磺酰脲类除草剂的微生物降解研究进展

磺酰脲类除草剂是使用最广泛的除草剂之一。微生物降解是磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中降解的重要方式。本文简要概述了土壤微生物对磺酰脲类除草剂的降解、降解机理及影响微生物降解磺酰脲类除草剂的因素。     

微生物降解磺酰脲类除草剂的研究进展

磺酰脲类除草剂具有高效和高选择性等优点,但其微量残留在土壤环境中就会对敏感作物会产生药害。因此,解决其残留问题便成为当今的研究热点。其中微生物降解是磺酰脲类除草剂降解的最有效方法之一。本文综述了降解磺酰脲类除草剂微生物种类、降解机理及研究现状,并展望了微生物降解磺酰脲类除草剂修复污染土壤的前景。     

磺酰脲类除草剂与杂草对其抗性的研究进展

1磺酰脲类除草剂的概况1.1磺酰脲类除草剂的发展20世纪70年代末,美国杜邦公司Levitt等首次开发和报道了磺酰脲类除草剂绿磺隆的除草活性[1]。80年代初,这一除草剂开始进行大规模商品化生产,此后,又不断研制和开发了许多磺酰脲类除草剂新品种。此类除草剂问世以后,以其活性高、选择性强、杀草谱广及对动物安全等特性在世界各地得到广泛应用。目前有关磺酰脲类除草剂的专利有400多项,已商品化的有30多种。这类除草剂有很高的除草效率,用量一般为2~100 g/hm2,比传统除草剂的除草效率高100~1 000倍[2]。磺酰脲类除草剂对动物低毒,在非靶标生物…     

稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂的抗性研究

磺酰脲类除草剂在世界各地受到广泛应用,但其作用位点单一,杂草对其易产生抗药性.在贵州,磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆应用至少有20年以上历史,为明确贵州稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆的抗药性,指导农户合理用药,课题组采集贵州不同地区稻田杂草眼子菜鳞茎,采用《农药室内生物测定试验准则》的方法进行测定.试验结果表明:苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆对贵州稻田杂草眼子菜的防效较好,其鲜重防效在81％以上;所采样田块中眼子菜对苄嘧磺隆的IR值在1.00～7.53之间,对吡嘧磺隆的IR值在1.00～10.67之间.表明贵州稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂抗性水平不高,但部分田块已开始出现抗药性生态型眼子菜,且眼子菜对苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆两种药剂间存在着交互抗药性.     

杂草对磺酰脲类除草剂抗性的研究动态

杂草对磺酰脲类除草剂抗性的研究动态刘东卫，闻永星（江苏省农科院杂草研究中心南京２１００１４）（安徽白湖）磺酰脲类除草剂的开发始于７０年代末期。由于其具有极高的活性，杀草谱广，选择性强，标志除草剂新品种的开发进入了“超高效阶段”。正是由于这类除草剂的优...     

磺酰脲类除草剂的使用与杂草抗药性

1970年首次报道了杂草对均三氮苯类除草剂产生抗性,杂草对除草剂的抗性也随着除草剂的使用而不断发展与蔓延。到目前为止,已有100种以上杂草对不同类型除草剂产生了抗性,其中涉及均三氮苯、联吡啶、苯氧羧酸、苯基脲、二硝基苯胺、芳氧苯氧丙酸、环己烯酮、三唑、咪唑啉酮、磺酰脲等,从而使杂草抗性成为除草剂品种开发及化学除草中的重要问题。在杂草对众多类型除草剂产生抗性的事例中,杂草对超高效除草剂磺酰脲类化合物的抗性最引人注目。     

延边地区稻田抗药性杂草的研究

延边地区及其周围稻田大量发生外来杂草狼巴草(BidenstripartitaL.)、大狼巴草(BidensfrondosaL.)和柳叶鬼针草(BidenscernuaL.)。长期连续使用农得时,稻田杂草雨久花(Monochoriakorsakowiikegelet Maack.)、野慈姑(SagittariatrifoliaL.)对磺酰脲类除草剂表现出很强的抗性,初步认为这些杂草为抗磺酰脲类除草剂的生态型。     

麦田使用磺酰脲类除草剂对后茬水稻生长的影响

麦田使用磺酰脲类除草剂对后茬水稻生长的影响胥爱连（江苏省阜宁县植保站２２４４００）近几年来，我县在麦田化除中使用了麦草完、麦草敌１号、麦草灵、甲·绿黄隆等磺酰脲类高效除草剂，这些除草剂在防除麦田阔叶杂草与看麦娘等禾本科杂草，取得了较好的防治效果，一度...     

