家禽用调控型绿色复合预混剂配方设计与生产原则

在设计及生产加工家禽复合预混剂时要遵循科学性、针对性、经济性、绿色性及有效性5项原则,文中列出了家禽微量元素、维生素添加量标准,制订了抗热应激及酶制剂使用方案,提出了保持预混剂绿色和有效性的配方设计及生产加工技术措施。     

优质冷却猪肉生产的关键技术

简要介绍了冷却猪肉的概念及特点，并从猪场建设、品种引入、饲料及饲料添加剂、防疫及兽药使用、饲养管理、屠宰加工、检疫检验、宰后的胴体冷却、分割、剔骨、包装、贮藏、运输及销售等方而，阐述了如何生产优质冷却猪肉。     

蜘蛛丝的基础和应用研究概况

本文简述了蜘蛛丝的种类、化学组成及基因表达等概况,介绍了蜘蛛丝的性能、基因研究和蜘蛛丝的应用研究及前景,重点介绍了利用哺乳动物、微生物、植物及转基因家蚕生产蜘蛛丝的方法。     

玉溪市循环农业发展现状及对策建议

2008年8月20～27日，玉溪市农村环保能源工作站组织对玉溪市8县1区主要作物（水稻、玉米、小麦及蔬菜、花卉）的秸秆产生量，氮、磷、钾、复合肥、有机肥及农药的施用量及畜禽、人粪便的产生量及利用量，进行了凋研。同时对农村生活污水和生活垃圾的处理方式及农业废弃物综合利用方式进行了分析。     

禽流感的回顾与流行病学

本文对历史上及美国发生的禽流感、病原体亚型及造成的经济损失等进行了回顾,阐述了本次亚洲禽流感暴发,并对禽流感的易感动物、传播途径、流行季节和病毒的抵抗力及公共卫生问题进行了讨论。     

我国鹅遗传资源保护和育种现状、方向及未来策略

本文综述了我国鹅品种资源及保护情况、国内外鹅育种概况及经验、良种繁育体系及发展趋势,并提出了我国鹅育种的未来发展方向和策略。     

提高绵羊繁殖力的生物工程技术

文章阐述了提高绵羊繁殖率的几种生物工程技术方法及发展概况 ,介绍了母羊发情调控、母羊免疫多胎、营养繁殖调控、人工授精技术的优化、胚胎移植、核移植克隆及体外受精的技术原理、研究动态及实施方法和结果。     

反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物研究进展

反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物处于一个复杂的微生态系统,其多样性及营养代谢与该系统中的各项因素存在紧密联系。了解反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性变化和营养代谢机制,是通过人为干预手段改善动物福利、提高动物生产效率、提升动物产品质量、减少温室气体排放的基础。关于反刍动物瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性及营养代谢与单个环境因子的关系得到了广泛的研究并取得了一些进展,对指导生产实践和保护环境起到了一定作用。综述了近年来国内外反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性,以及微生物与宿主动物、日粮结构、环境因子相互作用及机制方面的研究进展,以期为探索瘤胃及肠道微生物在反刍动物营养代谢中的作用及其机制提供参考。     

甘肃省草地蝗虫研究现状

蝗虫是甘肃省主要的草地害虫，近年来，草原保护工作者对甘肃的草地蝗虫进行了深入而系统的研究。根据研究内容，本文从种类及区系、发生规律、种群动态及群落结构、食性及食量、经济阈值及防治技术研究等五个方面综述了甘肃草地蝗虫研究进展。     

冰草属植物研究进展

文章对冰草属的分类学地位、分布、生物学特性及其抗性、育种等方面所展开的研究及取得的科研成果进行了概述及评价，并在此基础上提出了一些问题及建议。     

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器研究进展

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器是利用动物乳腺特异性启动子调控元件指导外源基因在乳腺中特异性表达 ,并从转基因动物乳汁中获取重组蛋白。近年来 ,生物学和分子生物学研究领域的成就促进了该技术的蓬勃发展 ,并在生产药用蛋白领域展现出广阔前景。本文简要概述了转基因动物乳腺生物反应器的基本概念、原理、特点及应用 ,并重点阐述其研究现状及前景 ,从而探讨其存在的问题     

Ultrastructural morphometry of mammary gland in transgenic and non-transgenic rabbits

The mammary gland of transgenic animals has been used for the production of recombinant proteins of therapeutic and nutraceutical use. The objective of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of transgenic and non-transgenic rabbit mammary gland tissue. New Zealand White transgenic rabbits were obtained by breeding non-transgenic rabbits with transgenic founder rabbits containing a whey acidic protein-human factor VIII (WAP-hFVIII) transgene integrated into their genome. Samples of mammary gland tissue from lactating rabbit females were isolated by surgical procedures. These samples were examined by optical and electron microscopy and photographs were taken. Measurements of ultrastructural organelles were made from digital images of the mammary cells. No differences were found in the cellular structure of mammary tissue, but significant differences t((0.001)) in the relative volume of mitochondria and vacuoles between transgenic and non-transgenic mammary gland epithelium were observed.     

