验选用昆明种小鼠,禁食12h,腹腔注射四氧嘧啶,选择性破坏胰岛β细胞,造成小鼠实验性糖尿病模型。取40只糖尿病模型小鼠随机分为刺五加高、中、低剂量组和四氧嘧啶模型组,另取重量相近的正常10只昆明种小鼠作为空白对照组。刺五加高、中、低剂量组分别给予5.00,1.25,0.25g/kg的刺五加水煎液灌胃,四氧嘧啶模型组和空白对照组给予同体积的生理盐水。连续灌胃15d,测定其空腹血糖,观察模型小鼠血糖变化。结果表明,刺五加高、中剂量组的血糖值分别为（13.51&#177;1.42）mmol/L、（15.39&#177;0.79）mmol/L,与模型对照组（19.62&#177;1.28）mmol/L相比,极显著降低血糖水平（P＆lt;0.01）。低剂量组（17.39&#177;0.64）mmol/L与模型对照组相比,差异显著（P＆lt;0.05）。由此可见,长白山野生刺五加对实验性小鼠具有降血糖作用。     

葡萄糖代谢与利用对奶牛生产的影响

葡萄糖是脑细胞等中枢神经系统和胚胎的主要供能物质,也是泌乳奶牛合成乳糖的前体物质,并且与乳脂、乳蛋白合成密切相关,对泌乳奶牛具有重要的营养生理功能。为了提高奶牛泌乳性能以及生理健康,有必要深入研究奶牛葡萄糖的营养与生理功能。本文从葡萄糖的生成、乳腺中葡萄糖代谢与调节、葡萄糖代谢对奶牛生产影响等几个方面对泌乳奶牛葡萄糖的代谢与利用进行综述,为进一步揭示奶牛葡萄糖的代谢机制、提高奶牛对葡萄糖利用、促进奶牛生产提供参考依据。     

调糖清脂胶囊辅助降血糖功能的研究

利用四氧嘧啶高血糖模型小鼠对研制的调糖清脂胶囊的降血糖功能进行了研究。结果表明 :以 0 9g/kg剂量的调糖清脂胶囊灌胃正常小鼠 30d ,对正常小鼠体重、空腹血糖无影响 ;以 0 3、0 6、0 9g/kg剂量调糖清脂胶囊灌胃四氧嘧啶诱导的高血糖模型小鼠 30d ,3个剂量组对模型小鼠体重均无不良影响 ,同时还能降低模型小鼠空腹血糖 (p <0 0 1) ,增加糖耐量 (p <0 0 1)。     

盐酸多西环素对鸡白痢和禽霍乱的疗效试验

以诺氟沙星为对照药物,研究了盐酸多西环素治疗鸡白痢病和禽霍乱的效果.结果盐酸多西环素对鸡白痢的治疗效果显著好于诺氟沙星,治愈率、死亡率差异显著（P＜0.05）;盐酸多西环素对禽霍乱的治疗效果好于诺氟沙星,治愈率差异不显著（P＞0.05）,而死亡率差异显著（P＜0.05）.     

Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Leptin into Mature Merino Rams of Different Metabolic Status: Effects on Blood Concentrations of Glucose and Reproductive and Metabolic Hormones

In mature Merino rams, nutrition is one of the external cues that most strongly affects the reproductive centres of the preoptic-hypothalamic continuum. The signalling pathways that link dietary status and the activity of the neurones that produce gonadotrophin-releasing hormone signals are thought to be partly hormonal in nature to reflect the amount of body reserves. Among the hormones thought to be involved are insulin and leptin. This study tested whether recombinant bovine leptin infused (0.4 microg/h) into the third cerebral ventricle would stimulate pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in mature Merino rams when their energy status was low or decreasing, during both chronic (fasting) and acute reductions of energy balance. Leptin may interact with other hormones that depend on energy availability, so we also monitored changes in circulating concentrations of insulin, thyroid hormones, growth hormone, prolactin and adrenocorticotrophin. Overall, our data do not support this hypothesis. The dietary regimes induced clear responses in the metabolic profiles of the animals but there was no clear effect of central leptin administration on LH pulse frequency. The relationships between the hormonal systems measured in the present study add weight to the contention that leptin plays only a permissive role in the nutritional control of the reproductive axis and that other hormonal signals (particularly insulin) or pathways are acting in concert with leptin to stimulate the reproductive axis.     

铬对热应激蛋鸡胰岛结构和血糖水平的影响

将处于热应激条件下的192只35周龄新罗曼褐壳蛋鸡随机分为6组，分别饲喂不添加铬的玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮和添加作为铬源的葡萄糖耐量因子(GTF)10、20、30、40、50mg／kg的试验饲粮。52d后取血清测血糖浓度，取胰腺制作切片观察组织结构。结果：试验组亮胰岛、暗胰岛体积均增大，细胞排列紧密，结构完好，以30、40mg／kg组变化最为明显；试验组血糖浓度均低于对照组，以30mg／kg组最低；对照组胰岛体积变小，细胞结构模糊．亮胰岛的B细胞出现破损、萎缩、变性、解体及裸核等现象。结果表明。热应激条件下蛋鸡胰岛细胞出现明显病变，补铬能够缓解热应激效应，显著改善胰岛细胞的结构和功能。     

Effect of Insulin and Tolbutamide on Growth Rate, Blood Glucose and Body Composition of Lambs

Twenty-four 8 to 9-week old lambs were used in each of two experiments. They were fed ad libitum a pelleted ration containing 30% hay and 70% concentrates. Blood glucose was determined on half of the lambs in each experiment every second week at 0, 4, 8 and 24 hrs after treating with insulin or tolbutamide. In the first experiment, protamine zinc insulin given subcutaneously every second day at levels of 0.2 and 1.0 I.U./kg of body weight, had no significant effect on blood glucose level, growth rate or carcass composition. In the second experiment, tolbutamide and insulin were given to different groups of weanling lambs with the dosage increased every 2 weeks until signs of hypoglycemia began to appear. The dosage was then kept at this level until the lambs reached market weight. A significant decrease in blood glucose was observed in both groups of lambs at six weeks when the dosage of tolbutamide reached 120 mg/kg and the insulin reached 40 I.U./kg. Lassitude and anorexia were observed in one lamb receiving insulin. Neither treatment significantly affected growth rate or carcass composition. It was concluded that supplemental insulin or tolbutamide are of no value in fattening lambs.     

