PEG胁迫对柠条种子萌发及生理特性的影响

研究了不同温度条件下,不同PEG浓度对柠条两个栽培种(中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿)种子萌发的影响.结果表明:随PEG浓度升高,种子发芽率降低;种子萌发时α-淀粉酶活性、POD活性降低,MDA含量升高.其中25/20℃条件下,5%PEG处理种子的发芽率和酶活性最高.相同温度和低于15%PEG条件下,柠条锦鸡儿的发芽率和发芽势高于中间锦鸡儿.     

民勤不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤理化性质

以甘肃省民勤治沙综合试验站不同龄组樟子松人工林地为研究对象,测定不同林龄下樟子松人工林地土壤理化性质,对比分析樟子松林地的养分状况。结果表明：(1)不同林龄下土壤含水率垂直变化无显著影响,不同林龄同一土层土壤含水率变化差异显著,中龄林的表层含水率最低(4.34%),近熟林40～50 cm土层深度的含水率最高(17.21%),高于其他林龄(P<0.05)。(2)不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤pH及电导率变化差异显著,中龄林土壤不同土层深度pH含量最低,各龄组不同土层土壤pH>8,呈弱碱性。土壤电导率以中龄林>幼龄林>近熟林,中龄林显著高于幼林龄,随着土壤深度的增加呈降低—升高的趋势。(3)林龄对樟子松人工林土壤养分具有显著影响,中龄林全N、有机质、NH₃-N(氨氮)、速效P及有效P含量高于其他林龄,且差异显著(P<0.05)。(4)对不同林龄间土壤肥力进行主成分分析,土壤全N、有机质、速效P、NO₂-N(亚硝氮)、NH₃-N出现在前3个主成分中。     

长期施肥下黄壤无机磷组分空间分布特征

利用土壤无机磷分级方法,研究长期施肥对黄壤中不同组分磷累积、迁移的影响。结果表明,施肥土壤全磷、有效磷、无机磷的含量均较不施肥处理有明显增加,随土层深度的加深而显著减少,施肥主要增加了Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P、Al-P含量,而对Ca_(10)-P、O-P含量影响较小。Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P、Al-P、Ca_(10)-P、O-P以表聚为主,同一土层上表现为O-PFe-PAl-P、Ca_(10)-PCa_2-PCa_8-P。不同形态的无机磷含量随土层深度呈现垂直分布规律,在0~100 cm土层中无机磷形态以O-P、Fe-P为主,且该比例随土层深度的增加而增加。因此,从长远来看,有机无机配施促使无机磷组分在土壤剖面的移动得以放缓,还不足以影响到地下水质量,更有利于黄壤区农业的可持续发展。     

4种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)植物抗旱性研究

为了给乌兰布和地区造林植物种的选择、植物配置以及植被建设方面提供更充足的理论依据,本试验在田间持续干旱条件下,研究4种锦鸡儿属植物柠条锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿和荒漠锦鸡儿对干旱胁迫的生理响应,并用隶属函数法进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明,4种锦鸡儿属植物幼苗叶片含水量和束缚水/自由水含量比值随着土壤含水量的减少而增加,方差分析表明,中间锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿差异不显著,与柠条锦鸡儿、荒漠锦鸡儿比有显著性差异,且柠条锦鸡儿的叶片含水量和束缚水/自由水含量比值最高;随着土壤干旱程度加剧,4种植物叶片水分亏缺、细胞膜透性都呈增加趋势,而离体叶片失水速率变化趋势基本相似,均表现为前期(0~9 h)失水快,后期(9~24 h)失水慢。根据抗旱隶属值,4种锦鸡儿属植物的抗旱性由大到小的顺序为：柠条锦鸡儿>中间锦鸡儿>狭叶锦鸡儿>荒漠锦鸡儿。     

神木北部风沙黄土区不同植被类型土壤水分特征

为进一步了解风沙黄土区不同植被类型土壤水分特征,选择陕西省榆林市神木市大柳塔镇5种典型植被类型的7个样地柠条1、柠条2、草地1、草地2、樟子松、沙棘、杏树为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析法比较不同样地间土壤水分的差异性。结果表明:(1)在0～100 cm土层,研究区不同植被类型间土壤含水量和土壤蓄水量均存在显著差异(P<0.05),均表现为杏树>沙棘>柠条1>柠条2>草地1>樟子松>草地2。(2)不同植被类型土壤含水量随着土层深度的增加整体上都成增加趋势。其中草地1、樟子松、草地2的变化趋势不明显。(3)不同植被类型土壤蓄水量随土层深度的增加整体上均表现出不断增加的趋势。各植被在0～40 cm土层的蓄水量均比较少且变化不大,在40～100 cm土层时土壤蓄水量变化较大且均在80～100 cm土层时的蓄水量达到最大。该试验分析出了该地不同植被类型下的土壤含水量及土壤蓄水量特征,对该地后续的水土保持与植被恢复和生态环境建设提供理论依据。     

土层置换对土壤酶及土壤养分含量的影响

为研究土层置换犁改良土壤后对不同层次土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量的影响,于大豆苗期、盛花期及成熟期对土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶采用常规方法进行测定,并于大豆成熟期对土壤养分含量进行常规方法测定。结果表明,土层置换改变了土壤土体结构的同时对土壤中土壤酶产生了影响,土层置换区的不同层次土壤酶活性与对照区差异显著;土层置换区土壤养分含量随土层深度增加表现不同的变化趋势,与对照区各层次差异显著,土层置换有利于土壤养分含量在不同土层中的均匀分布;对照区随土层深度增加土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量呈下降趋势,土层置换区大豆产量为2245.5 kg/hm2与对照相比增产20.1%。土层置换可全面活化土壤养分,提高土壤酶活性,从而能够增加土壤活土层、提高土壤出水能力,对于提高土壤抗灾能力、提高作物产量具有重要作用。     

