居住区雨水收集及利用

就雨水收集利用的现状，介绍了住宅小区的雨水收集和利用的意义和可行性。从收集系统、存储方式、小区路面雨水收集等方面提出了住宅小区雨水收集和利用的基本方法，以及雨水利用带来的可观效益。     

呈贡新区规划中的雨水利用与景观营造

介绍昆明市呈贡新区的降雨情况、雨水利用条件以及当前雨水利用规划的现状。阐述了屋顶雨水收集、就地滞留池、下凹式绿地、敞开式地面排水系统与人工生态湿地、透水性铺装等雨水收集利用技术措施以及雨水利用与景观体系规划。     

居住区雨水收集及利用

就雨水收集利用的现状,介绍了住宅小区的雨水收集和利用的意义和可行性.从收集系统、存储方式、小区路面雨水收集等方面提出了住宅小区雨水收集和利用的基本方法,以及雨水利用带来的可观效益.     

园林绿化中雨水的收集与利用

阐述了长春市园林绿地雨水收集与利用的意义及途径,介绍了下凹式绿地、透水性铺装、雨水蓄水池等雨水利用方式,通过合理的工程设计、雨水利用方式设计及铺装材料的选择,可以充分实现园林绿地雨水的生态与经济效益.     

杭州市雨水花园调查与分析

雨水花园是集合雨水收集、雨水处理和雨水利用技术的生态景观绿地,作为一种新型的雨水利用技术,已越来越多被应用于城市绿地。根据杭州市行政分区,随机选取30个雨水花园,对其类型、构造特点和植物配置进行了归纳,对其使用效果、景观层次和景观空间等进行了分析,为杭州市雨水花园的设计和建设提供参考。     

晋东南地区雨水资源高效利用研究

结合石灰岩地区的实际,根据国内外近年集雨利用的研究和实践,提出了3种雨水集蓄利用技术,印就地拦蓄利用技术、雨水富集叠加利用技术和覆盖抑制蒸发利用技术,并就山西省晋东南地区的雨水集流工程的高效开发与利用进行了介绍,为石灰岩地区更好地开发与利用雨水提供参考.     

雨水资源化利用技术及工程案例探讨

分析了我国城市雨水利用的可行性及其意义,并对城市道路、居住小区、屋面等建筑场所的雨水收集、处理及资源化利用技术及工程案例进行了探讨。研究表明：开展雨水资源化利用,可有效增加雨水下渗量,对补给地下水、减轻城市排水压力及改善小区环境等具有重要的社会、环境和生态效益。     

哈尔滨市居住区雨水资源化与景观整合设计

以哈尔滨市"颐源庭院"居住区景观设计为例,从雨水资源潜力分析、居住区雨水资源直接、间接利用景观途径3个方面详述了居住区景观与雨水资源化的整合设计策略。结果表明:颐源庭院5—10月可回收利用的雨水总量为14023.55m3、总消耗用水量为20129.54 m3,收集回用雨水量能够满足该居住区的部分用水;通过构建"雨水花园"及"花坛雨水收集利用模式",颐源庭院居住区可分别收集道路、绿地雨水资源7786.08 m3,屋顶雨水资源6985.03 m3。在居住区雨水资源化的同时打造出丰富的居住区景观,可为城市居住区雨水资源管理与景观的整合设计提供借鉴。     

车载雨水回收利用系统设计

通过对乘用车辆发动机舱雨水泄漏点和导水槽的研究,开发设计了一套简单、便捷、可收集利用雨水的车载雨水回收利用系统。雨水被储存在系统中的储液罐中,利用时可将其从储液罐喷出。车载雨水回收利用装置的推广与使用可有效解决行车过程中用水缺乏的问题,方便广大驾驶员对车辆进行简单擦洗,同时也可有效地利用天然水资源。     

北京集水型公园绿地建设探讨

对北京城市水资源现状和园林绿地灌溉中存在的问题进行了分析。提出发展集水型公园绿地途径,包括:铺设生态型透水地面、收集道路雨水、收集公园建筑物顶的降水、收集和利用公园大型广场雨水以及利用山坡绿地、微地形绿地、公园林地进行雨水收集。对雨水收集和利用的方式进行了设计。     