过瘤胃葡萄糖对泌乳奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

研究过瘤胃葡萄糖对泌乳奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响。试验选用20头中国荷斯坦奶牛,按照胎次、体况及产奶量随机分成A、B两组(n=10)。A组牛为对照组,饲喂奶牛场原有基础日粮+2%脂肪粉;B组为试验组,饲喂基础+2%过瘤胃葡萄糖。结果表明,与A对照组相比较,添加过瘤胃葡萄糖后显著增加了奶牛产奶量(P<0.01),平均提高8.71kg/d;过瘤胃葡萄糖对乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中干物质含量均无明显变化,差异不显著(P>0.05)。在试验条件下,过瘤胃葡萄糖可显著提高泌乳奶牛产奶量。     

葡萄糖在牛体外受精及胚胎发育中的影响

在牛精子获能液中添加不同浓度的葡萄糖,应用体外培养技术对牛精子体外获能及早期胚胎发育进行研究,通过观察顶体反应、超激活、活率和早期胚胎发育率,筛选出获能液中最适葡萄糖浓度及其有利于牛早期胚胎发育的最佳浓度.结果表明:葡萄糖是精子获能和维持超激活运动的主要能源物质,其代谢过程中产生的活性氧在牛精子体外获能、受精过程中起重要作用,高浓度(超过9.15 mM)葡萄糖有利于获能的完成;但是对早期胚胎发育不利,对早期胚胎发育来说其最适添加量为6.10 mM,此时的囊胚率最高.     

过瘤胃葡萄糖对泌乳奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

研究过瘤胃葡萄糖对泌乳奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响.试验选用20头中国荷斯坦奶牛,按照胎次、体况及产奶量随机分成A、B两组(n=10).A组牛为对照组,饲喂奶牛场　原有基础日粮+2%脂肪粉;B组为试验组,饲喂基础+2%过瘤胃葡萄糖.结果表明,与A对照组相比较,添加过瘤胃葡萄糖后显著增加了奶牛产奶量(P<0.01),平均提高8.71kg/d;过瘤胃葡萄糖对乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中干物质含量均无明显变化,差异不显著(P>0.05).在试验条件下,过瘤胃葡萄糖可显著提高泌乳奶牛产奶量.     

Effects of Exenatide on Plasma Glucose and Insulin Concentrations in Alpacas

Background: Exenatide is a degradation-resistant glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It enhances the insulin response to hyperglycemia. Because of a poor insulin response, adult camelids are susceptible to hyperglycemia from stress, glucose administration, or energy metabolism disorders. Insulin often is administered to decrease plasma glucose concentration, but this approach has disadvantages such as the risk of hypoglycemia. Noninsulin medications targeting the incretin hormone pathway, such as exenatide, are providing alternate treatment options.
Hypothesis/Objectives: Exenatide will decrease plasma glucose and increase insulin concentrations in alpacas.
Animals: Six healthy adult alpacas.
Methods: After food was withheld for 8 hours, alpacas were given, on subsequent days in a randomly determined order, either 0.2 μg/kg of exenatide or similar volume of isotonic saline SC. Blood samples were collected before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after treatment. A rapid dextrose (0.5 g/kg) injection was given after the time 60 samples. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured at each time point.
Results: Alpacas had significantly ( P = < .001–.015) lower plasma glucose and higher insulin concentrations for the hyperglycemic period after receiving exenatide than after saline injections. Colic signs were observed in 5 of 6 alpacas treated with exenatide.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Exenatide appeared to increase insulin release and decrease plasma glucose concentrations in hyperglycemic alpacas. These findings are similar to findings in humans and could support therapeutic usage of exenatide in alpacas. However, induction of colic may limit practical application.     

半胱胺盐酸盐对泌乳中期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究散栏式饲养方式下,饲喂半胱胺盐酸盐对泌乳中期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响。选择48头健康荷斯坦奶牛[体重(562.25±37.85)kg,泌乳天数(123.64±10.67)d,胎次(1.23±0.42)胎,日产奶量(26.58±1.58)kg],根据体重、泌乳天数、产奶量相同或相近的原则,随机分成4组(每组12头),对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加半胱胺盐酸盐3、15、30 g/kg。预试期12 d,正试期30 d。结果显示:随半胱胺盐酸盐添加剂量的增加,奶牛呼吸频率和直肠温度呈显著的线性降低(P0.05);干物质采食量、乳脂较正乳产量、能量校正乳产量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率均呈先升高后降低的显著的二次曲线变化(P0.05),并且以添加3 g/kg组的效果较好;正试期末,3、15 g/kg组血清甲状腺素浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05),15 g/kg组血清皮质醇浓度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结果提示,半胱胺盐酸盐能有效缓解散栏饲养的泌乳中期奶牛热应激,提高产奶量和乳品质,本试验条件下,饲粮中添加3 g/kg半胱胺盐酸盐较为适宜。