徂徕山沙化区不同土地利用方式下土壤微形态特征研究

主要研究了徂徕山土地沙化退化地区不同土地利用方式下土壤的微形态特征，多因素综合量化分析评价．从微形态特征评价土壤的质量，研究适合试验区的土地利用方式，为该地区沙化土地治理、水土流失的防治、土地的可持续利用提供科学依据。     

重庆山区不同土地利用下的土壤肥力质量研究

该文旨在揭示重庆市山区小流域不同土地利用方式下的土壤肥力状况,为土壤培肥管理提供依据.以重庆市南川区山区小流域为例,选取3种不同的土地利用方式,共采集样品81个,结合主成分分析法与隶属度函数,分析山区小流域的土壤养分状况与肥力质量水平.结果表明,研究区土壤酸化严重,林地的有机质含量最高,旱地全氮、全磷和速效磷较为丰富,...     

何为荒漠化

荒漠化是指包括气候变异和人类活动在内的种种因素造成的干旱、半干旱和亚湿润干旱地区的土地退化。“土地退化”是指由于使用土地或由于一种营力或数种营力结合致使干旱、半干旱和亚湿润干旱地区农田、草原、牧场、森林和林地的生物或经济生产力和复杂性下降或丧失，其中包括；风蚀和水蚀致使土壤物质流失，土壤的物理、化学和生物特性退化，自然植被长期丧失。何为荒漠化     

赤峰地区退化土地利用方式与生产力

本文通过分析土壤理化性质，探讨了退化土地和利用方式对生产力的影响，提出了生态经济型农林复合经营模式和建设途径     

什么是荒漠化

荒漠化是指气候变异和人类活动在内的种种因素造成的干旱、半干旱和亚湿润干旱地区的土 地退化。 所谓土地退化,是指由于使用土地或由于一种营力或数种营力结合致使干旱、半干旱和亚湿润干旱地区灌溉农田、非灌溉农田或草原、牧场、森森和林地的生物或经济生产力下降或丧失,其中包括: (1)风蚀和水蚀使土壤物质流失。     

对大同市太行山区生态植被恢复的探讨

大同市太行山区属半干旱土石山区，气候寒冷，风大沙多，土壤干旱、脊薄，降水量少。特别是由于历代战争的践踏以及农民开荒、放牧、不合理的种植、刈割、采石等原因，山区植被退化为不同演替阶段的次生植被，甚至退化为原生裸地，植被覆盖率较低，因此，太行山地区植被恢复受到国内学者和林业工作者的高度重视。     

降雨对干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物影响研究进展

未来气候变化预示着降雨时间和数量的变化。降雨是干旱半干旱地区最重要的水分来源,降雨格局的变化将直接影响该区域生态系统的稳定性,而土壤微生物作为敏感指标多用来监测生态系统的稳定性。文中综述了降雨对干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物生物量、多样性的直接影响,以及其通过改变土壤水分、土壤空气和植被生长等对土壤微生物产生的间接影响,其中还可能伴随着其他因素的干扰,如土地利用方式、温度、海拔等。通过了解降雨格局变化对干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物的影响,可以更好地预测未来气候变化对该地区生态稳定性的影响。指出了降雨对干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物影响研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

荒漠化·沙化·水土流失

荒漠化、沙化和水土流失,既有区别,又有联系。 联系为:其结果都是导致土地退化。 区别为:荒漠化是在干旱、半干旱和亚湿润干旱地区,由于气候变异和人为活动等因素而造成的土地退化。 沙化和水土流失是在所有的气候类型区范围内,由于气候变异和人为活动而引起的土地退化。但沙化主要是由于风力作用而形成的、以沙质表层为主要标志的土地退化;水土流失主要是由于降水,尤其是降雨所导致的土壤搬运和沉积过程,造成土地退化。     

土壤退化研究综述

阐述了土壤退化的概念,中国及世界土壤退化概况,国外对土壤退化研究概况,国内土壤退化研究概况,退化土壤生态系统研究技术现状.分析认为迄今为止国内外大多数研究工作偏重于对特定区域或特定土壤类型的某些土壤性状在空间上的变化或退化的评价,而很少涉及不同退化类型在时间序列上的变化.指出应加强对土壤与土地退化指标评价体系,土壤退化的监测与预警系统研究以及对土壤与土地退化过程、机理及影响因素等方面的研究.     