三唑并嘧啶磺酰胺类除草剂的研究概况

三唑并嘧啶磺酰胺类除草剂是将磺酰脲类除草剂通过脲桥的结构改造和修饰而得,它既保持了磺酰脲类除草剂的超高效性,又克服了一些磺酰脲类除草剂品种在土壤中残留期较长、易对后茬作物造成伤害等缺点。本文综述了三唑并嘧啶磺酰胺类除草剂的结构、主要品种、作用机理、应用研究和发展前景。     

除草剂与乙酰乳酸合成酶相互作用的分子机理研究进展

综述了酵母乙酰乳酸合成酶(ScALS)与磺酰脲类除草剂氯嘧磺隆(chlorimuron-ethyl,CE)形成的复合物在0.28 nm分辨率下的晶体结构及拟南芥乙酰乳酸合成酶(AtALS)与磺酰脲类和咪唑啉酮类除草剂复合物的三维结构。除草剂的分子结构与酶、底物并不相似,但它们与酶形成的复合物可阻断底物进入酶活性位点通路而起抑制作用。连接磺酰脲的10个氨基酸残基同样连接咪唑喹啉酸,另有6个残基只与磺酰脲而不与咪唑喹啉酸相连,有2个残基只与咪唑喹啉酸而不与磺酰脲相连,即两种抑制剂占据了特别的重叠位点,但以不同方式连接。抗性杂草的产生是因为突变株ALS的残基位点变异,从而引起除草剂与ALS结合方式的变化。这些研究对进一步理解除草剂与靶分子的作用方式及除草剂的分子药物设计具有重要的指导作用。     

4-取代嘧啶基苯磺酰脲类化合物的合成与除草活性

为了探寻磺酰脲类除草剂的构效关系,以单嘧磺隆和单嘧磺酯为先导化合物,在嘧啶环上引入取代苯基,设计合成了16个新型单取代嘧啶磺酰脲衍生物,其结构均经过核磁共振氢谱、质谱和元素分析确证。盆栽试验结果表明:在1.5 kg/hm2时,大部分化合物对供试杂草具有一定的抑制活性,其中对双子叶杂草的活性高于对单子叶杂草的活性,但均不及先导化合物的活性。     

Metabolism and selectivity of rice herbicides in plants

Chemical weed control with effective and highly active herbicides has been very useful and convenient means. It has contributed to stable crop production and is labor saving. Recent herbicides have had characteristics such as high effectiveness without causing environmental pollution or harmful effects, and appropriate herbicides having high activity, low toxicity, high selectivity and being non-persistent have been developed. The metabolism of rice herbicides used mainly in Japan, such as sulfonylurea, chloroacetamide, acylamide, urea, thiocarbamate, pyrazole, triazine, diphenyl ether, phthalimide, phenoxy, aryloxyphenoxypropionate, etc., is reviewed, and its involvement in selectivity is also discussed. The metabolism of herbicides is closely related to their activity and selectivity. Differential herbicide metabolism in plants is a contributing factor of selectivity between crops and weeds. Chemicals that are more detoxified in crops and/or more activated or less detoxified in weeds are considered as being effective and selective herbicides. The metabolism of various types of rice herbicides includes: oxidative reaction (ring and chain hydroxylation, O - and N -dealkylation), hydrolysis and subsequent glucose conjugation, and glutathione conjugation in rice. These detoxicative activities are much higher in rice than weeds in paddies, and this leads to the selectivity of herbicides. Enzymes, oxidase, P-450 mono-oxygenase, esterase, acylamidase, glucosyl transferase, glutathione transferase, etc., play important roles in herbicide metabolism and selectivity.     

Mode of action,crop selectivity,and soil relations of the sulfonylurea herbicides

The sulfonylurea herbicides are characterized by broad-spectrum weed control at very low use rates (c. 2–75 g ha^?1), good crop selectivity, and very low acute and chronic animal toxicity. This class of herbicides acts through inhibition of acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18; also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase), thereby blocking the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine. This inhibition leads to the rapid cessation of plant cell division and growth. Crop-selective sulfonylurea herbicides have been commercialized for use in wheat, barley, rice, corn, soybeans and oilseed rape, with additional crop-selective compounds in cotton, potatoes, and sugarbeet having been noted. Crop selectivity results from rapid metabolic inactivation of the herbicide in the tolerant crop. Under growth-room conditions, metabolic half-lives in tolerant crop plants range from 1–5 h, while sensitive plant species metabolize these herbicides much more slowly, with half-lives > 20 h. Pathways by which sulfonylurea herbicides are inactivated among these plants include aryl and aliphatic hydroxylation followed by glucose conjugation, sulfonylurea bridge hydrolysis and sulfonamide bond cleavage, oxidative O-demethylation and direct conjugation with (homo)glutathione. Sulfonylurea herbicides degrade in soil through a combination of bridge hydrolysis and microbial degradation. Hydrolysis is significantly faster under acidic (pH 5) than alkaline (pH 8) conditions, allowing the use of soil pH as a predictor of soil residual activity. Chemical and microbial processes combine to give typical field dissipation half-lives of 1–6 weeks, depending on the soil type, location and compound. Very short residual sulfonylurea herbicides with enhanced susceptibility to hydrolysis (DPX-L5300) and microbial degradation (thifensulfuron-methyl) have been developed.     

A review of the activity,fate and mode of action of sulfonylurea herbicides

The sulfonylurea herbicides are a relatively new group of compounds which control broad-leaved weeds and some grasses in cereal crops. This literature review emphasises work reported on chlorsulfuron and met-sulfuron-methyl. The activity of the herbicides, their fate in soil and in plants, and their mode of action are discussed. In addition some of the methods of assaying these compounds are described.     