城市雨水资源在景观中的应用

本文将就当前国内在城市雨水处理方面存在的问题进行探讨,探索雨水资源化在景观建设中的应用途径。首先介绍了发达国家的常用雨水处理方式,然后回顾我国雨水利用的现状,着重介绍和分析雨水资源化在景观应用中的基本途径和常见形式,以期对未来雨水资源化的景观应用提供借鉴。     

浙江省珍稀濒危树种观赏价值及其应用

浙江省地处中亚热带，水热资源条件好，地形复杂，植物资源丰富，其中珍稀濒危树种36种。通过对这些珍稀濒危树种的观赏特性的评价，阐述了它们在园林中的应用现状，并提出了进一步开发和保护的建议。     

晋北经济灌木资源及利用研究

笔者在广泛调研的基础上,筛选出了适宜在晋北发展和推广的山桃、西伯利亚杏、毛樱桃、刺梨4种经济林灌木,测定其树冠截持降水量、林地枯落物水容量、林地土壤养分、根系分布。结果认为：4种灌木能有效截持降水,减少地表径流;枯落物水容量大、营养丰富,可改良土壤,增加土壤肥力;灌木根系发达,可提高土壤抗蚀能力。同时分析了灌木资源的经济价值,为大面积开发利用灌木资源提供了依据。     

森林乔木冠层雨水再分配特征及机制研究综述

森林乔木冠层对降雨的再分配具有重要的水文生态意义,有助于定量评价不同区域、尺度、类型的森林冠层雨水利用效率,可为深入研究森林冠层变化对区域水分循环的调节作用提供科学依据。文中从森林冠层雨水截留、林内穿透雨、树干茎流和林下凋落物截留4个方面评述了近20年来国内外对森林乔木冠层影响雨水再分配的研究最新进展。研究认为,由于森林冠层雨水再分配的生态机理仍未明晰,因此建立精确度高的截留模型仍将作为此类研究的重难点之一;引入激光雷达技术获得森林冠层三维结构,以及多角度、多通道的多种传感器观测垂直空间多层次的森林冠层雨水再利用规律将会成为未来的研究方向之一;目前林冠雨水截留研究缺乏其与区域水文变化之间的关联性研究,将林冠雨水再分配研究的成果转化为区域水文问题的解决方案也将会是未来研究的趋势之一。     

以水资源合理利用为核心的干旱半干旱地区林业生态工程建设技术对策

针对我国荒漠化蔓延的趋势 ,从干旱半干旱地区林业生态工程建设中存在的诸多技术问题出发 ,探讨了干旱半干旱地区人工林土壤干化现象及成因 ,并阐述了干旱半干旱地区降雨环境容量的概念。最后提出了一套以合理利用水资源为核心的干旱半干旱地区林业生态工程建设技术对策 ,同时着重论述了径流林业配套技术     

三峡林业生态综合治理区降雨特征和侵蚀力分析

通过对芭蕉溪小流域2003年降雨特征进行比较全面的分析,研究结果表明:芭蕉溪小流域2003年降雨131次,降雨量为1388.5mm,汛期降雨量占年降水量的78.37%;根据降雨类型划分,流域内全年小雨出现的次数为83次,中雨为37次,大雨为12次,暴雨和特大暴雨均为0次,大暴雨出现的次数为1次;次降水时间以6～12h频率出现最多;相当暴雨日为12个,主要集中在4-9月份;各月日平均降雨量以8月份最大,降水强度以9月份最大;流域内月降雨量与其月降雨侵蚀力呈逻辑斯蒂函数关系,次降雨侵蚀力与次降雨量呈现为幂函数关系。     

两种经济林中的穿透雨与茎流特征研究

本文观测了桃李两种经济林的穿透雨和茎流特征。结果表明,两种经济林的穿透雨量、林冠截留量、茎流量与降雨量均存在极显著的正相关关系。用幂函数方程能较好的拟合林冠截留量与降雨量之间的关系,而用线性方程能较好的拟合穿透雨量、茎流量和降雨量之间的关系;桃李两种经济林穿透雨量分别占降雨量的93.29%、85.34%,林冠截留量分别占降雨量的5.60%和12.04%,茎流量分别占降雨量的1.11%和2.62%。     