不同种植年限苹果园土壤理化性质与酶活性研究

【目的】评价不同年限苹果园对土壤理化性质和酶活性影响。【方法】选取吉县1年、6年、8年、11年和19年苹果园的土壤作为供试材料,分析土壤理化性质和酶活性的变化规律及其相互关系。【结果】随着种植年限的增加,果园土壤有机质、有效磷、有效铜、有效锌、有效锰及水溶性盐含量在不同深度土层(0-20cm、20-40 cm、40-60cm)均呈先下降后上升的趋势;速效钾和全氮在上层（0-20cm）和中层（20-40cm）、有效铁在上层也呈现出先下降后上升的趋势。不同深度土层土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性随种植年限增加而变化的趋势与土壤养分基本一致,土壤过氧化物酶活性也与土壤有机碳、有机质、有效磷等养分含量呈显著相关。【结论】随着种植年限的增加,果园土壤养分含量大致呈现生长前期下降而盛果期上升的现象,这与当地果农对果树不同时期重视程度有关,对生长前期果树的施肥管理亟待加强。土壤酶活性受土壤理化性质,尤其是有效磷、有机物含量等因素的影响较大,酶活性可以作为评判果园土壤生物活性及表征果园土壤肥力水平的一种手段。     

不同种植年限设施菜地土壤微生物量磷变化特征及相关性分析

针对设施菜地磷肥过量施用,以便为设施蔬菜土壤磷肥施用限量标准制定及磷肥增效调控方法建立提供数据支撑,以山东寿光设施蔬菜土壤为研究对象,调查并采集150个设施蔬菜温室,其中种植年限0-4年50个(样本n=50)、4-9年40个(n=40)、9年以上60个(n=60),每个样点共采集土壤剖面(0~30 cm,30~60 cm,60~90 cm)3层土壤样品,分别测定土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷及微生物量磷及水溶性碳、微生物量碳、有机质含量,并分析其相关性。结果表明,随种植年限增加,剖面深度在0~30 cm,30~60 cm土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷均呈现增加趋势,而微生物量磷则呈现先增加后降低的趋势;随土壤剖面土层的加深,各年限土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷、微生物量磷含量均呈降低趋势,但种植年限9年以上设施土壤0~90 cm土壤剖面中微生物量磷约为20 mg/kg,且在各土层间差异不显著,表明多年种植后深度为30~60 cm,60~90 cm土壤微生物量磷含量有增加趋势;相关性分析表明,种植年限0-4年,4-9年时设施土壤有效磷与微生物量磷含量显著正相关,且呈对数函数关系;而种植年限在9年以上时二者呈二项式函数关系。结果表明,集约化设施蔬菜土壤随着种植年限增加土壤磷素累积增加,深层土壤微生物量磷含量呈增加的趋势,且磷素淋洗风险随种植年限增加而增强。     

民勤绿洲退耕地自然恢复过程中土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的动态变化

以石羊河下游民勤绿洲内不同退耕年限（1、2、3、4、5、8、15、24、31年）退耕地为对象,分0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40 cm 4个土层,调查分析退耕地在自然修复过程中土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷在不同土层、不同退耕年限的动态变化以及和土壤养分的相关性。结果表明：（1）土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤全氮、速效钾、有效磷之间存在一定的相关性,其中有效磷的含量与土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷之间均存在较显著的正相关性,且其相关系数较全氮和速效钾更高;（2）土壤微生物量在不同深度的土层内随退耕年限的增加其变化规律是不一样的;（3）各土层土壤微生物量之间具有显著差异,土层越深,土壤微生物量越低,并且,随着退耕年限的增加各土层土壤微生物量之间的差异逐渐减小。     

石灰性土壤不同土层磷形态研究

为了了解石灰性土壤主要根系深度内不同土层土壤磷形态分布,了解土壤供磷能力和施磷后磷的存在状态,采取河南省十县市石灰性潮土、褐土的73个0~20、20~40cm土样进行土壤磷形态的分级测定。结果表明,Ca-P平均共占无机磷总量的76.41%,表明在这十个地区中无机磷以钙磷为主。0~20cm土层有效磷和全磷总量比20~40cm土层多。不论是长期施磷肥的土壤还是不施磷肥的土壤,土壤有效磷和全磷均呈表层（0~20cm）含量较高,20~40cm以下含量骤减的空间分布特征。随着土层深度的增加,有效的成分比例降低,无效的成分比例提高。0~20cm土层有机磷总量比20~40cm土层高,有机磷在两个土层的差异主要是因为中度活性有机磷含量的不同。随着土层加深,活性OP和中活性OP在有机磷中的比重呈减小趋势,而无效的中稳性OP和高稳性OP则呈增加趋势。在0~20cm和20~40cm土层中,随着有机质和有机磷的减少,中性和碱性磷酸酶都有规律地随之减少。不同土层的磷素活化系数对比分析表明,石灰性土壤表层全磷向有效磷的转化较难,亚表层供磷能力更差,磷的有效化程度更低。研究表明石灰性土壤有效磷的供应主要集中在表层0~20cm,随深度增加明显降低。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...