Characteristics of Rabbit Transgenic Mammary Gland Expressing Recombinant Human Factor VIII

The objective of this research was to compare (i) the content of milk protein and recombinant human factor VIII (rhFVIII) in the milk of transgenic and non-transgenic rabbit females at three lactations and (ii) histological structure, ultrastructural morphology and occurrence of apoptosis in rabbit transgenic and non-transgenic mammary gland during third lactation and involution. Significant differences (t_0.05) in milk protein content were found between transgenic and non-transgenic at all three lactations. The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly higher (t_0.01) in non-transgenic ones compared with transgenic mammary gland tissues (6.5% versus 2.4%) taken at the involution stage. Morphometrical analysis of histological preparations at the involution stage detected a significantly higher (t_0.05) relative volume of lumen in transgenic animals compared with non-transgenic ones (60.00 versus 46.51%). Ultrastructural morphology of the transgenic mammary gland epithelium at the involution stage revealed an increased relative volume of protein globules (t_0.05); at the lactation stage, a significantly higher volume of mitochondria (13.8%) compared with the non-transgenic (9.8%) ones was observed. These results, although revealing differences in some parameters of ultrastructure and histology, indicate no harmful effect of the mouse whey acid protein-hFVIII transgene expression on the state of mammary gland of transgenic rabbit females.     

基因打靶与体细胞克隆技术制备乳腺生物反应器的研究进展

在动物乳腺生物反应器研究中,传统方法不可避免地造成基因表达调控元件的人工拼接和外源基因在动物基因组中随机整合所带来的“位置效应”,致使转基因动物外源基因的表达水平不高且差异较大。而基因打靶在外源基因定点整合、消除位点效应方面具有明显优势。体细胞核移植技术可以提前在细胞水平对转基因动物进行筛选,不但可以节省时间,更降低了制备乳腺生物反应器的成本。作者简述了基因打靶与体细胞核移植技术结合制备乳腺生物反应器的优越性、存在问题、解决办法及其应用前景和展望。     

乳腺生物反应器的研究和产业化进展

随着转基因技术的发展,利用乳腺生物反应器生产珍贵药用蛋白已成为一种极具潜力的生物技术,它为商业化前景广阔的药用蛋白提供了高产量、低成本的生产方式,开创了基因工程制药的新途径。目前,应用乳腺生物反应器已表达百余种药用蛋白,其中近30种进入临床试验不同阶段,用于治疗抗凝血酶缺乏症的抗凝血酶Ⅲ（ATryn^R）已上市,乳腺生物反应器生产重组蛋白显示出广阔的产业化前景。作者概述了乳腺生物反应器的原理、优点、国内外研究进展和产业化进程,讨论了其目前存在问题和应对策略。     

99mTc-labeled dextran for mammary lymphoscintigraphy in dogs

Lymphoscintigraphy is the technique of choice for sentinel lymph node detection in women with early breast cancer, but there is limited information evaluating the value of this technique in animals. We investigated mammary lymphatic drainage in 25 young female mongrel dogs by intramammary injection of 18.5 MBq of 99mTc-dextran (70,000 Da). Lymph node anatomical referencing was obtained using an external marker, bone scintigraphy, or scintiscanning the body contour. Cranial and caudal thoracic mammary glands drained into the cranial sternal lymph node and axillary lymph center. The cranial thoracic mammary gland also drained into the superficial cervical lymph node in two of five animals. The cranial abdominal gland was drained by the axillary lymph center. The caudal abdominal mammary gland was drained by the superficial inguinal lymph node in all animals and simultaneously by medial iliac lymph nodes in four of five animals. In one dog, this mammary gland was also drained by the mediastinal and the superficial cervical lymph nodes. The inguinal mammary gland was drained by superficial inguinal lymph nodes and simultaneously via the medial iliac lymph node in one animal. Lymphatic communications between lymph nodes were identified in 11 of 25 (44%) animals. 99mTc-dextran mammary lymphoscintigraphy was easy and rapid to perform and may provide valuable information for further studies.     

Aberrant development of mammary glands, but precocious expression of beta-casein in transgenic females ubiquitously expressing whey acidic protein transgene

It has been suggested that whey acidic protein (WAP) may function as a protease inhibitor. However, the actual function of WAP remains obscure. We investigated the histological development of the mammary glands of transgenic mice ubiquitously expressing WAP and CAG/WAP transgene. Ubiquitous expression of WAP induced aberrant development of the lobular alveoli of the mammary glands: mammary alveoli that were either aberrantly large or small in size increased in number in the developing mammary glands of these transgenic females during pregnancy and lactation. The expression of beta-casein was precociously induced in the mammary glands of the transgenic females during early pregnancy and accompanying this was a histological observation that abnormally developed lobular alveoli filled with milk proteins appeared in the mammary glands of transgenic females during early pregnancy. However, during lactation, the development of mammary glands was impaired in transgenic females. To investigate the possible paracrine action of WAP associated with mammary gland aberration, we transplanted the mammary tissue of CAG/EGFP transgenic females into the fat pad of virgin CAG/WAP transgenic females and initiated pregnancy by mating. The development of mammary tissue transplanted to the recipient was histologically examined on day 3 of lactation. The results revealed that the development of grafted mammary tissues was impaired in a manner similar to that of the mammary glands of CAG/WAP transgenic females, indicating that the inhibitory effect of WAP acts via a paracrine mechanism. In vitro experiments using HC11 cells with forced expression of exogenous WAP demonstrated the inhibitory function of WAP on proliferation of mammary epithelial cells.     

Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins initiate cell death and extracellular matrix remodeling in the mammary gland

We have demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) production by mammary epithelial cells increases dramatically during forced involution of the mammary gland in rats, mice and pigs. We proposed that growth hormone (GH) increases the survival factor IGF-I, whilst prolactin (PRL) enhances the effects of GH by decreasing the concentration of IGFBP-5, which would otherwise inhibit the actions of IGFs. To demonstrate a causal relationship between IGFBP-5 and cell death, we created transgenic mice expressing IGFBP-5, specifically, in the mammary gland. DNA content in the mammary glands of transgenic mice was decreased as early as day 10 of pregnancy. Mammary cell number and milk synthesis were both decreased by approximately 50% during the first 10 days of lactation. The concentrations of the pro-apoptotic molecule caspase-3 was increased in transgenic animals whilst the concentrations of two pro-survival molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-x were both decreased. In order to examine whether IGFBP-5 acts by inhibiting the survival effect of IGF-I, we examined IGF receptor- and Akt-phoshorylation and showed that both were inhibited. These studies also indicated that the effects of IGFBP-5 could be mediated in part by IGF-independent effects involving potential interactions with components of the extracellular matrix involved in tissue remodeling, such as components of the plasminogen system, and the matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs). Mammary development was normalised in transgenic mice by R3-IGF-I, an analogue of IGF-I which binds weakly to IGFBPs, although milk production was only partially restored. In contrast, treatment with prolactin was able to inhibit early involutionary processes in normal mice but was unable to prevent this in mice over-expressing IGFBP-5, although it was able to inhibit activation of MMPs. Thus, IGFBP-5 can simultaneously inhibit IGF action and activate the plasminogen system thereby coordinating cell death and tissue remodeling processes. The ability to separate these properties, using mutant IGFBPs, is currently under investigation.     

乳汁中转基因蛋白表达的调节因子

激素调节所需的特异调节区域已经被证实,具有多绑定位点并可结合几个转录因子的复合应答元件已经得到确定。乳腺特异的基因表达的调节需要多个因子问相互作用的合作,由催乳素调节的信号转导通路引发了转录因子与调节元件的绑定和相互作用及乳蛋白基因的表达。β-酪蛋白和乳清酸蛋白mRNA的基因内5’序列和3’非翻译区分别对于基因的有效表达起到至关重要的作用。近年来,科学工作者们设计了许多种载体,可在乳腺中表达外源基因。这项技术可用于操纵转基因家畜的乳汁成分,利用乳腺作为生物反应器应用于生物制药学中。     

褪黑素合成酶AANAT/ASMT基因过表达绵羊生物安全评价研究

旨在研究乳腺过表达褪黑素合成酶基因AANAT和ASMT（HIOMT）绵羊的生物安全性,基于本实验室前期建立的乳腺过表达褪黑素合成酶基因AANAT和ASMT（HIOMT）绵羊模型,追踪阳性转基因绵羊的生长性状数据,分析血液及尿液生理生化指标,对肠道微生物、乳中褪黑素水平及乳成分进行检测。结果表明：1）阳性转基因绵羊0、6和12月龄的体重、体长、身高和胸围4项生长指标与普通绵羊均无显著差异（P>0.05）;2）阳性绵羊血液总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、胆固醇含量和各类型细胞数量以及尿液中亚硝酸盐、蛋白质和葡萄糖含量等指标均属正常,且与普通绵羊均无显著差异（P>0.05）;3）菌群测序结果表明,阳性绵羊及普通绵羊肠道微生物群落组成及优势菌群均无显著差异（P>0.05）;4）转基因绵羊血液褪黑素表达水平与普通绵羊无显著差异（P>0.05）,夜间褪黑素水平显著高于白天（P<0.05）;乳中褪黑素水平极显著高于普通绵羊（P<0.01）,乳糖含量显著高于对照羊（P<0.05）,体细胞数极显著低于普通绵羊（P<0.01）。综上所述,乳腺过表达AANAT和ASMT（HIOMT）转基因绵羊的生长发育、诸多生理生化指标、肠道微生物菌群等与对照组绵羊相比均无显著差异。此外,转基因绵羊乳中褪黑素和乳糖含量较高,体细胞数含量较低,可能是乳腺中褪黑素发挥抗炎作用,降低了乳中体细胞数。