不同土地利用方式对湘中丘陵区土壤质量的影响

对湘中丘陵区7种典型土地利用方式(次生林、经济林、杉木人工林、苗圃地、坡耕地、采伐迹地、弃耕地)的表层(0～15 cm)土壤性状进行比较分析,筛选出土壤密度、pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量作为土壤质量评价指标,运用土壤质量综合指数和土壤退化指数评价不同土地利用方式的土壤质量水平及退化程度.结果表明:7种不同土地利用方式之间,表层土壤密度、pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均表现为差异显著;7种土地利用方式的土壤质量综合指数表现为次生林(95.35%)>经济林(73.83%)>采伐迹地(64.41%)>杉木人工林(62.61%)>弃耕地(56.30%)>坡耕地(27.35%)>苗圃地(4.84%),土壤退化指数表现为次生林(0)>经济林(-9.90%)>采伐迹地(-14.35%)>杉木人工林(-14.96%)>弃耕地(-22.22%)>坡耕地(-32.16%)>苗圃地(-40.44%),土壤退化指数与土壤质量综合指数评价结果一致,表明土壤退化指数和土壤质量综合指数均能有效地评价不同土地利用方式的土壤质量.     

小浪底库区坡地不同利用方式对土壤化学性质的影响

针对干旱和水土流失并重的小浪底库区坡地,本文以该区5种主要坡地利用类型(传统耕作农田、撂荒地、间作地、林地、果园)为研究对象,探讨了不同坡地利用方式对坡地土壤化学性质的影响.结果表明:改变土地利用方式后土壤化学性状得以改善,总的梯度变化依次为:传统耕作地<果园地<撂荒地<林地<间作地.     

Soil properties and physiographic factors controlling the natural vegetation re-growth in a disturbed catchment of the Central Spanish Pyrenees

Large changes in land use have occurred in the Central Spanish Pyrenees during the twentieth century. This mountain area supported an intense human use since the Middle Ages, that greatly transformed the natural landscape. The land uses changed dramatically during the first half of the twentieth century, due to major socioeconomic forces which lead to depopulation and land abandonment. Since then, a process of natural vegetation recovery has taken place. The anthropogenic impact during centuries deteriorated the soil quality, threatening the sustainability of agroecosystems and the natural vegetation re-growth. In this study, a soil survey was performed to identify the soil types and the physico-chemical properties of the soil that are relevant for maintaining the soil function for the recovery of vegetation after land abandonment. The study was conducted in the Arnás River catchment, which is representative of the region. The highest cation exchange capacity (CEC), nutrients, water retention, water availability and infiltration rates, as well as the lowest pH and carbonates, occurred in Lithic Hapludolls and Calcic Haploxerolls at the shady aspect, under a forest cover. Lithic Ustochrepts and Lithic Xerorthents on the sunny aspect, which were covered by shrubs, were of lesser quality than were the deeper and better-developed soils on the shady aspect. This is seen as an evidence of different patterns of soil degradation, which conditioned the re-growth of natural vegetation after land abandonment. The results provide insights into the main soil factors that have affected the re-establishment of natural vegetation in recent years. Recommendations are given for designing effective strategies for soil conservation after land abandonment in similar mountain environments.     