兴安落叶松原始林、渐伐林降水截留特征对比分析

通过对大兴安岭北部地区兴安落叶松原始林和渐伐林降水截留特征的观测表明,兴安落叶松原始林和渐伐林的林冠截留量与林外降雨量均呈幂函数关系;两种林地对林外降雨量的截留能力基本相同;研究表明,兴安落叶松渐伐林在经过多年的自然恢复后,林冠对降水的截留作用可恢复到经营前水平。     

Leaf and wood carbon isotope ratios, specific leaf areas and wood growth of Eucalyptus species across a rainfall gradient in Australia

Leaves and samples of recent wood of Eucalyptus species were collected along a rainfall gradient parallel to the coast of Western Australia between Perth in the north and Walpole in the south and along a southwest to northeast transect from Walpole in southwestern Australia, to near Mount Olga in central Australia. The collection included 65 species of Eucalyptus sampled at 73 sites and many of the species were collected at several sites along the rainfall gradient. Specific leaf area (SLA) and isotopic ratio of 13C to 12C (delta 13C) of leaves that grew in 2002, and tree ring growth and delta 13C of individual cell layers of the wood were measured. Rainfall data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for 29 locations that represented one or a few closely located collection sites. Site-averaged data and species-specific values of delta 13C decreased with decreasing annual rainfall between 1200 and 300 mm at a rate of 1.63 per thousand per 1000 mm decrease in rainfall. Responses became variable in the low rainfall region (< 300 mm), with some species showing decreasing delta 13C with rainfall, whereas delta 13C increased or remained constant in other species. The range of delta 13C values in the low rainfall region was as large as the range observed at sites receiving > 300 mm of annual rainfall. Specific leaf area varied between 2 and 6 m2 kg(-1) and tended to increase with decreasing annual rainfall in some species, but not all, whereas delta 13C decreased with SLA. The relationship between delta 13C and SLA was highly species and soil-type specific. Leaf-area-based nitrogen (N) content varied between 2 and almost 6 g m(-2) and decreased with rainfall. Thus, thicker leaves were associated with higher N content and this compensated for the effect of drought on delta 13C. Nitrogen content was also related to soil type and species identity. Based on a linear mixed model, statistical analysis of the whole data set showed that 27% of the variation in delta 13C was associated with changes in SLA, 16% with soil type and only 1% with rainfall. Additionally, 21% was associated with species identity. For a subset of sites with > 300 mm rainfall, 43% of the variation was explained by SLA, 13% by soil type and only 3% by rainfall. The species effect decreased to 9% because there were fewer species in the subset of sites. The small effect of rainfall on delta 13C was further supported by a path analysis that yielded a standardized path coefficient of 0.38 for the effect of rainfall on SLA and -0.50 for the effect of SLA on delta 13C, but an insignificantly low standardized path coefficient of -0.05 for the direct effect of rainfall on delta 13C. Thus, in contrast to our hypothesis that delta 13C decreases with rainfall independent of soil type and species, we detected no statistically significant relationship between rainfall and delta 13C in leaves of trees growing at sites receiving < 300 mm of rainfall annually. Rainfall affected delta 13C indirectly through soil type (a surrogate for water-holding capacity) across the rainfall gradient. Annual tree rings are not clearly visible in evergreen Eucalyptus species, even in the seasonally cool climate of SW Australia. Generally, visible density transitions in the wood are related not to a strict annual cycle but to periods of growth associated mainly with rainfall. The relationship between delta 13C of leaves and the width of these stem increments was not statistically significant. Analysis of stem growth periods showed that delta 13C in wood responded to rainfall events, but carbohydrate storage and reallocation also affected the isotopic signature. Although delta 13C in wood of any one species varied over a range of 2 to 4 per thousand, there was a general relationship between delta 13C of the leaves and the annual range of delta 13C in wood. We conclude that species-specific traits are important in understanding the response of Eucalyptus to rainfall and that the diversity of the genus may reflect its response to the large climatic gradient in Australia and to the large annual and interannual variations in rainfall at any one location.