扑草净在养殖水体中的生态毒理效应及其微生物降解的研究进展

扑草净是一种均三氮苯类除草剂,近年来被广泛应用于水产养殖中,在清除水体青苔和杂草方面卓有成效。但因其具有较难降解的特性而对养殖水环境存在着污染隐患。本文阐述了扑草净在养殖水体中的生态毒理效应及其微生物降解的研究进展,以期引起相关研究者的关注和重视。扑草净对养殖水体中的水生生物具有一定的急性毒性,其对水草和藻类属于高毒物质,对鱼、虾类的毒性介于中毒和高毒之间,并可通过藻类间接影响鱼虾的生长代谢。扑草净在环境中的半衰期长达数月,但在一定条件下可被微生物降解。降解微生物包括细菌、真菌等20多种。微生物对扑草净的降解主要是通过酶促反应完成的,受物质本身结构、环境温度、pH等多种因素的影响,多种微生物共存时的降解效果较好。目前利用微生物降解扑草净的研究多数还停留在试验阶段,实际生产中尚无规模化的应用,对其在降解过程中可能产生的中间产物及毒性效应研究不多。因此如何有效地筛选高活性的降解菌株,降低扑草净在养殖环境中的停留,减少对水生生物的毒性将是未来研究的目标和方向。     

Degradation of the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron in a high-organic-matter volcanic soil

The degradation rates of two sulfonylurea herbicides, chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron, were determined at two application rates, 15 and 30 g a.i. ha^–1, in a sandy loam soil of volcanic origin under controlled environment and field conditions. Residues were measured using a modified gas chromatographic (gc) determination method. Both herbicides degraded rapidly in the acidic soil (pH 5.7) with high organic matter levels (7.3% o.m.), generally according to first-order rate kinetics. The respective half-lives ranged from 22 to 38 d for chlorsulfuron and from 31 to 44 d for triasulfuron under five controlled temperature/soil moisture regimens, ranging from 10 to 30 °C and between 40% and 80% maximum water-holding capacity. Half-lives in the field were considerably shorter (13 d for chlorsulfuron and 12–13 d for triasulfuron). The degradation rates of the herbicides were influenced more by soil temperature than by soil moisture content. Bioassays using white mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) and forage sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were also used to determine the persistence of phytotoxic residues of both herbicides in the field, and the results showed that the effects of chlorsulfuron disappeared within 8 weeks. Triasulfuron residues disappeared within 9 and 14 weeks for the 15 and 30 g a.i. ha^–1 rates respectively.     

Rice paddy field herbicides and their effects on the environment and ecosystems

Paddy herbicides contribute to the reduction of weeding labor, however, there are concerns about their effects on the environment and ecosystems. The environmental burden of applied herbicides is heaviest in water systems such as irrigation channels and rivers. Herbicides are generally detected in rivers in concentrations in levels of ng/L for only 2 to 3 months after use. It is to be regretted that herbicides have been implicated in accidents involving fish, the impeded propagation of algae and other non‐target organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the ecological risk, and the Environment Agency in Japan compiled an interim report on how pesticides' ecological effects should be assessed. Pesticides are separately examined for their toxicity (hazard assessment) and exposure (exposure analysis). However, to the environment and ecosystems there are many problems in assessing the ecological risk of pesticides, such as selection of geographic locations, methodology of assessing the impacts on ecosystems and monitoring the effect of pesticides. New herbicides are expected to have high selectivity and low toxicity. Decreasing herbicide toxicity requires high selectivity to distinguish target weeds from crops and non‐target organisms. New groups of compounds will be developed based on a biorational approach. Moreover, it is necessary to develop an environmentally low‐impact application method such as the use of granular types and sustained‐release formulation among others. It is important that integrated methods be used to control paddy weeds by combining ecological/agronomical, mechanical and biological control methods, instead of relying solely on chemical herbicides.     

Resistance of dicot weeds to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in Australia

A biotype of Sonchus oleraceus L. and two bio types of Sisymbrium orientate Torn., SSO 3 and NSO 1, are the first dicot weeds in Australia to develop resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The resistant biotypes had been exposed to va rying periods of selection with sulfonylurea her bicides. All three biotypes are resistant to a range of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. The S. orientale biotypes are also resistant to the triazolopyrimidine herbicide, flumetsulam. LD₅₀ ratios of resistant Sonchus oleraceus for sulfony lurea and imidazolinone herbicides are greater than 64-fold and 4.5-fold, respectively. GR₅₀ ratios are greater than 9 for sulfonylureas and 7.4 for imazapyr. The LD₅₀ ratios for both S. orien tale biotypes for chlorsulfuron, sulfometuron methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, flumetsulam and imazethapyr are greater than 110-, 15-, 7-, 24- and 29-fold, respectively. All resistant biotypes are susceptible to MCPA, diuron and diflufenican, herbicides which do not inhibit ALS.