鄂尔多斯矿区不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质研究

以内蒙古伊金霍洛旗东部水蚀沟壑地带矿区为研究对象,分析5种不同土地利用方式以及矿区不同复垦年限对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,废弃农用地和公路附近裸露地沙粒含量高于其他利用方式,土壤沙质特征明显。受施肥等人为因素的影响,农用地在土壤粒级组成、持水性能、有机质和全N、全P、全K含量等方面都具有较好的特性,与原生景观草地相比,农用地中的有效P和速效K含量减少了50%。公路附近裸露地的有机质、有效P和速效K养分含量显著高于其他土地。不同复垦年限的煤矿复垦土地土壤养分含量都较低,表明单纯使用自然恢复的方法很难恢复土壤的性状。     

吕梁山南部高天山典型林分土壤化学性质分析及养分分级

为后期平衡施肥、改善土壤质量提供有针对性的参考,以吕梁山南部高天山地区分布的典型林分土壤为研究对象,通过测定土壤主要化学性质,对其养分状况进行分析,并对土壤养分含量进行分级。结果显示:该区域内土壤呈弱碱性或碱性;有机质含量较高,能够满足植物生长所需;整体缺乏磷肥,油松林地普遍缺乏氮肥,部分林地缺乏速效钾。     

Intercropping system of tropical leguminous species and Eucalyptuscamaldulensis, inoculated with rhizobia and/or mycorrhizal fungi in semiarid Brazil

For the purpose of reforestation and wood supply the leguminous tree Anadenanthera peregrina, a native species, was intercropped with Eucalyptus camaldulensis in a degraded semiarid area of Brazil. Single and mixed stands of these species were inoculated with Rhizobium and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The growth of all species in mixed stands did not differ from those cultivated in monoculture and land equivalent ratio (LER) exceeded unity in intercropped plots. Inoculated plants showed greater height and diameter growth and dry matter and nutrient concentration in plants of A. peregrina was higher in inoculated single plots. The distribution, composition and density of AMF species was related to the rhizosphere effect of plant species. The intercropped model where all the plants were inoculated achieved soil AMF diversity patterns similar to those of the preserved area and showed also higher soil organic matter, nutrient content as well as a reduction in soil macroporosity. This model of intercropping may be considered as an efficient system for reforestation under semiarid conditions.     

土地利用方式对湖泊洲滩湿地植物生物量的影响——以西洞庭湖国家级自然保护区为例

【目的】为了解土地利用方式对西洞庭湖洲滩湿地生态系统服务功能的影响,探索土壤含水率和物种丰富度在湿地恢复过程中所起的作用,进而为今后西洞庭湖湿地恢复工程提供指导。【方法】于2015年冬季通过收割法和生物量模型对杨树种植区域、退林还湿区域、天然洲滩这3个区域间的土壤含水率、物种丰富度和植物地上生物量差异及土壤含水率和物种丰富度与地上生物量相关性进行了初步探究。【结果】1)不同土地利用方式下洲滩土壤含水率与物种丰富度差异显著;天然洲滩土壤含水率最高,退林还湿区最低,杨树种植区和退林还湿区物种丰富度高于天然洲滩。2)不同土地利用方式下洲滩植被地上生物量差异显著;杨树林种植区的植物地上生物量高于天然洲滩,而退林还湿区与天然洲滩无差异;草本植物地上生物量呈现出天然洲滩区最高、杨树林种植区最低的规律。3)不同土地利用方式下土壤含水率与草本植物地上生物量呈正相关,物种丰富度与草本植物地上生物量呈负相关。【结论】利用和恢复工程对洲滩湿地土壤含水率和物种丰富度存在影响;土地利用方式对洲滩湿地生态系统功能存在影响;土壤含水率和物种丰富度对于修复退化湿地及生态系统功能具有重要意义。后续退林还湿工程开展可考虑人为增加土壤含水率以及移植苔草等优势物种等人工辅助措施,以促进退林还湿区域向天然洲滩湿地的演替。     

Influence of native or exotic trees on soil fertility in decades of silvopastoral system at the Brazilian savannah biome

Silvopastoral systems (SPSs) are considered a conservationist system by combining forestry species cultivation with domesticated grazing animals, intercropping trees, and pasture in the same area. SPSs are noun for its contribution to improve soil chemical and physical properties, enhance grass nutritional status, provide healthier animal environment, and increase farmers’ options to maximize the use of land. In soil degraded areas, such as those found in Brazilian savannah biome (BSB), the SPSs constitute an alternative to soil recuperation in these areas. Therefore, our aim was to assess soil fertility attributes at different depths on a BSB grown with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu grass, the influence of SPS with native tree zeyheria (Zeyheria tuberculosa) settled in 1984, or with the exotic eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis) settled in 1994. The soil water pH, P, Ca, Mg, and K contents, as well as soil base sum and saturation, were found superior mostly at the top layer (0–2 cm) of the eucalyptus site, than for the ipê-felpudo site. This response was correlated to greater soil organic matter and carbon at the eucalyptus site, which demonstrated to have high nutrient cycling rates. Around 50 % of the CEC in both SPSs was occupied by bases, demonstrating that the areas have large potential to absorb applied nutrients. The SPSs have no significant impact on S-SO₄ ^2? or micronutrient availability. The litter composition in eucalyptus site was accountable for the superior results of this SPS, which has shown as a promising choice for land use and conservation in the BSB.     

喀斯特退化生态系统不同恢复阶段土壤质量研究

喀斯特环境由于其成土过程缓慢,土层浅薄,土被不连续,岩石裸露率高,渗漏性强,土壤持水量低,临时性干旱不时出现,水土易流失,因此缺土、缺水,生态系统极为脆弱[1～4].随着人为活动对资源需求的加剧,喀斯特生态系统更加恶化,不同程度地造成了水土流失、系统功能降低、生态平衡失调,严重影响社会、经济的可持续发展.     

林区不同土地利用模式对土壤理化性质与酶学特性的影响

土壤在调节地球气候和物质循环方面起着重要作用,但是由于人为因素的影响,不当的土地经营模式（如居民用地、农业耕地、毁林开荒）对土壤质量产生了深刻影响,使土壤质量发生变化。本研究对黑龙江省尚志市帽儿山林场的4种不同的土地利用与经营模式（森林土壤、农田土壤、场部用地和森林迹地）下的土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性进行测定与分析,探讨不同土地利用模式对其土壤理化与土壤酶学特性的影响。研究发现4种土壤类型的10个采样点的10个土壤理化指标和5个土壤酶活性指标间存在显著差异,土壤质量从高到低依次为：森林土壤,森林迹地,林场场部用地,农田用地。相关分析表明土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶与土壤含水量、土壤全氮、土壤全碳、土壤有机碳、可溶性全碳和可溶性有机碳含量之间成显著正相关;多酚氧化酶与土壤pH成显著正相关。因此,不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性产生显著影响。     

Influence of plant species on physical,chemical and biological soil properties in a Mediterranean forest soil

In semiarid ecosystems plant cover plays an important role in the improvement of physical, chemical and biochemical soil properties. With the aim of studying the influence of different plant species on soil properties, and establishing the relationships between them, 160 soil samples from under four different plant species (Pinus halepensis, Quercus coccifera, Juniperus oxycedrus and Rosmarinus officinalis) were taken in a forest area of the province of Alicante (SE Spain). The following soil properties were analyzed in all soil samples: organic carbon content, microbial biomass, soluble organic carbon, aggregate stability, basal respiration, and some eco-physiological ratios. In addition, the near infrared spectra (NIR) of all soil samples were obtained to verify the similarities or differences between soil samples under the four species. Some differences in parameters such as organic carbon content or basal respiration were found mainly between the group of P. halepensis and Q. coccifera with respect to J. oxycedrus and R. officinalis. Despite this, the high organic carbon content found under the four plant species showed an influence on the rest of soil properties. Moreover, using a discriminant analysis with factorial scores from NIR absorbance data did not result in a good classification of samples in terms of the species, reflecting some similarities between them. Our results show that the high contents observed in some parameters under the four species, and the lack of significant differences in most of them, prove the important role of shrubland in semiarid conditions, it being capable of promoting good soil conditions.